1
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Liu HY, Mei KJ, Borrelli WR, Schwartz BJ. Simulating the Competitive Ion Pairing of Hydrated Electrons with Chaotropic Cations. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:8557-8566. [PMID: 39178349 PMCID: PMC11382261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c04290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
Experiments show that the absorption spectrum of the hydrated electron (ehyd-) blue-shifts in electrolyte solutions compared with what is seen in pure water. This shift has been assigned to the ehyd-'s competitive ion-pairing interactions with the salt cation relative to the salt anion based on the ions' positions on the Hofmeister series. Remarkably, little work has been done investigating the ehyd-'s behavior when the salts have chaotropic cations, which should greatly change the ion-pairing interactions given that the ehyd- is a champion chaotrope. In this work, we remedy this by using mixed quantum/classical simulations to analyze the behavior of two different models of the ehyd- in aqueous RbF and RbI electrolyte solutions as a function of salt concentration. We find that the magnitude of the salt-induced spectral blue-shift is determined by a combination of the number of chaotropic Rb+ cations near the ehyd- and the number of salt anions near those cations so that the spectrum of the ehyd- directly reflects its local environment. We also find that the use of a soft-cavity ehyd- model predicts stronger competitive interactions with Rb+ relative to I- than a more traditional hard cavity model, leading to different predicted spectral shifts that should provide a way to distinguish between the two models experimentally. Our simulations predict that at the same concentration, salts with chaotropic cations should produce larger spectral blue-shifts than salts with kosmotropic cations. We also found that at high salt concentrations with chaotropic cations, the predicted blue-shift is greater when the salt anion is kosmotropic instead of chaotropic. Our goal is for this work to inspire experimentalists to make such measurements, which will help provide a spectroscopic means to distinguish between simulations models that predict different hydration structures for the ehyd-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Y Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Kenneth J Mei
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - William R Borrelli
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Benjamin J Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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2
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Kai T, Toigawa T, Matsuya Y, Hirata Y, Tezuka T, Tsuchida H, Yokoya A. First-principles simulation of an ejected electron produced by monochromatic deposition energy to water at the femtosecond order. RSC Adv 2023; 13:32371-32380. [PMID: 37928859 PMCID: PMC10623242 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05075k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study uses a time-dependent first-principles simulation code to investigate the transient dynamics of an ejected electron produced in the monochromatic deposition energy from 11 to 19 eV in water. The energy deposition forms a three-body single spur comprising a hydroxyl radical (OH˙), hydronium ion (H3O+), and hydrated electron (eaq-). The earliest formation involves electron thermalization and delocalization dominated by the molecular excitation of water. Our simulation results show that the transient electron dynamics primarily depends on the amount of deposition energy to water; the thermalization time varies from 200 to 500 fs, and the delocalization varies from 3 to 10 nm in this energy range. These features are crucial for determining the earliest single-spur formation and facilitating a sequential simulation from an energy deposition to a chemical reaction in water photolysis or radiolysis. The spur radius obtained from the simulation correlates reasonably with the experimental-based estimations. Our results should provide universalistic insights for analysing ultrafast phenomena dominated by the molecular excitation of water in the femtosecond order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kai
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency 2-4 Shirane Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Toigawa
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency 2-4 Shirane Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsuya
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency 2-4 Shirane Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060-0812 Japan
| | - Yuho Hirata
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency 2-4 Shirane Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Tomoya Tezuka
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8530 Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Tsuchida
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8530 Japan
- Quantum Science and Engineering Center, Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Akinari Yokoya
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku Chiba-shi 263-8555 Japan
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3
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Park SJ, Schwartz BJ. How Ions Break Local Symmetry: Simulations of Polarized Transient Hole Burning for Different Models of the Hydrated Electron in Contact Pairs with Na . J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3014-3022. [PMID: 36943261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The hydrated electron (eaq-) is known via polarized transient hole-burning (pTHB) experiments to have a homogeneously broadened absorption spectrum. Here, we explore via quantum simulation how the pTHB spectroscopy of different eaq- models changes in the presence of electrolytes. The idea is that cation-eaq- pairing can break the local symmetry and, thus, induce persistent inhomogeneity. We find that a "hard" cavity model shows a modest increase in the pTHB recovery time in the presence of salt, while a "soft" cavity model remains homogeneously broadened independent of the salt concentration. We also explore the orientational anisotropy of a fully ab initio density functional theory-based model of the eaq-, which is strongly inhomogeneously broadened without salt and which becomes significantly more inhomogeneously broadened in the presence of salt. The results provide a direct prediction for experiments that can distinguish between different models and, thus, help pin down the hydration structure and dynamics of the eaq-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyun J Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Benjamin J Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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4
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Kai T, Toigawa T, Matsuya Y, Hirata Y, Tezuka T, Tsuchida H, Yokoya A. Initial yield of hydrated electron production from water radiolysis based on first-principles calculation. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7076-7086. [PMID: 36875880 PMCID: PMC9977407 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07274b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many scientific insights into water radiolysis have been applied for developing life science, including radiation-induced phenomena, such as DNA damage and mutation induction or carcinogenesis. However, the generation mechanism of free radicals due to radiolysis remains to be fully understood. Consequently, we have encountered a crucial problem in that the initial yields connecting radiation physics to chemistry must be parameterized. We have been challenged in the development of a simulation tool that can unravel the initial free radical yields, from physical interaction by radiation. The presented code enables the first-principles calculation of low energy secondary electrons resulting from the ionization, in which the secondary electron dynamics are simulated while considering dominant collision and polarization effects in water. In this study, using this code, we predicted the yield ratio between ionization and electronic excitation from a delocalization distribution of secondary electrons. The simulation result presented a theoretical initial yield of hydrated electrons. In radiation physics, the initial yield predicted from parameter analysis of radiolysis experiments in radiation chemistry was successfully reproduced. Our simulation code helps realize a reasonable spatiotemporal connection from radiation physics to chemistry, which would contribute to providing new scientific insights for precise understanding of underlying mechanisms of DNA damage induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kai
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency 2-4 Shirane Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Toigawa
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency 2-4 Shirane Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsuya
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency 2-4 Shirane Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060-0812 Japan
| | - Yuho Hirata
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency 2-4 Shirane Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
| | - Tomoya Tezuka
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8530 Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Tsuchida
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8530 Japan.,Quantum Science and Engineering Center, Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Akinari Yokoya
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology 2-4 Shirane Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun Ibaraki 319-1195 Japan
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5
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Narvaez WA, Park SJ, Schwartz BJ. Hydrated Electrons in High-Concentration Electrolytes Interact with Multiple Cations: A Simulation Study. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3748-3757. [PMID: 35544344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies have demonstrated that the hydrated electron's absorption spectrum undergoes a concentration-dependent blue-shift in the presence of electrolytes such as NaCl. The blue-shift increases roughly linearly at low salt concentration but saturates as the solubility limit of the salt is approached. Previous attempts to understand the origin of the concentration-dependent spectral shift using molecular simulation have only examined the interaction between the hydrated electron and a single sodium cation, and these simulations predicted a spectral blue-shift that was an order of magnitude larger than that seen experimentally. Thus, in this paper, we first explore the reasons for the exaggerated spectral blue-shift when a simulated hydrated electron interacts with a single Na+. We find that the issue arises from nonpairwise additivity of the Na+-e- and H2O-e- pseudopotentials used in the simulation. This effect arises because the solvating water molecules donate charge into the empty orbitals of Na+, lowering the effective charge of the cation and thus reducing the excess electron-cation interaction. Careful analysis shows, however, that although this nonpairwise additivity changes the energetics of the electron-Na+ interaction, the forces between the electron, Na+, and water are unaffected, so that mixed quantum/classical (MQC) simulations produce the correct structure and dynamics. With this in hand, we then use MQC simulations to explore the behavior of the hydrated electron as an explicit function of NaCl salt concentration. We find that the simulations correctly reproduce the observed experimental spectral shifting behavior. The reason for the spectral shift is that as the electrolyte concentration increases, the average number of cations simultaneously interacting in contact pairs with the hydrated electron increases from 1.0 at low concentrations to ∼2.5 near the saturation limit. As the number of cations that interact with the electron increases, the cation/electron interactions becomes slightly weaker, so that the corresponding Na+-e- distance increases with increasing salt concentration. We also find that the dielectric constant of the solution plays little role in the observed spectroscopy, so that the electrolyte-dependent spectral shifts of the hydrated electron are directly related to the concentration-dependent number of closely interacting cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilberth A Narvaez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California 90095-1569 United States
| | - Sanghyun J Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California 90095-1569 United States
| | - Benjamin J Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California 90095-1569 United States
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6
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Woerner M, Fingerhut BP, Elsaesser T. Field-Induced Electron Generation in Water: Solvation Dynamics and Many-Body Interactions. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2621-2634. [PMID: 35380042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The solvated electron represents an elementary quantum system in a liquid environment. Electrons solvated in water have raised strong interest because of their prototypical properties, their role in radiation chemistry, and their relevance for charge separation and transport. Nonequilibrium dynamics of photogenerated electrons in water occur on ultrafast time scales and include charge transfer, localization, and energy dissipation processes. We present new insight into the role of fluctuating electric fields of the liquid for generating electrons in the presence of an external terahertz field and address polaronic many-body properties of solvated electrons. This Perspective combines a review of recent results from experiment and theory with a discussion of basic electric interactions of electrons in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Woerner
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin P Fingerhut
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Elsaesser
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Lapointe F, Wolf M, Campen RK, Tong Y. Probing the Birth and Ultrafast Dynamics of Hydrated Electrons at the Gold/Liquid Water Interface via an Optoelectronic Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18619-18627. [PMID: 32954719 PMCID: PMC7596759 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The hydrated electron
has fundamental and practical significance
in radiation and radical chemistry, catalysis, and radiobiology. While
its bulk properties have been extensively studied, its behavior at
solid/liquid interfaces is still unclear due to the lack of effective
tools to characterize this short-lived species in between two condensed
matter layers. In this study, we develop a novel optoelectronic technique
for the characterization of the birth and structural evolution of
solvated electrons at the metal/liquid interface with a femtosecond
time resolution. Using this tool, we record for the first time the
transient spectra (in a photon energy range from 0.31 to 1.85 eV) in situ with a time resolution of 50 fs revealing several
novel aspects of their properties at the interface. Especially the
transient species show state-dependent optical transition behaviors
from being isotropic in the hot state to perpendicular to the surface
in the trapped and solvated states. The technique will enable a better
understanding of hot electron driven reactions at electrochemical
interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lapointe
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Wolf
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Kramer Campen
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Yujin Tong
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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8
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Ma J, Denisov SA, Adhikary A, Mostafavi M. Ultrafast Processes Occurring in Radiolysis of Highly Concentrated Solutions of Nucleosides/Tides. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194963. [PMID: 31597345 PMCID: PMC6801490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the radicals (hydroxyl radical (•OH), hydrogen atom (H•), and solvated electron (esol−)) that are generated via water radiolysis, •OH has been shown to be the main transient species responsible for radiation damage to DNA via the indirect effect. Reactions of these radicals with DNA-model systems (bases, nucleosides, nucleotides, polynucleotides of defined sequences, single stranded (ss) and double stranded (ds) highly polymeric DNA, nucleohistones) were extensively investigated. The timescale of the reactions of these radicals with DNA-models range from nanoseconds (ns) to microseconds (µs) at ambient temperature and are controlled by diffusion or activation. However, those studies carried out in dilute solutions that model radiation damage to DNA via indirect action do not turn out to be valid in dense biological medium, where solute and water molecules are in close contact (e.g., in cellular environment). In that case, the initial species formed from water radiolysis are two radicals that are ultrashort-lived and charged: the water cation radical (H2O•+) and prethermalized electron. These species are captured by target biomolecules (e.g., DNA, proteins, etc.) in competition with their inherent pathways of proton transfer and relaxation occurring in less than 1 picosecond. In addition, the direct-type effects of radiation, i.e., ionization of macromolecule plus excitations proximate to ionizations, become important. The holes (i.e., unpaired spin or cation radical sites) created by ionization undergo fast spin transfer across DNA subunits. The exploration of the above-mentioned ultrafast processes is crucial to elucidate our understanding of the mechanisms that are involved in causing DNA damage via direct-type effects of radiation. Only recently, investigations of these ultrafast processes have been attempted by studying concentrated solutions of nucleosides/tides under ambient conditions. Recent advancements of laser-driven picosecond electron accelerators have provided an opportunity to address some long-term puzzling questions in the context of direct-type and indirect effects of DNA damage. In this review, we have presented key findings that are important to elucidate mechanisms of complex processes including excess electron-mediated bond breakage and hole transfer, occurring at the single nucleoside/tide level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China.
| | - Sergey A Denisov
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000 CNRS/Université Paris-Sud, Bât. 349, 91405 Orsay, CEDEX, France.
| | - Amitava Adhikary
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 146 Library Drive, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
| | - Mehran Mostafavi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000 CNRS/Université Paris-Sud, Bât. 349, 91405 Orsay, CEDEX, France.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502,
Japan
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10
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Farr EP, Zho CC, Challa JR, Schwartz BJ. Temperature dependence of the hydrated electron’s excited-state relaxation. II. Elucidating the relaxation mechanism through ultrafast transient absorption and stimulated emission spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:074504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4985906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erik P. Farr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
| | - Chen-Chen Zho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
| | - Jagannadha R. Challa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
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11
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Borgis D, Rossky PJ, Turi L. Electronic Excited State Lifetimes of Anionic Water Clusters: Dependence on Charge Solvation Motif. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:2304-2309. [PMID: 28475840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An ongoing controversy about water cluster anions concerns the electron-binding motif, whether the charge center is localized at the surface or within the cluster interior. Here, mixed quantum-classical dynamics simulations have been carried out for a wide range of cluster sizes (n ≤ 1000) for (H2O)n- and (D2O)n-, based on a nonequilibrium first-order rate constant approach. The computed data are in good general agreement with time-resolved photoelectron imaging results (n ≤ 200). The analysis reveals that, for surface state electrons, the cluster size dependence of the excited state electronic energy gap and the magnitude of the nonadiabatic couplings have compensating influences on the excited state lifetimes: the excited state lifetime for surface states reaches a minimum for n ∼ 150 and then increases for larger clusters. It is concluded that the electron resides in a surface-localized motif in all of these measured clusters, dominating at least up to n = 200.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Borgis
- Pôle de Chimie Théorique, UMR-CNRS PASTEUR, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24, rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Peter J Rossky
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University , P.O. Box 1892, MS-60, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, United States
| | - László Turi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest 112, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Karashima S, Yamamoto YI, Suzuki T. Resolving Nonadiabatic Dynamics of Hydrated Electrons Using Ultrafast Photoemission Anisotropy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:137601. [PMID: 27082002 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.137601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We have studied ultrafast nonadiabatic dynamics of excess electrons trapped in the band gap of liquid water using time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Anisotropic photoemission from the first excited state was discovered, which enabled unambiguous identification of nonadiabatic transition to the ground state in 60 fs in H_{2}O and 100 fs in D_{2}O. The photoelectron kinetic energy distribution exhibited a rapid spectral shift in ca. 20 fs, which is ascribed to the librational response of a hydration shell to electronic excitation. Photoemission anisotropy indicates that the electron orbital in the excited state is depolarized in less than 40 fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutaro Karashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
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13
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Casey JR, Kahros A, Schwartz BJ. To be or not to be in a cavity: the hydrated electron dilemma. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:14173-82. [PMID: 24160853 DOI: 10.1021/jp407912k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hydrated electron-the species that results from the addition of a single excess electron to liquid water-has been the focus of much interest both because of its role in radiation chemistry and other chemical reactions, and because it provides for a deceptively simple system that can serve as a means to confront the predictions of quantum molecular dynamics simulations with experiment. Despite all this interest, there is still considerable debate over the molecular structure of the hydrated electron: does it occupy a cavity, have a significant number of interior water molecules, or have a structure somewhere in between? The reason for all this debate is that different computer simulations have produced each of these different structures, yet the predicted properties for these different structures are still in reasonable agreement with experiment. In this Feature Article, we explore the reasons underlying why different structures are produced when different pseudopotentials are used in quantum simulations of the hydrated electron. We also show that essentially all the different models for the hydrated electron, including those from fully ab initio calculations, have relatively little direct overlap of the electron's wave function with the nearby water molecules. Thus, a non-cavity hydrated electron is better thought of as an "inverse plum pudding" model, with interior waters that locally expel the surrounding electron's charge density. Finally, we also explore the agreement between different hydrated electron models and certain key experiments, such as resonance Raman spectroscopy and the temperature dependence and degree of homogeneous broadening of the optical absorption spectrum, in order to distinguish between the different simulated structures. Taken together, we conclude that the hydrated electron likely has a significant number of interior water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Casey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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14
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Turi L, Rossky PJ. Theoretical studies of spectroscopy and dynamics of hydrated electrons. Chem Rev 2012; 112:5641-74. [PMID: 22954423 DOI: 10.1021/cr300144z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- László Turi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
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16
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Urbanek J, Dahmen A, Torres-Alacan J, Königshoven P, Lindner J, Vöhringer P. Femtosecond Two-Photon Ionization and Solvated Electron Geminate Recombination in Liquid-to-Supercritical Ammonia. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:2223-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jp211725r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janus Urbanek
- Abteilung
für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Annika Dahmen
- Abteilung
für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Joel Torres-Alacan
- Abteilung
für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Königshoven
- Abteilung
für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörg Lindner
- Abteilung
für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Abteilung
für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie,
Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Wegelerstraße
12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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17
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Venkataraman C. Semiclassical study of quantum coherence and isotope effects in ultrafast electron transfer reactions coupled to a proton and a phonon bath. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:204503. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3662095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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18
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Herbert JM, Jacobson LD. Nature's most squishy ion: The important role of solvent polarization in the description of the hydrated electron. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2010.535342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Torres-Alacan J, Kratz S, Vöhringer P. Independent pairs and Monte-Carlo simulations of the geminate recombination of solvated electrons in liquid-to-supercritical water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:20806-19. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21678c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Jacobson LD, Herbert JM. A one-electron model for the aqueous electron that includes many-body electron-water polarization: Bulk equilibrium structure, vertical electron binding energy, and optical absorption spectrum. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:154506. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3490479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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21
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Kratz S, Torres-Alacan J, Urbanek J, Lindner J, Vöhringer P. Geminate recombination of hydrated electrons in liquid-to-supercritical water studied by ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:12169-76. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00762e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Novakovskaya YV. Cluster anions: Nonempirical estimate of the electron hydration energy. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024410020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Liu HT, Müller JP, Zhavoronkov N, Schulz CP, Hertel IV. Ultrafast Dynamics in Na-Doped Water Clusters and the Solvated Electron. J Phys Chem A 2009; 114:1508-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jp907835z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. T. Liu
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. P. Müller
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - N. Zhavoronkov
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C. P. Schulz
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - I. V. Hertel
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Fischer MK, Laubereau A, Iglev H. Femtosecond electron detachment of aqueous bromide studied by two and three pulse spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:10939-44. [DOI: 10.1039/b913688f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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26
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Kumagai Y, Lin M, Lampre I, Mostafavi M, Muroya Y, Katsumura Y. Temperature effect on the absorption spectrum of the hydrated electron paired with a metallic cation in deuterated water. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2008.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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28
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Lindner J, Unterreiner AN, Vöhringer P. Femtosecond spectroscopy of solvated electrons from sodium-ammonia-d3 solutions: Temperature jump versus local density jump. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:064514. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2965818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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29
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Wang CR, Luo T, Lu QB. On the lifetimes and physical nature of incompletely relaxed electrons in liquid water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:4463-70. [DOI: 10.1039/b806287k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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30
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Borgis D, Rossky PJ, Turi L. Nuclear quantum effects on the nonadiabatic decay mechanism of an excited hydrated electron. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:174508. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2780868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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31
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Lindner J, Unterreiner AN, Vöhringer P. Femtosecond relaxation dynamics of solvated electrons in liquid ammonia. Chemphyschem 2007; 7:363-9. [PMID: 16463329 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The ultrafast relaxation dynamics of the well-known solvated electron in liquid ammonia solutions are investigated with femtosecond near-infrared pump-probe absorption spectroscopy. Immediately after photoexcitation, the dynamic absorption spectrum of the electron is substantially red-shifted with respect to its stationary spectrum. A subsequent dynamic blue shift of the pump-probe spectrum occurs on a timescale of 150 fs. The data are understood in terms of ground-state "cooling" and can be quantitatively simulated by an intuitive temperature-jump model employing a dynamically evolving Kubo line shape for the electronic resonance. A simple estimate implies that, on average, the electron in the liquid is coordinated to six nearest-neighbor ammonia molecules. An equivalent analysis of the data based on a bubble-formation/cavity-contraction mechanism is briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Lindner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 12, 53115 Bonn (Germany)
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32
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Lin M, Kumagai Y, Lampre I, Coudert FX, Muroya Y, Boutin A, Mostafavi M, Katsumura Y. Temperature effect on the absorption spectrum of the hydrated electron paired with a lithium cation in deuterated water. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:3548-53. [PMID: 17429955 DOI: 10.1021/jp070615j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The absorption spectra of the hydrated electron in 1.0 to 4.0 M LiCl or LiClO4 deuterated water solutions were measured by pulse radiolysis techniques from room temperature to 300 degrees C at a constant pressure of 25 MPa. The results show that when the temperature is increased and the density is decreased, the absorption spectrum of the electron in the presence of a lithium cation is shifted to lower energies. Quantum classical molecular dynamics (QCMD) simulations of an excess electron in bulk water and in the presence of a lithium cation have been performed to compare with the experimental results. According to the QCMD simulations, the change in the shape of the spectrum is due to one of the three p-like excited states of the solvated electron destabilized by core repulsion. The study of s --> p transition energies for the three p-excited states reveals that for temperatures higher than room temperature, there is a broadening of each individual s --> p absorption band due to a less structured water solvation shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhang Lin
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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33
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Abstract
Experiments are reviewed in which key problems in chemical dynamics are probed by experiments based on photodetachment and/or photoexcitation of negative ions. Examples include transition state spectroscopy of biomolecular reactions, spectroscopy of open shell van der Waals complexes, photodissociation of free radicals, and time-resolved dynamics in clusters. The experimental methods used in these investigations are described along with representative systems that have been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Neumark
- Department of Chemistry,University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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34
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Borgis D, Rossky PJ, Turi L. Quantized time correlation function approach to nonadiabatic decay rates in condensed phase: Application to solvated electrons in water and methanol. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:64501. [PMID: 16942292 DOI: 10.1063/1.2221685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A new, alternative form of the golden rule formula defining the nonadiabatic transition rate between two quantum states in condensed phase is presented. The formula involves the quantum time correlation function of the energy gap, of the nonadiabatic coupling, and their cross terms. Those quantities can be inferred from their classical counterparts, determined via molecular dynamics simulations. The formalism is applied to the problem of the nonadiabatic p-->s relaxation of an equilibrated p-electron in water and methanol. We find that, in both solvents, the relaxation is induced by the coupling to the vibrational modes and the quantum effects modify the rate by a factor of 2-10 depending on the quantization procedure applied. The resulting p-state lifetime for a hypothetical equilibrium excited state appears extremely short, in the sub-100 fs regime. Although this result is in contrast with all previous theoretical predictions, we also illustrate that the lifetimes computed here are very sensitive to the simulated electronic quantum gap and to the strongly correlated nonadiabatic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Borgis
- Département Physique et Modélisation, Université d'Evry-Val-d'Essone, Boulevard François Mitterand, 91025 Evry, France.
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Abstract
Solvated electrons have been generated in reverse micelles (RMs) through photodetachment of ferrocyanide (Fe(CN)(6)(4-)) in sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) RMs. We have measured both bleach recovery of the parent ferrocyanide CN stretch in the infrared and the decay of the solvated electron absorption at 800 nm. The bleach recovery has been fit to a diffusion model for the geminate recombination process. The fit parameters suggest a narrowing of the spatial distribution of ejected electrons due to confinement in the RMs when compared to bulk water. The diffusion coefficient of the solvated electron does not appear to be significantly affected by RM confinement. The decay of the solvated electron absorption exhibits an additional decay component that is not observed in bulk water and is smaller for larger RMs. No corresponding additional component is seen in the parent ferrocyanide IR bleach recovery, which supports our interpretation that the confinement-induced new decay process in RMs is due to electrons reacting with AOT headgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald M Sando
- Code 6111, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington D.C. 20375-5342, USA
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36
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Inasawa S, Sugiyama M, Noda S, Yamaguchi Y. Spectroscopic Study of Laser-Induced Phase Transition of Gold Nanoparticles on Nanosecond Time Scales and Longer. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:3114-9. [PMID: 16494317 DOI: 10.1021/jp057175l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pulsed laser induced phase transition of gold nanoparticles in aqueous solution was observed via a transient absorption on nanosecond time scales and longer. Gold nanoparticles were excited with an intense picosecond laser pulse (355 nm, 30 ps), and the subsequent changes were monitored using two continuous wave laser wavelengths (488 and 635 nm). On the nanosecond time scale, below 6.3 mJ cm(-2), no change was observed; however, in the low fluence region between 6.3 and 17 mJ cm(-2), gold nanoparticles produced a bleach signal (488 nm) attributed to the melting of the gold nanoparticles, which decreased linearly with increasing laser fluence. Laser fluences above 17 mJ cm(-2) resulted in a strong absorption at both wavelengths, which is ascribed to vaporization of gold nanoparticles rather than solvated electrons (ejected from gold nanoparticles) or light scattering. The decay of both signals was faster than the 5 ns time resolution used in our experimental system. On the microsecond time scale, increase in absorbance at 635 nm was observed with a time constant of 1.0 micros, while no change was observed at 488 nm. It is considered that this increase is attributed to the formation of smaller gold nanoparticles resulting from pulsed laser induced size reduction of initial gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Inasawa
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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37
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Bonin J, Lampre I, Mostafavi M. Absorption spectrum of the hydrated electron paired with nonreactive metal cations. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2005.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Bragg AE, Verlet JRR, Kammrath A, Cheshnovsky O, Neumark DM. Electronic Relaxation Dynamics of Water Cluster Anions. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:15283-95. [PMID: 16248671 DOI: 10.1021/ja052811e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electronic relaxation dynamics of water cluster anions, (H(2)O)(n)(-), have been studied with time-resolved photoelectron imaging. In this investigation, the excess electron was excited through the p<--s transition with an ultrafast laser pulse, with subsequent electronic evolution monitored by photodetachment. All excited-state lifetimes exhibit a significant isotope effect (tau(D)2(O)/tau(H)2(O) approximately 2). Additionally, marked dynamical differences are found for two classes of water cluster anions, isomers I and II, previously assigned as clusters with internally solvated and surface-bound electrons, respectively. Isomer I clusters with n > or = 25 decay exclusively by internal conversion, with relaxation times that extrapolate linearly with 1/n toward an internal conversion lifetime of 50 fs in bulk water. Smaller isomer I clusters (13 < or = n < or = 25) decay through a combination of excited-state autodetachment and internal conversion. The relaxation of isomer II clusters shows no significant size dependence over the range of n = 60-100, with autodetachment an important decay channel following excitation of these clusters. Photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) were measured for isomer I and isomer II clusters. The large differences in dynamical trends, relaxation mechanisms, and PADs between large isomer I and isomer II clusters are consistent with their assignment to very different electron binding motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur E Bragg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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39
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Lian R, Crowell RA, Shkrob IA. Solvation and Thermalization of Electrons Generated by above-the-Gap (12.4 eV) Two-Photon Ionization of Liquid H2O and D2O. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:1510-20. [PMID: 16833472 DOI: 10.1021/jp045657b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Temporal evolution of transient absorption (TA) spectra of electrons generated by above-the-gap (12.4 eV total energy) two-photon ionization of liquid H2O and D2O has been studied on femto- and picosecond time scales. The spectra were obtained at intervals of 50 nm between 0.5 and 1.7 mum. Two distinct regimes of the spectral evolution were observed: t < 1 ps and t > 1 ps. In both of these regimes, the spectral profile changes considerably with the delay time of the probe pulse. The "continuous blue shift" and the "temperature jump" models, in which the spectral profile does not change as it progressively shifts, as a whole, to the blue, are not supported by our data. Furthermore, no p-state electron, postulated by several authors to be a short-lived intermediate of the photoionization process, was observed by the end of the 300 fs, 200 nm pump pulse. For t < 1 ps, two new TA features (the 1.15 microm peak and 1.4 mum shoulder) were observed for the electron in the spectral region where O-H overtones appear in the spectra of light water. These two features were not observed for the electron in D2O. The 1.4 mum peak observed in D2O may be the isotope-shift analogue of the 1.15 microm feature in H2O. Vibronic coupling to the modes of water molecules lining the solvation cavity is a possible origin of these features. On the sub-picosecond time scale, the absorption band of solvated electron progressively shifts to the blue. At later delay times (t > 1 ps), the position of the band maximum is "locked", but the spectral profile continues to change by narrowing on the red side and broadening on the blue side; the oscillator strength is constant within 10%. The time constant of this narrowing is ca. 0.56 ps for H2O and 0.64 ps for D2O. Vibrational relaxation and time-dependent decrease in the size and sphericity of the solvation cavity are suggested as possible causes for the observed spectral transformations in both of these regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lian
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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40
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Thaller A, Laenen R, Laubereau A. Femtosecond spectroscopy of the hydrated electron: novel features in the infrared. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Cavanagh MC, Martini IB, Schwartz BJ. Revisiting the pump–probe polarized transient hole-burning of the hydrated electron: Is its absorption spectrum inhomogeneously broadened? Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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42
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Geminate recombination dynamics studied via electron reexcitation: kinetic analysis for anion CTTS photosystems. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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43
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Iglev H, Laenen R, Laubereau A. Femtosecond dynamics of electron photodetachment of the fluoride anion in liquid water. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.03.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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45
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Wang Z, Shoshana O, Hou B, Ruhman S. Solvent Induced Symmetry Breaking and Relaxation Following Charge Transfer to Solvent Excitation of Na- in Tetrahydrofuran. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp014331p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Physical Chemistry, and the Farkas Center for Light Induced Processes, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ofir Shoshana
- Department of Physical Chemistry, and the Farkas Center for Light Induced Processes, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Bixue Hou
- Department of Physical Chemistry, and the Farkas Center for Light Induced Processes, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Sanford Ruhman
- Department of Physical Chemistry, and the Farkas Center for Light Induced Processes, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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46
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Scheidt T, Laenen R. Ionization of methanol: monitoring the trapping of electrons on the fs time scale. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(03)00306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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47
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Reinhard BM, Niedner-Schatteburg G. Ab initio treatment of magnesium water cluster anions [Mg,nH2O]−, n ≤ 11. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b302254d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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48
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Kambhampati P, Son DH, Kee TW, Barbara PF. Solvation Dynamics of the Hydrated Electron Depends on Its Initial Degree of Electron Delocalization. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp014291p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patanjali Kambhampati
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Dong Hee Son
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Tak W. Kee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Paul F. Barbara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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49
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Tauber MJ, Mathies RA. Fluorescence and Resonance Raman Spectra of the Aqueous Solvated Electron. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp012184p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Tauber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Richard A. Mathies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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50
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Przhonska OV, Hagan DJ, Novikov E, Lepkowicz R, Van Stryland EW, Bondar MV, Slominsky YL, Kachkovski AD. Picosecond absorption anisotropy of polymethine and squarylium dyes in liquid and polymeric media. Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(01)00481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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