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Lau N, Ghosh D, Bourne-Worster S, Kumar R, Whitaker WA, Heitland J, Davies JA, Karras G, Clark IP, Greetham GM, Worth GA, Orr-Ewing AJ, Fielding HH. Unraveling the Ultrafast Photochemical Dynamics of Nitrobenzene in Aqueous Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10407-10417. [PMID: 38572973 PMCID: PMC11027148 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds are major constituents of the brown carbon aerosol particles in the troposphere that absorb near-ultraviolet (UV) and visible solar radiation and have a profound effect on the Earth's climate. The primary sources of brown carbon include biomass burning, forest fires, and residential burning of biofuels, and an important secondary source is photochemistry in aqueous cloud and fog droplets. Nitrobenzene is the smallest nitroaromatic molecule and a model for the photochemical behavior of larger nitroaromatic compounds. Despite the obvious importance of its droplet photochemistry to the atmospheric environment, there have not been any detailed studies of the ultrafast photochemical dynamics of nitrobenzene in aqueous solution. Here, we combine femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, time-resolved infrared spectroscopy, and quantum chemistry calculations to investigate the primary steps following the near-UV (λ ≥ 340 nm) photoexcitation of aqueous nitrobenzene. To understand the role of the surrounding water molecules in the photochemical dynamics of nitrobenzene, we compare the results of these investigations with analogous measurements in solutions of methanol, acetonitrile, and cyclohexane. We find that vibrational energy transfer to the aqueous environment quenches internal excitation, and therefore, unlike the gas phase, we do not observe any evidence for formation of photoproducts on timescales up to 500 ns. We also find that hydrogen bonding between nitrobenzene and surrounding water molecules slows the S1/S0 internal conversion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas
A. Lau
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Deborin Ghosh
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | | | - Rhea Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - William A. Whitaker
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Jonas Heitland
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Julia A. Davies
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Gabriel Karras
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Ian P. Clark
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Gregory M. Greetham
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Graham A. Worth
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
| | - Andrew J. Orr-Ewing
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Helen H. Fielding
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K.
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2
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Wen L, Yoshinaga K, Imasaka T, Imasaka T. Trace analysis of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on two-color femtosecond laser ionization mass spectrometry. Talanta 2023; 265:124807. [PMID: 37327661 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) are suspected to be highly carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds that are present in the environment. Gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is the most frequently used technique for trace analysis. The electron ionization techniques that are currently used in MS, however, typically do not result in the formation of a molecular ion, thus making the determination of these compounds more difficult. In this study, we report on the use of a compact highly-repetitive (low-pulse-energy) ultraviolet (UV) femtosecond laser as the ionization source in combination with a miniature time-of-flight mass analyzer and a time-correlated ion counting system. The UV laser pulses emitted at 343, 257, and 206 nm were produced by harmonic generations of a femtosecond Yb laser emitting at 1030 nm and were utilized for single-color multiphoton ionization. A combination of the 343-nm and 257-nm pulses was further employed to achieve two-color two-photon ionization. This technique was found to be more useful for sensitive detection and also resulted in the formation of a molecular ion. A pump-and-probe technique using these pulses was examined in a proof-of-concept study to measure the femtosecond lifetimes of the nitro-PAHs separated by GC, providing additional information for use in the characterization of the analyte. The developed technique was applied in the analysis of an authentic sample, an organic solvent extract from diesel exhaust particulates. The nitro-PAHs contained in a standard reference material (SRM1975) were determined on a two-dimensional GC-MS display, suggesting that this technique would be useful for the practical trace analysis of nitro-PAHs in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wen
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540: 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yoshinaga
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540: 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Totaro Imasaka
- Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan; Hikari Giken, Co., 2-10-30, Sakurazaka, Chuou-ku, Fukuoka, 810-0024, Japan
| | - Tomoko Imasaka
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540: 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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3
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Bejoy NB, Roy Chowdhury P, Patwari GN. Modulating the Roaming Dynamics for the NO Release in ortho-Nitrobenzenes. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2816-2822. [PMID: 36912644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of NO release upon photodissociation of nitroaromatic compounds is dependent on the nature of the interaction between the NO2 group and substituent in the ortho position. A bimodal (slow and fast) translational energy distribution of the NO photofragment indicates the presence of two distinct NO elimination channels. The slow-to-fast branching ratio for the NO release is regulated by the hydrogen bonding ability of the ortho substituent and follows the order [OH > NH2 > CH3 > OCH3], indicating that the intramolecular hydrogen bonding plays a pivotal role in NO release dynamics. Further, the topology of the triplet state potential energy surface acts as a doorway to the dissociation pathway switching between the roaming and nonroaming mechanisms, with hydrogen bonding substituents (OH and NH2) favoring the roaming mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namitha Brijit Bejoy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Prahlad Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - G Naresh Patwari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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4
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Shusterman JM, Gutsev GL, López Peña HA, Ramachandran BR, Tibbetts KM. Coulomb Explosion Dynamics of Multiply Charged para-Nitrotoluene Cations. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6617-6627. [PMID: 36126364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work explores Coulomb explosion (CE) dissociation pathways in multiply charged cations of para-nitrotoluene (PNT), a model compound for nitroaromatic energetic molecules. Experiments using strong-field ionization and mass spectrometry indicate that metastable cations PNT2+ and PNT3+ undergo CE to produce NO2+ and NO+. The experimentally measured kinetic energy release from CE upon formation of NO2+ and NO+ agrees qualitatively with the kinetic energy release predicted by computations of the reaction pathways in PNT2+ and PNT3+ using density functional theory (DFT). Both DFT computations and mass spectrometry identified additional products from CE of highly charged PNTq+ cations with q > 3. The dynamical timescales required for direct CE of PNT2+ and PNT3+ to produce NO2+ were estimated to be 200 and 90 fs, respectively, using ultrafast disruptive probing measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Shusterman
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Gennady L Gutsev
- Department of Physics, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, United States
| | - Hugo A López Peña
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - B Ramu Ramachandran
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, United States
| | - Katharine Moore Tibbetts
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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5
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Zhao Y, Huang P, Li L, Zhan Y, Wang K, Yang H, Jin J, Chen Y, Liu Y, Sheng L, Chen J, Cao M. Vacuum ultraviolet photoionization and dissociative photoionization of toluene: Experimental and theoretical insights. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2021; 27:166-180. [PMID: 34612719 DOI: 10.1177/14690667211042707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The photoionization and dissociative photoionization of toluene have been studied using synchrotron radiation vacuum ultraviolet light with photon energy in the range of 8.50-25.50 eV. The ionization energies (8.82 eV) and double ionization energies (23.80 eV) of toluene as well as the appearance energies for its major fragments C7H7+ (11.17/10.71 eV), C6H5+ (13.73 eV), C5H6+ (13.58/12.50 eV), C5H5+ (16.23 eV), C4H5+ (15.64 eV), C4H4+ (16.10 eV) and C4H3+ (17.11 eV) are determined, respectively by using photoionization efficiency spectrometry. With the help of experimental and theoretical results, seven dissociative photoionization channels have been proposed: C7H7+ + H, C6H5+ + CH3, C5H6+ + C2H2, C5H5+ + C2H2 + H, C4H5+ + C3H3, C4H4+ + C3H4 and C4H3+ + C3H4 + H. In addition, the geometries of the intermediates, transition states and products involved in these photoionization and dissociative photoionization processes have been performed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d, p) level. The mechanisms of dissociative photoionization of toluene and the intermediates and transition states involved are discussed in detail. Generally speaking, the experimental results are in agreement with theoretical calculations in this work and published literature results. Especially the mechanisms of dissociative photoionization to C4H5+, C4H4+ and C4H3+ were discussed for the first time in this work. This investigation may provide useful information on understanding the photoionization and dissociative photoionization of toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhao
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 468741East China University of Technology, P.R. China
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, 12652University of Science and Technology of China, P.R. China
| | - Pei Huang
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 468741East China University of Technology, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 468741East China University of Technology, P.R. China
| | - Yousheng Zhan
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 468741East China University of Technology, P.R. China
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 468741East China University of Technology, P.R. China
| | - Haohang Yang
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 468741East China University of Technology, P.R. China
| | - Jianhui Jin
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 468741East China University of Technology, P.R. China
| | - Yuqian Chen
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 468741East China University of Technology, P.R. China
| | - Yibao Liu
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 468741East China University of Technology, P.R. China
| | - Liusi Sheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, 12652University of Science and Technology of China, P.R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, 12652University of Science and Technology of China, P.R. China
| | - Maoqi Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 56700Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, P.R. China
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6
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López Peña HA, Ampadu Boateng D, McPherson SL, Tibbetts KM. Using computational chemistry to design pump–probe schemes for measuring nitrobenzene radical cation dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:13338-13348. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00360g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Computed potential energy surfaces of the nitrobenzene cation predict suitable excitation conditions for enhancing ion yield oscillations in time-resolved measurements.
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7
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Schäfer V, Weitzel KM. Qualitative and Quantitative Distinction of ortho-, meta-, and para-Fluorotoluene by Means of Chirped Femtosecond Laser Ionization. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5492-5499. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viola Schäfer
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Fachbereich Chemie, Hans-Meerwein Strasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Michael Weitzel
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Fachbereich Chemie, Hans-Meerwein Strasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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8
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Kepceoğlu A, Gündoğdu Y, Ledingham KWD, Kilic HS. Real-Time Distinguishing of the Xylene Isomers Using Photoionization and Dissociation Mass Spectra Obtained by Femtosecond Laser Mass Spectrometry (FLMS). ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1647227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Kepceoğlu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Gündoğdu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Kenneth William David Ledingham
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
- SUPA, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Hamdi Sukur Kilic
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
- Directorate of High Technology Research and Application Centre, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
- Directorate of Laser Induced Proton Therapy Research and Application Centre, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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9
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Ampadu Boateng D, Word MD, Gutsev LG, Jena P, Tibbetts KM. Conserved Vibrational Coherence in the Ultrafast Rearrangement of 2-Nitrotoluene Radical Cation. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:1140-1152. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b11723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Ampadu Boateng
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Mi’Kayla D. Word
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Lavrenty G. Gutsev
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Puru Jena
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Katharine Moore Tibbetts
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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10
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Gündoğdu Y, Kiliç HŞ. A New Method for Investigation of Different Tissues Using Femtosecond Laser Mass Spectrometry. Photomed Laser Surg 2018; 36:548-554. [PMID: 30227088 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2018.4496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Femtosecond laser mass spectrometry (FLMS) has become an important tool for investigation of chemical and biological materials in many areas from medical to industrial. OBJECTIVE In medicine, the morphological examination of tissues is determined by performing pathological investigations under microscope. However, some novel improvements or developments must be performed for much faster diagnosis of the tissue during the operation when patient is under anesthesia. METHODS The information obtained from the tissue under the microscope remains very limited because it cannot reveal characteristics of the whole molecules. For this reason, some novel methods for analysis of tissues are important issues to be achieved. This process can be performed using FLMS much quicker than traditional techniques. The aim of this study is to develop a new procedure for interpretation of mass spectra obtained from different types of muscle tissues, such as lamb, bones, and beef obtained from the butcher. RESULTS The results obtained in this study are believed to open a new window for these kinds of applications for cancer diagnosis on human tissue studies, as a faster analysis technique to give some concrete contributions to pathological examinations. Both, principal component analysis statistical approach and FLMS technique offer a great opportunity to identify the biological materials from mass spectra. In conclusion, this present study interprets a great data from bone, beef, and lamb, which show that we can distinguish these different types of materials using FLMS data and statistical approaches. CONCLUSIONS Eventually, the experimental results obtained from our group studies present that these types of tissues can easily be distinguished using small m/q peaks in the lower region (m/z ≤100 amu) of the mass spectra by courtesy of FLMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Gündoğdu
- 1 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Selçuk , Selçuklu, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hamdi Şükür Kiliç
- 1 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Selçuk , Selçuklu, Konya, Turkey .,2 Directorate of High Technology Research and Application Center, University of Selçuk , Selçuklu, Konya, Turkey .,3 SULTAN Center, University of Selçuk , Selçuklu, Konya, Turkey
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11
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Ampadu Boateng D, Gutsev GL, Jena P, Tibbetts KM. Dissociation dynamics of 3- and 4-nitrotoluene radical cations: Coherently driven C–NO2bond homolysis. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:134305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5024892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Ampadu Boateng
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, USA
| | - Gennady L. Gutsev
- Department of Physics, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, USA
| | - Puru Jena
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, USA
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12
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Yang Y, Fang W, Chen X. Mechanistic insights into the formation of oxenium ions and radical intermediates through the photolysis of phenylhydroxylamine and its derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:2220-2229. [PMID: 29303190 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07071c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photolysis of photoprecursors to produce oxenium ions has been the subject of extensive experimental studies from femtosecond to microsecond time scales. However, mechanistic insights into the generation of activated intermediate species remain elusive. Herein, we present a theoretical investigation to comprehensively elucidate the possible reaction channels for the formation of oxenium ions and radical intermediates at the multi-configuration perturbation level of theory. Computational results show that photo-initiated electron donation from the phenyl moiety to the repulsive N-O σ* orbital leads to the formation of a diradical intermediate in ground state, and further triggers intramolecular electron transfer from the phenyl moiety to the ammonia radical cation (˙NH3+). This affords closed-shell singlet oxenium ions and neutral :NH3 as the major products. However, the generation of open-shell triplet outcomes is shown to rely on the energetically accessible single-triplet crossings and spin-orbital interaction among the involved electronic states. Taken together, these data can be used to determine the electronic structures and related properties, as well as reactivities, of oxenium ions and radicals generated by the photolysis of phenylhydroxylamine and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xin-wai-da-jie 19, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
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13
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Elshakre M. Dissociative ionization of methanol in medium intense femtosecond laser field using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Li MD, Hanway PJ, Albright TR, Winter AH, Phillips DL. Direct Spectroscopic Observation of Closed-Shell Singlet, Open-Shell Singlet, and Triplet p-Biphenylyloxenium Ion. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:12364-70. [DOI: 10.1021/ja505447q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-De Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P.R. China
| | - Patrick J. Hanway
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Toshia R. Albright
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Arthur H. Winter
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P.R. China
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15
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Diez-y-Riega H, Eilers H. Spectroscopic observation of neutral carbon during photodissociation of explosive-related compounds in the vapor phase. APPLIED OPTICS 2013; 52:7083-7093. [PMID: 24217724 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.007083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We perform time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence measurements of mononitrotoluenes (MNTs) and dinitrotoluenes (DNTs) in nitrogen and air. We observe the multipeak emission spectrum of NO and find that the emission peak intensity in the 247-248 nm range is stronger than expected compared to the other NO emission peak intensities. This increased emission intensity is believed to be due to neutral carbon [C(I)], which has a strong emission peak at 247.85 nm. By comparing the ratios of integrated emission peak intensities with those expected from the Franck-Condon factors for NO, we are able to identify samples that exhibit C(I) emission. We show that the DNTs exhibit C(I) emission for gate delays of 1500 ns and beyond, while the MNTs exhibit C(I) emission for gate delays of only up to about 500 ns. Carbon deposits in the analysis chamber confirm the presence of C. Ambient NO in air enhances the observed NO+C(I) signal from MNTs and DNTs.
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16
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Diez-y-Riega H, Gunawidjaja R, Eilers H. Photoluminescence spectroscopy of 2-nitrotoluene and its photo and photothermal decomposition derivatives. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Hanway PJ, Xue J, Bhattacharjee U, Milot MJ, Ruixue Z, Phillips DL, Winter AH. Direct Detection and Reactivity of the Short-Lived Phenyloxenium Ion. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:9078-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ja403370k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Hanway
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall,
Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jiadan Xue
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Ujjal Bhattacharjee
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall,
Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Maeia J. Milot
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall,
Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Zhu Ruixue
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s
Republic of China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Arthur H. Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2101d Hach Hall,
Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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18
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Yan L, Cudry F, Li W, Suits AG. Isomer-Specific Mass Spectrometric Detection Via “Semisoft” Strong-Field Ionization. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:11890-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jp403118c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit Michigan
48202, United
States
| | - Fadia Cudry
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit Michigan
48202, United
States
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit Michigan
48202, United
States
| | - Arthur G. Suits
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit Michigan
48202, United
States
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19
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Mäkinen M, Nousiainen M, Sillanpää M. Ion spectrometric detection technologies for ultra-traces of explosives: a review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:940-973. [PMID: 21294149 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, explosive materials have been widely employed for various military applications and civilian conflicts; their use for hostile purposes has increased considerably. The detection of different kind of explosive agents has become crucially important for protection of human lives, infrastructures, and properties. Moreover, both the environmental aspects such as the risk of soil and water contamination and health risks related to the release of explosive particles need to be taken into account. For these reasons, there is a growing need to develop analyzing methods which are faster and more sensitive for detecting explosives. The detection techniques of the explosive materials should ideally serve fast real-time analysis in high accuracy and resolution from a minimal quantity of explosive without involving complicated sample preparation. The performance of the in-field analysis of extremely hazardous material has to be user-friendly and safe for operators. The two closely related ion spectrometric methods used in explosive analyses include mass spectrometry (MS) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). The four requirements-speed, selectivity, sensitivity, and sampling-are fulfilled with both of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mäkinen
- Laboratory of Applied Environmental Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Patteristonkatu 1, 50100 Mikkeli, Finland.
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20
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Roslund J, Shir OM, Dogariu A, Miles R, Rabitz H. Control of nitromethane photoionization efficiency with shaped femtosecond pulses. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:154301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3576052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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21
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Zhu X, Lozovoy VV, Shah JD, Dantus M. Photodissociation Dynamics of Acetophenone and Its Derivatives with Intense Nonresonant Femtosecond Pulses. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:1305-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1029486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Vadim V. Lozovoy
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jay D. Shah
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Marcos Dantus
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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22
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White JD, Akin FA, Oser H, Crosley DR. Production of the NO photofragment in the desorption of RDX and HMX from surfaces. APPLIED OPTICS 2011; 50:74-81. [PMID: 21221163 DOI: 10.1364/ao.50.000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A promising scheme for the remote detection of nitrate-based explosives, which have low vapor pressure, involves two lasers: the first to desorb, vaporize, and photofragment the explosive molecule and the second to create laser-induced fluorescence in the NO fragment. It is desirable to use for the first a powerful 532 nm frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser. In this study, we investigate the degree of photofragmentation into NO resulting from the irradiation of the explosives RDX and HMX coated on a variety of surfaces. The desorption step is followed by femtosecond laser ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry to reveal the fragments produced in the first step. We find that modest laser power of 532 nm desorbs the explosive and produces adequate amounts of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D White
- Molecular Physics Laboratory, SRI International, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
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23
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Garcia-Reyes JF, Harper JD, Salazar GA, Charipar NA, Ouyang Z, Cooks RG. Detection of Explosives and Related Compounds by Low-Temperature Plasma Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 83:1084-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1029117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Garcia-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain
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24
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Wang B, Liu B, Wang Y, Wang L. Dynamics of Highly Excited Nitroaromatics. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:12972-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp104727p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian 116023, China
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25
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Fayet G, Joubert L, Rotureau P, Adamo C. A Theoretical Study of the Decomposition Mechanisms in Substituted o-Nitrotoluenes. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:13621-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp905979w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fayet
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie, Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l’Energie, CNRS UMR-7575, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris—Chimie ParisTech, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05 France, and Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Laurent Joubert
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie, Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l’Energie, CNRS UMR-7575, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris—Chimie ParisTech, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05 France, and Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Patricia Rotureau
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie, Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l’Energie, CNRS UMR-7575, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris—Chimie ParisTech, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05 France, and Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie, Chimie des Interfaces et Modélisation pour l’Energie, CNRS UMR-7575, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris—Chimie ParisTech, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05 France, and Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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26
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Mullen C, Coggiola MJ, Oser H. Femtosecond laser photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of nitro-aromatic explosives and explosives related compounds. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:419-429. [PMID: 19036604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast laser-induced photoionization and photodissociation processes of the nitroaromatic containing explosive and explosive related compounds (ERCs) nitrobenzene (NB), 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB), m-nitrotoluene (MNT), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) have been investigated at three laser wavelengths and power densities using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Examination of the mass spectra of these compounds reveals the enhanced formation of the molecular ion [M(+)] when ultraviolet (332 nm) and visible (495 nm) light is used relative to infrared (795 nm) radiation. In addition, at 795 nm and a power density of 3.5 x 10(14) W/cm(2), the presence of a competition between multiphoton ionization (MPI) and Coulomb explosion (CE) channels is revealed by peak shape analysis, and is thought to be operative under these conditions for all of the molecules investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mullen
- Molecular Physics Laboratory, SRI International, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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27
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Poveda JC, Román AS, Guerrero A, Álvarez I, Cisneros C. The effect of the argon carrier gas in the multiphoton dissociation-ionization of tetracene. Int J Mol Sci 2008; 9:2003-2015. [PMID: 19325732 PMCID: PMC2635606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The multiphoton dissociation-ionization of tetracene at 355 nm using 6.5 nanosecond laser pulses, with and without argon as a carrier gas (CG), has been studied and compared. Ion fragments were analyzed in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer and separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The results show that the dynamic of photodissociation at approximately 10(10) W cm(-2) intensities is strongly influenced by the CG. The suppression of fragmentation channels primarily those relating to the formation of the CH(m) (+) (m = 2, 4), C(2)H(4) (+) and C(5)H(4) (+2) ions. CH(5) (+) and CH(6) (+) were observed which have not been reported before in photodissociation tetracene experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Poveda
- Laboratorio de Colisiones Atómicas Moleculares, Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos C.P. 62210, México. E-Mails:
(A. R.);
(A. G.);
(I. Á.);
(C. C.)
| | - Alejandro San Román
- Laboratorio de Colisiones Atómicas Moleculares, Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos C.P. 62210, México. E-Mails:
(A. R.);
(A. G.);
(I. Á.);
(C. C.)
| | - Alfonso Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Colisiones Atómicas Moleculares, Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos C.P. 62210, México. E-Mails:
(A. R.);
(A. G.);
(I. Á.);
(C. C.)
| | - Ignacio Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Colisiones Atómicas Moleculares, Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos C.P. 62210, México. E-Mails:
(A. R.);
(A. G.);
(I. Á.);
(C. C.)
| | - Carmen Cisneros
- Laboratorio de Colisiones Atómicas Moleculares, Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos C.P. 62210, México. E-Mails:
(A. R.);
(A. G.);
(I. Á.);
(C. C.)
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28
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Wei Q, Yin HM, Sun JL, Yue XF, Han KL. The dynamics of OH channel in the 266 and 355nm photodissociation of 2-nitrophenol. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Lozovoy VV, Andegeko Y, Zhu X, Dantus M. Applications of ultrashort shaped pulses in microscopy and for controlling chemical reactions. Chem Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Pei K, Ma Y, Zheng X, Li H. The Franck–Condon region structure dynamics of p-nitrobenzoic acid from resonance Raman spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Lozovoy VV, Zhu X, Gunaratne TC, Harris DA, Shane JC, Dantus M. Control of Molecular Fragmentation Using Shaped Femtosecond Pulses. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:3789-812. [DOI: 10.1021/jp071691p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vadim V. Lozovoy
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Xin Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Tissa C. Gunaratne
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - D. Ahmasi Harris
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Janelle C. Shane
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Marcos Dantus
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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32
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Fayet G, Joubert L, Rotureau P, Adamo C. Theoretical Study of the Decomposition Reactions in Substituted Nitrobenzenes. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:4054-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp800043x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fayet
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Chimie Analytique, CNRS UMR-7575, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris (ENSCP), 11 rue P. et M. Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05 France, and Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Laurent Joubert
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Chimie Analytique, CNRS UMR-7575, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris (ENSCP), 11 rue P. et M. Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05 France, and Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Patricia Rotureau
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Chimie Analytique, CNRS UMR-7575, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris (ENSCP), 11 rue P. et M. Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05 France, and Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Carlo Adamo
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Chimie Analytique, CNRS UMR-7575, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris (ENSCP), 11 rue P. et M. Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05 France, and Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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33
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SenGupta S, Upadhyaya HP, Kumar A, Dhanya S, Naik PD, Bajaj P. Photodissociation dynamics of nitrotoluene at 193 and 248nm: Direct observation of OH formation. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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34
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Zhang SQ, Wang HG, Pei KM, Zheng X, Phillips DL. Resonance Raman and density functional theory investigation of the photodissociation dynamics of the A-band absorption of (E)-β-nitrostyrene in cyclohexane solution. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:194505. [PMID: 17523820 DOI: 10.1063/1.2736685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Resonance Raman spectra were obtained for (E)-beta-nitrostyrene in cyclohexane solution with excitation wavelengths in resonance with the charge transfer (CT)-band absorption spectrum. These spectra indicate that the Franck-Condon region photodissociation dynamics have multidimensional character with motion predominantly along the nominal NO(2) symmetric stretch mode (nu(14)), the nominal C=C stretch mode (nu(8)), the nominal benzene ring stretch mode (nu(9)), accompanied by a smaller amount of motion along the nominal ONO symmetric bend/benzene ring stretch mode (nu(34)), the nominal CCH in-plane bending mode (nu(20)), the nominal HC=CH in-plane bending mode (nu(18)), the nominal NO(2) asymmetric stretch mode (nu(11)), the nominal C-N stretch/benzene ring breathing mode (nu(27)), and the nominal CCC trigonal bending mode (nu(25)). A preliminary resonance Raman intensity analysis was done and these results for (E)-beta-nitrostyrene were compared to results previously reported for several nitrobenzene and trans-stilbene compounds. The differences and similarities between the CT-band resonance Raman spectra and vibrational reorganizational energies for (E)-beta-nitrostyrene relative to those for nitrobenzene and trans-stilbene were briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ATMMT (MOE), Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
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35
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Lin MF, Lee YT, Ni CK, Xu S, Lin MC. Photodissociation dynamics of nitrobenzene and o-nitrotoluene. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:064310. [PMID: 17313218 DOI: 10.1063/1.2435351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodissociation of nitrobenzene at 193, 248, and 266 nm and o-nitrotoluene at 193 and 248 nm was investigated separately using multimass ion imaging techniques. Fragments corresponding to NO and NO(2) elimination from both nitrobenzene and o-nitrotoluene were observed. The translational energy distributions for the NO elimination channel show bimodal distributions, indicating two dissociation mechanisms involved in the dissociation process. The branching ratios between NO and NO(2) elimination channels were determined to be NONO(2)=0.32+/-0.12 (193 nm), 0.26+/-0.12 (248 nm), and 0.4+/-0.12(266 nm) for nitrobenzene and 0.42+/-0.12(193 nm) and 0.3+/-0.12 (248 nm) for o-nitrotoluene. Additional dissociation channels, O atom elimination from nitrobenzene, and OH elimination from o-nitrotoluene, were observed. New dissociation mechanisms were proposed, and the results are compared with potential energy surfaces obtained from ab initio calculations. Observed absorption bands of photodissociation are assigned by the assistance of the ab initio calculations for the relative energies of the triplet excited states and the vertical excitation energies of the singlet and triplet excited states of nitrobenzene and o-nitrotoluene. Finally, the dissociation rates and lifetimes of photodissociation of nitrobenzene and o-nitrotoluene were predicted and compared to experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fu Lin
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, Taipei, Taiwan
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36
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Hatamoto T, Okunishi M, Matsumoto M, Lischke T, Shimada K, Prümper G, Kong F, Ueda K. Dissociative ionization of methanol in moderate intense laser fields. Chem Phys Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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37
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Dela Cruz JM, Lozovoy VV, Dantus M. Isomeric identification by laser control mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:178-86. [PMID: 17173337 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The influence shaped femtosecond laser pulses have on molecular photofragmentation and ionization, coupled with the intrinsic sensitivity of mass spectrometry, results in a powerful tool for fast, accurate, reproducible and quantitative isomeric identification. Complex phase functions are introduced to enhance differences during the laser-molecule interactions, which depend on geometric structure, resulting in different fragmentation fingerprints. A full account is given on the setup and results leading to a technique that can be used to distinguish between compounds normally indistinguishable by conventional electron ionization mass spectrometry. We demonstrate geometric and structural isomer identification of cis-/trans-3-heptene, cis-/trans-4-methyl-2-pentene, o-/p-cresol and o-/p-xylene. For the positional isomers of xylene we present a complete dataset consisting of 1024 different phases to explore phase complexity. A selection of two phases from that data can then be used to achieve quantitative identification in mixtures of xylene isomers. Finally, we evaluate receiver operational curves obtained from our experimental data to demonstrate the reliability that can be achieved by femtosecond laser control mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Dela Cruz
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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38
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Wang YQ, Wang HG, Zhang SQ, Pei KM, Zheng X, Lee Phillips D. Resonance Raman intensity analysis of the excited state proton transfer dynamics of 2-nitrophenol in the charge-transfer band absorption. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:214506. [PMID: 17166032 DOI: 10.1063/1.2404668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Resonance Raman spectra were obtained for 2-nitrophenol in cyclohexane solution with excitation wavelengths in resonance with the charge-transfer (CT) proton transfer band absorption. These spectra indicate that the Franck-Condon region photodissociation dynamics have multidimensional character with motion along more than 15 normal modes: the nominal CCH bend+CC stretch nu(12) (1326 cm(-1)), the nominal CCC bend nu(23) (564 cm(-1)), the nominal CO stretch+NO stretch+CC stretch nu(14) (1250 cm(-1)), the nominal CCH bend+CC stretch+COH bend nu(15) (1190 cm(-1)); the nominal CCH bend+CC stretch nu(17) (1134 cm(-1)), the nominal CCC bend+CC stretch nu(22) (669 cm(-1)), the nominal CCN bend nu(27) (290 cm(-1)), the nominal NO(2) bend+CC stretch nu(21) (820 cm(-1)), the nominal CCO bend+CNO bend nu(25) (428 cm(-1)), the nominal CC stretch nu(7) (1590 cm(-1)), the nominal NO stretch nu(8) (1538 cm(-1)), the nominal CCC bend+NO(2) bend nu(20) (870 cm(-1)), the nominal CC stretch nu(6) (1617 cm(-1)), the nominal COH bend+CC stretch nu(11) (1382 cm(-1)), nominal CCH bend+CC stretch nu(9) (1472 cm(-1)). A preliminary resonance Raman intensity analysis was done and the results for 2-nitrophenol were compared to previously reported results for nitrobenzene, p-nitroaniline, and 2-hydroxyacetophenone. The authors briefly discuss the differences and similarities in the CT-band absorption excitation of 2-nitrophenol relative to those of nitrobenzene, p-nitroaniline, and 2-hydroxyacetophenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qiong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of ATMMT (MOE), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
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39
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Lozovoy VV, Gunaratne TC, Shane JC, Dantus M. Control of Molecular Fragmentation Using Binary Phase-Shaped Femtosecond Laser Pulses. Chemphyschem 2006; 7:2471-3. [PMID: 17072936 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200600283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vadim V Lozovoy
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 4882, USA
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40
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Chen SC, Xu SC, Diau E, Lin MC. A Computational Study on the Kinetics and Mechanism for the Unimolecular Decomposition of o-Nitrotoluene. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:10130-4. [PMID: 16913688 DOI: 10.1021/jp0623591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics and mechanism for the unimolecular decomposition of o-nitrotoluene (o-CH(3)C(6)H(4)NO(2)) have been studied computationally at the G2M(RCC, MP2)//B3LYP/6-311G(d, p) level of theory in conjunction with rate constant predictions with RRKM and TST calculations. The results of the calculations reveal 10 decomposition channels for o-nitrotoluene and its six isomeric intermediates, among them four channels give major products: CH(3)C(6)H(4) + NO(2), C(6)H(4)C(H)ON (anthranil) + H(2)O, CH(3)C(6)H(4)O (o-methyl phenoxy) + NO, and C(6)H(4)C(H(2))NO + OH. The predicted rate constants in the 500-2000 K temperature range indicate that anthranil production, taking place initially by intramolecular H-abstraction from the CH(3) group by NO(2) followed by five-membered ring formation and dehydration, dominates at temperatures below 1000 K, whereas NO(2) elimination becomes predominant above 1100 K and CH(3)C(6)H(4)O formation by the nitro-nitrite isomerization/decomposition process accounts for only 5-11% of the total product yield in the middle temperature range 800-1300 K. The branching ratio for CH(2)C(6)H(4)NO formation by the decomposition process of CH(2)C(6)H(4)N(O)OH is negligible. The predicted high-pressure-limit rate constants with the rate expression of 4.10 x 10(17) exp[-37000/T] s(-1) for the NO(2) elimination channel and 9.09 x 10(12) exp[-25800/T] s(-1) for the H(2)O elimination channel generally agree reasonably with available experimental data. The predicted high-pressure-limit rate constants for the NO and OH elimination channels are represented as 1.49 x 10(14) exp[-30000/T] and 1.31 x 10(15) exp[-38000/T] s(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsichu, Taiwan
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Mullen C, Irwin A, Pond BV, Huestis DL, Coggiola MJ, Oser H. Detection of Explosives and Explosives-Related Compounds by Single Photon Laser Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2006; 78:3807-14. [PMID: 16737241 DOI: 10.1021/ac060190h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The application of single photon ionization in combination with mass-selective detection by time-of-flight mass spectrometry is described for the rapid detection of the nitro-containing explosives and explosives-related compounds nitrobenzene, 1,3-dinitrobenzene, o-nitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, as well as the peroxide-based explosive triacetone triperoxide in the gas phase. The technique is demonstrated to be a plausible approach for laser-based rapid detection of explosives. The limits of detection for nitrobenzene and 2,4-dinitrotoluene using SPI were also measured and determined to be 17-24 (S/N approximately 2:1) and approximately 40 ppb (S/N approximately 2:1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mullen
- Molecular Physics Laboratory, SRI International, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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Nguyen VS, Vinckier C, Tran TH, Nguyen MT. Decomposition Mechanism of the Anions Generated by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization of Nitroanilines. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:10954-60. [PMID: 16331939 DOI: 10.1021/jp0534986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The decomposition reaction mechanism of the anions generated by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry, in the negative mode, of nitroanilines and 2,4-dinitroanilines has been probed using quantum chemical calculations. The same process has been analyzed for the neutral counterparts and the simpler neutral and anionic nitrobenzenes. Our computations using density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,2p) level demonstrate that the decomposition of the anion occurs in a two-stage process, involving an initial nitro-nitrite rearrangement followed by a NO-elimination leading to formation of a phenoxy radical anion derivative. The former is by far the rate-determining step. Calculations using the MP2 and CCSD(T)/6-311++G(d,p) levels also pointed out the same energy landscape. A similar mechanism has also been emphasized for the neutral counterparts. The effects of the amino and nitro groups as well as that of the negative charge on the nitro-nitrite interconversion are rather small and do not qualitatively modify the landscape of the pertinent energy surface and thereby the NO-loss mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Son Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Yang R, Jin X, Wang W, Fan K, Zhou M. Infrared spectra of phenyl nitrite and phenoxyl radical-nitric oxide complex in solid argon. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:4261-6. [PMID: 16833754 DOI: 10.1021/jp050097h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Infrared spectra and frequency assignment of two isomers of nitrobenzene, namely the phenyl nitrite C6H(5-)ONO molecule and the phenoxyl radical-nitric oxide complex C6H5O-NO, in solid argon are presented. The phenoxyl radical-nitric oxide complex was produced through UV light irradiation of nitrobenzene in low-temperature solid argon matrix. The complex rearranged to the more stable phenyl nitrite molecule on sample annealing. The aforementioned species were identified on the basis of isotopic IR studies with C6H(5-)(15)NO2 and C6D5NO2, as well as density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjing Yang
- Department of Chemistry & Laser Chemistry Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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Xu S, Lin MC. Computational Study on the Kinetics and Mechanism for the Unimolecular Decomposition of C6H5NO2and the Related C6H5+ NO2and C6H5O + NO Reactions†. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:8367-73. [PMID: 16851982 DOI: 10.1021/jp046688+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics and mechanisms for the unimolecular dissociation of nitrobenzene and related association reactions C(6)H(5) + NO(2) and C(6)H(5)O + NO have been studied computationally at the G2M(RCC, MP2) level of theory in conjunction with rate constant prediction with multichannel RRKM calculations. Formation of C(6)H(5) + NO(2) was found to be dominant above 850 K with its branching ratio > 0.78, whereas the formation of C(6)H(5)O + NO via the C(6)H(5)ONO intermediate was found to be competitive at lower temperatures, with its branching ratio increasing from 0.22 at 850 K to 0.97 at 500 K. The third energetically accessible channel producing C(6)H(4) + HONO was found to be uncompetitive throughout the temperature range investigated, 500-2000 K. The predicted rate constants for C(6)H(5)NO(2) --> C(6)H(5) + NO(2) and C(6)H(5)O + NO --> C(6)H(5)ONO under varying experimental conditions were found to be in good agreement with all existing experimental data. For C(6)H(5) + NO(2), the combination processes producing C(6)H(5)ONO and C(6)H(5)NO(2) are dominant at low temperature and high pressure, while the disproportionation process giving C(6)H(5)O + NO via C(6)H(5)ONO becomes competitive at low pressure and dominant at temperatures above 1000 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucheng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Zhu XM, Zhang SQ, Zheng X, Phillips DL. Resonance Raman Study of Short-Time Photodissociation Dynamics of the Charge-Transfer Band Absorption of Nitrobenzene in Cyclohexane Solution. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:3086-93. [PMID: 16833633 DOI: 10.1021/jp0444114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Resonance Raman spectra were obtained for nitrobenzene in cyclohexane solution with excitation wavelengths in resonance with the charge-transfer (CT) band absorption spectrum. These spectra indicate that the Franck-Condon region photodissociation dynamics have multidimensional character with motion mainly along the nominal NO2 symmetric stretch mode (nu 11), the nominal benzene ring stretch mode (nu 7), accompanied by a moderate degree of motion along the nominal ONO symmetry bend/benzene ring stretch mode (nu 23), the nominal C-N stretch/benzene ring breathing mode (nu 16), the nominal CCC bending mode (nu 20) and the nominal CCH in-plane bending mode (nu 14). A preliminary resonance Raman intensity analysis was done and the results for nitrobenzene were compared to previously reported results for several nitroalkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ming Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang University of Sciences, Second Road, Xia Sha Gao Jiao Yuan Qu Hangzhou 310033, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The detection of explosives, energetic materials, and their associated compounds for security screening, demining, detection of unexploded ordnance, and pollution monitoring is an active area of research. A wide variety of detection methods and an even wider range of physical chemistry issues are involved in this very challenging area. This review focuses on techniques such as optical and mass spectrometry and chromatography for detection of trace amounts of explosives with short response times. We also review techniques for detecting the decomposition fragments of these materials. Molecular data for explosive compounds are reviewed where available.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Steinfeld
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Elshakre ME, Gao L, Tang X, Wang S, Shu Y, Kong F. Dissociation of acetaldehyde in intense laser field: Coulomb explosion or field-assisted dissociation? J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1598955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Wang S, Tang X, Gao L, Elshakre ME, Kong F. Dissociation of Methane in Intense Laser Fields. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp022243e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sufan Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Xiaoping Tang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100080, China
| | | | - Fanao Kong
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100080, China
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Tang XP, Wang SF, Elshakre ME, Gao LR, Wang YL, Wang HF, Kong FA. The Field-Assisted Stepwise Dissociation of Acetone in an Intense Femtosecond Laser Field. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp026331a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-ping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Su-fan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Mohamed E. Elshakre
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Li-rong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Yong-ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Hong-fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Fan-ao Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Center for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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