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Zhao JW, Wang HY, Feng L, Zhu JZ, Liu JX, Li WX. Crystal-Phase Engineering in Heterogeneous Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:164-209. [PMID: 38044580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The performance of a chemical reaction is critically dependent on the electronic and/or geometric structures of a material in heterogeneous catalysis. Over the past century, the Sabatier principle has already provided a conceptual framework for optimal catalyst design by adjusting the electronic structure of the catalytic material via a change in composition. Beyond composition, it is essential to recognize that the geometric atomic structures of a catalyst, encompassing terraces, edges, steps, kinks, and corners, have a substantial impact on the activity and selectivity of a chemical reaction. Crystal-phase engineering has the capacity to bring about substantial alterations in the electronic and geometric configurations of a catalyst, enabling control over coordination numbers, morphological features, and the arrangement of surface atoms. Modulating the crystallographic phase is therefore an important strategy for improving the stability, activity, and selectivity of catalytic materials. Nonetheless, a complete understanding of how the performance depends on the crystal phase of a catalyst remains elusive, primarily due to the absence of a molecular-level view of active sites across various crystal phases. In this review, we primarily focus on assessing the dependence of catalytic performance on crystal phases to elucidate the challenges and complexities inherent in heterogeneous catalysis, ultimately aiming for improved catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, iChem, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hong-Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, iChem, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Li Feng
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, iChem, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jin-Ze Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, iChem, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jin-Xun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, iChem, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Wei-Xue Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, iChem, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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2
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Zhang Y, Feng S. A theoretical study of the Pd 10Sb 3 single-atom alloy cluster for CO oxidations. Mol Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2023.2183066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxing Zhang
- School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siya Feng
- School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Zhang L, Wu K, Ding Y, Shi W, Liu S, Niu Y, Zhang B. Insight into the Metal‐Support Interactions between Ruthenium and Nanodiamond‐derived Carbon material for CO Oxidation. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering Qufu Normal University 57 Jingxuan Road Qufu 273165 P. R. China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences 72 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
| | - Kuang‐Hsu Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Yuxiao Ding
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Mülheim an der Ruhr 45472 Germany
| | - Wen Shi
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences 72 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
| | - Siyang Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences 72 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
| | - Yiming Niu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences 72 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
| | - Bingsen Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science Institute of Metal Research Chinese Academy of Sciences 72 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China 72 Wenhua Road Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
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4
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Xie W, Koyama M. Theoretical design of a technetium-like alloy and its catalytic properties. Chem Sci 2019; 10:5461-5469. [PMID: 31293728 PMCID: PMC6566293 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00912d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the concept of density of states (DOS) engineering, we theoretically designed a pseudo-Tc material (Mo-Ru alloy) and investigated its electronic structure, phase stability and catalytic activity by using density functional theory. Through comparing the DOS shape, peak distribution, and DOS area differences between Tc and the Mo-Ru alloy, we noticed that bcc-Mo8Ru8 and hcp-Mo8Ru8 had the most similar electronic structures to Tc. The excess energies after entropy correction of hcp-Mo8Ru8 and bcc-Mo8Ru8 are stable when the temperature is up to 765 and 745 K, respectively. These results provided the possibility of pseudo-Tc alloy (hcp-Mo8Ru8 and bcc-Mo8Ru8) synthesis. Finally, according to reaction coordinate analysis, the similar catalytic activity between hcp-Mo8Ru8 and Tc have been demonstrated in CO oxidation and N2 dissociation. In N2 dissociation, Tc has a suitable ratio of transition state (TS) barrier to reaction energy which make Tc an efficient catalyst for NH3 synthesis, in addition to our designed pseudo-Tc (hcp-MoRu) because of the similar electronic structures. Our finding provides valuable insight into materials and catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- INAMORI Frontier Research Center , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka , 819-0395 , Japan .
| | - Michihisa Koyama
- INAMORI Frontier Research Center , Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku , Fukuoka , 819-0395 , Japan .
- Graduate School of Engineering , Hiroshima University , 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima , Hiroshima 739-8527 , Japan
- Global Research Center for Environment and Energy Based on Nanomaterials Science , National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan .
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5
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Souda R, Aizawa T. Nucleation and growth of water ice on Ru(0001): Influences of oxygen and carbon-monoxide adspecies. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Cheng X, Wang Z, Mao Y, Hu P. Evidence of the O–Pd–O and Pd–O4 structure units as oxide seeds and their origin on Pd(211): revealing the mechanism of surface oxide formation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:6499-6505. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06224b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of surface oxides on metal surfaces is not only important in materials science, but also of significance in heterogeneous catalysis due to the fact that during most oxidation reactions the metal catalysts are inevitably oxidized, which may cause dramatic consequences in the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiran Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- The Queen's University Belfast
- UK
| | - Ziyun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- The Queen's University Belfast
- UK
| | - Yu Mao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- The Queen's University Belfast
- UK
| | - P. Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- The Queen's University Belfast
- UK
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7
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Lončarić I, Füchsel G, Juaristi JI, Saalfrank P. Strong Anisotropic Interaction Controls Unusual Sticking and Scattering of CO at Ru(0001). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:146101. [PMID: 29053313 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.146101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Complete sticking at low incidence energies and broad angular scattering distributions at higher energies are often observed in molecular beam experiments on gas-surface systems which feature a deep chemisorption well and lack early reaction barriers. Although CO binds strongly on Ru(0001), scattering is characterized by rather narrow angular distributions and sticking is incomplete even at low incidence energies. We perform molecular dynamics simulations, accounting for phononic (and electronic) energy loss channels, on a potential energy surface based on first-principles electronic structure calculations that reproduce the molecular beam experiments. We demonstrate that the mentioned unusual behavior is a consequence of a very strong rotational anisotropy in the molecule-surface interaction potential. Beyond the interpretation of scattering phenomena, we also discuss implications of our results for the recently proposed role of a precursor state for the desorption and scattering of CO from ruthenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivor Lončarić
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), P. Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Gernot Füchsel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J I Juaristi
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), P. Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20080 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center DIPC, P. Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Peter Saalfrank
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Tănase LC, Apostol NG, Abramiuc LE, Tache CA, Hrib L, Trupină L, Pintilie L, Teodorescu CM. Ferroelectric triggering of carbon monoxide adsorption on lead zirco-titanate (001) surfaces. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35301. [PMID: 27739461 PMCID: PMC5064406 DOI: 10.1038/srep35301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomically clean lead zirco-titanate PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 (001) layers exhibit a polarization oriented inwards P(−), visible by a band bending of all core levels towards lower binding energies, whereas as introduced layers exhibit P(+) polarization under air or in ultrahigh vacuum. The magnitude of the inwards polarization decreases when the temperature is increased at 700 K. CO adsorption on P(−) polarized surfaces saturates at about one quarter of a monolayer of carbon, and occurs in both molecular (oxidized) and dissociated (reduced) states of carbon, with a large majority of reduced state. The sticking of CO on the surface in ultrahigh vacuum is found to be directly related to the P(−) polarization state of the surface. A simple electrostatic mechanism is proposed to explain these dissociation processes and the sticking of carbon on P(−) polarized areas. Carbon desorbs also when the surface is irradiated with soft X-rays. Carbon desorption when the polarization is lost proceeds most probably in form of CO2. Upon carbon desorption cycles, the ferroelectric surface is depleted in oxygen and at some point reverses its polarization, owing to electrons provided by oxygen vacancies which are able to screen the depolarization field produced by positive fixed charges at the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liviu Cristian Tănase
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Măgurele-Ilfov, Romania.,University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics, Atomiştilor 405, 077125 Măgurele-Ilfov, Romania
| | | | - Laura Elena Abramiuc
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Măgurele-Ilfov, Romania.,University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics, Atomiştilor 405, 077125 Măgurele-Ilfov, Romania
| | - Cristian Alexandru Tache
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Măgurele-Ilfov, Romania.,University of Trieste, Department of Physics, Via Valerio 2 - 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luminița Hrib
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Măgurele-Ilfov, Romania
| | - Lucian Trupină
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Măgurele-Ilfov, Romania
| | - Lucian Pintilie
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor 405A, 077125 Măgurele-Ilfov, Romania
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9
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Three-way catalytic converter reactions aspects at near-ambient temperatures on modified Pd-surfaces. CR CHIM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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11
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Wang J, Liu X, Zeng J, Zhu T. Catalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene over TiO2 supported ruthenium catalysts. CATAL COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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12
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Cahyanto WT, Widanarto W, Effendi M, Kasai H. Stability of atomic oxygen chemisorption on Pt-alloy surfaces. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wahyu Tri Cahyanto
- Department of Physics; Universitas Jenderal Soedirman; Jl. Dr. Soeparno, Karangwangkal Purwokerto 53123 Indonesia
| | - Wahyu Widanarto
- Department of Physics; Universitas Jenderal Soedirman; Jl. Dr. Soeparno, Karangwangkal Purwokerto 53123 Indonesia
| | - Mukhtar Effendi
- Department of Physics; Universitas Jenderal Soedirman; Jl. Dr. Soeparno, Karangwangkal Purwokerto 53123 Indonesia
| | - Hideaki Kasai
- Insitute of Industrial Science; The University of Tokyo; Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505 Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka University; Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Akashi National College of Technology; Akashi Hyogo 674-8501 Japan
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13
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14
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Cai JQ, Luo HJ, Tao XM, Tan MQ. Initial Subsurface Incorporation of Oxygen into Ru(0001): A Density Functional Theory Study. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:3937-48. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiu Cai
- Department of Physics; Zhejiang University; No. 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 China
- College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering; Wenzhou University, Chashan Higher Education Park; Wenzhou 325035 China
| | - Hai-Jun Luo
- Department of Physics; Zhejiang University; No. 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 China
- College of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering; Wenzhou University, Chashan Higher Education Park; Wenzhou 325035 China
| | - Xiang-Ming Tao
- Department of Physics; Zhejiang University; No. 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Ming-Qiu Tan
- Department of Physics; Zhejiang University; No. 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 China
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15
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Öberg H, Gladh J, Marks K, Ogasawara H, Nilsson A, Pettersson LGM, Öström H. Indication of non-thermal contribution to visible femtosecond laser-induced CO oxidation on Ru(0001). J Chem Phys 2015; 143:074701. [PMID: 26298142 DOI: 10.1063/1.4928646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied CO oxidation on Ru(0001) induced by 400 nm and 800 nm femtosecond laser pulses where we find a branching ratio between CO oxidation and desorption of 1:9 and 1:31, respectively, showing higher selectivity towards CO oxidation for the shorter wavelength excitation. Activation energies computed with density functional theory show discrepancies with values extracted from the experiments, indicating both a mixture between different adsorbed phases and importance of non-adiabatic effects on the effective barrier for oxidation. We simulated the reactions using kinetic modeling based on the two-temperature model of laser-induced energy transfer in the substrate combined with a friction model for the coupling to adsorbate vibrations. This model gives an overall good agreement with experiment except for the substantial difference in yield ratio between CO oxidation and desorption at 400 nm and 800 nm. However, including also the initial, non-thermal effect of electrons transiently excited into antibonding states of the O-Ru bond yielded good agreement with all experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Öberg
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Gladh
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Marks
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Ogasawara
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A Nilsson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L G M Pettersson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Öström
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Gopinath CS, Roy K, Nagarajan S. Can We Shift and/or Broaden the Catalysis Regime towards Ambient Temperature? ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Wang T, Jelic J, Rosenthal D, Reuter K. Exploring Pretreatment-Morphology Relationships: Ab Initio Wulff Construction for RuO2Nanoparticles under Oxidising Conditions. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason F. Weaver
- Department of Chemical
Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Kuhlenbeck H, Shaikhutdinov S, Freund HJ. Well-Ordered Transition Metal Oxide Layers in Model Catalysis – A Series of Case Studies. Chem Rev 2013; 113:3986-4034. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300312n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Kuhlenbeck
- Fritz Haber Institute der Max Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6,
14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shamil Shaikhutdinov
- Fritz Haber Institute der Max Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6,
14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Freund
- Fritz Haber Institute der Max Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6,
14195 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Liu B, Jin J, Hardacre C, Hu P, Lin W. Combined studies of DFT atomistic modelling and in situ FTIR spectroscopy on surface oxidants and CO oxidation at Ru electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Over H. Surface Chemistry of Ruthenium Dioxide in Heterogeneous Catalysis and Electrocatalysis: From Fundamental to Applied Research. Chem Rev 2012; 112:3356-426. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200247n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Gao F, Goodman DW. CO oxidation over ruthenium: identification of the catalytically active phases at near-atmospheric pressures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:6688-97. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40121e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Alves OB, Hoster HE, Behm RJ. Electrochemistry at Ru(0001) in a flowing CO-saturated electrolyte—reactive and inert adlayer phases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:6010-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01001d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Seo HO, Lee J, Kim KD, Luo Y, Dey NK, Kim YD. Changes in the surface structure of Pd/Ta2
O5
by oxygen and CO studied using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Rosenthal D, Girgsdies F, Timpe O, Weinberg G, Schlögl R. Oscillatory Behavior in the CO-oxidation over Bulk Ruthenium Dioxide — the Effect of the CO/O2 Ratio. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2011.5515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
CO oxidation over polycrystalline ruthenium dioxide was monitored in an in-situ XRD setup. The evolution of the bulk state of the catalyst was followed by in-situ XRD during reaction, while the surface morphology and chemical state before and after reaction were investigated by HRSEM and EDX. The commercial RuO2 powder was calcined prior reaction to ensure the formation of completely oxidized RuO2. This pre-calcined RuO2 is initially inactive in CO oxidation regardless of the CO/O2 feed ratio and requires an induction period, the length of which strongly depends whether the catalyst is diluted with boron nitride or not. After this induction period oscillations in the CO2 yield occur under O2-rich conditions only. These oscillations exhibit two time constants for the diluted catalyst, while the low frequency oscillations were not observed in the case of undiluted RuO2. Furthermore, the state of the catalyst after activation in O2-rich feed conditions differs dramatically from the state after activation in CO-rich feed conditions. Firstly, the catalyst activated in an O2-rich atmosphere remains inactive under CO-rich conditions in contrast to the catalyst activated in CO-rich conditions which is afterwards active under all feed ratios examined. Secondly, the surface morphology of the catalyst is quite different. While the apical surfaces of the RuO2 crystals become roughened upon activation in the CO-rich feed, they become facetted under O2 rich activation conditions. Therefore, we conclude that at least two different active surface states on the bulk RuO2 catalyst exist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Girgsdies
- Fritz-Haber-Institute of the MPG, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Olaf Timpe
- Fritz-Haber-Institute of the MPG, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Berlin, Deutschland
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26
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Ouyang X, Scott SL. Mechanism for CO oxidation catalyzed by Pd-substituted BaCeO3, and the local structure of the active sites. J Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2010.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Rosenthal D, Girgsdies F, Timpe O, Blume R, Weinberg G, Teschner D, Schlögl R. On the CO-Oxidation over Oxygenated Ruthenium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2009.6032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The oxidation of carbon monoxide over polycrystalline ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) powder was studied in a packed-bed reactor and by bulk and surface analytical methods. Activity data were correlated with bulk phases in an in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) setup at atmospheric pressure. Ruthenium dioxide was pre-calcined in pure oxygen at 1073 K. At this stage RuO2 is completely inactive in the oxidation of CO. After a long induction period in the feed at 503 K RuO2 becomes active with 100% conversion, while in-situ XRD reveals no changes in the RuO2 diffraction pattern. At this stage selective roughening of apical RuO2 facets was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Seldom also single lateral facets are roughened. EDX indicated higher oxygen content in the following order: flat lateral facets > rough lateral facets > rough apical facets. Further, experiments in the packed bed reactor indicated oscillations in the CO2 formation rate. At even higher temperatures in reducing feed (533–543 K) the sample reduces to ruthenium metal according to XRD. The reduced particles exhibiting lower ignition temperature are very rough with cracks and deep star-shaped holes. An Arrhenius plot of the CO2 formation rate below the ignition temperature reveals the reduced samples to be significantly more active based on mass unit and shows lower apparent activation energy than the activated oxidized sample. Micro-spot X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and XPS microscopy experiments were carried out on a Ru(0001) single crystal exposed to oxygen at different temperature. Although low energy electron diffraction (LEED) images show a strong 1×1 pattern, the XPS data indicated a wide lateral inhomogeneity with different degree of oxygen dissolved in the subsurface layers. All these and the literature data are discussed in the context of different active states and transport issues, and the metastable nature of a phase mixture under conditions of high catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Girgsdies
- Fritz-Haber-Institute of the MPG, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Olaf Timpe
- Fritz-Haber-Institute of the MPG, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Berlin, Deutschland
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Knop‐Gericke A, Kleimenov E, Hävecker M, Blume R, Teschner D, Zafeiratos S, Schlögl R, Bukhtiyarov VI, Kaichev VV, Prosvirin IP, Nizovskii AI, Bluhm H, Barinov A, Dudin P, Kiskinova M. Chapter 4 X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy for Investigation of Heterogeneous Catalytic Processes. ADVANCES IN CATALYSIS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0360-0564(08)00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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Jin JM, Lin WF, Christensen PA. The effects of the specific adsorption of anion on the reactivity of the Ru(0001) surface towards CO adsorption and oxidation: in situ FTIRS studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:3774-83. [DOI: 10.1039/b802701c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Savinova ER, Hahn F, Alonso-Vante N. Surface electrochemistry of CO as a probe molecule on carbon-supported Se-surface modified Ru nanoparticles via infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:5693-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b709436a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Nanometer and Subnanometer Thin Oxide Films at Surfaces of Late Transition Metals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-32646-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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32
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Blume R, Christen W, Niehus H. Reactivity of Oxide Precursor States on Ru(0001). J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:13912-9. [PMID: 16836341 DOI: 10.1021/jp061937a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Smooth and defect-rich Ru(0001) surfaces prepared under ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) conditions have been loaded with oxygen under high-pressure (p </= 1 bar) and low-temperature (T < 550 K) conditions. On these surfaces the CO oxidation reaction has been investigated by means of thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and reactive molecular beam scattering (RMBS). Both surfaces are oxide-free and exhibit a high reactivity. The maximum CO/CO(2) conversion probability observed for a defect-rich Ru(0001) surface amounts to 6 x 10(-3) and is comparable to that of a surface covered with rutile RuO(2)(110) domains. RMBS experiments led to the identification of three different reaction channels. The first and second channel is related to CO adsorbing at oxygen-free defect sites and follow the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. Whereas the first reaction channel is already observed at room temperature, the second is thermally activated, contributing to the CO(2) yield only for reaction temperatures above 400 K. The third channel is due to the recombination of CO molecules with oxygen atoms located in smooth areas of the surface undisturbed by defects. This reaction channel is thermally activated as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Blume
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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33
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Crawford P, Hu P. Reactivity of the 4d Transition Metals toward N Hydrogenation and NH Dissociation: A DFT-Based HSAB Analysis. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:4157-61. [PMID: 16509709 DOI: 10.1021/jp054979s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The density functional theory (DFT) based hard-soft acid-base (HSAB) reactivity indices, including the electrophilicity index, have been successfully applied to many areas of molecular chemistry. In this work we test the applicability of such an approach to fundamental surface chemistry. We have considered, as prototypical surface reactions, both the hydrogenation of atomic nitrogen and the dissociative adsorption of the NH molecular radical. By use of a DFT methodology, the minimum energy reaction pathways, and corresponding reaction barriers, of the above reactions over Zr(001), Nb(110), Mo(110), Tc(001), Ru(001), Rh(111), and Pd(111) have been determined. By consideration of the chemical potential and chemical hardness of the surface metal atoms, and the principle of electronegativity equalization, it is found that the charge transferred to the NH radical during the process of dissociative adsorption correlates very well with that determined by Mulliken population analysis. Furthermore, it is found that the stability of the NH/surface transition state complex relates directly to this charge transfer and that the trend in transition state stability predicted by a HSAB treatment correlates very strongly with that determined by DFT calculations. With regards to N hydrogenation, we find that during the course of the reaction, H loses cohesion to the surface, as it must migrate from a 3-fold hollow site to either a bridge or top site, to react with N. Partial density of states (PDOS) and Mulliken population analysis reveal that this loss of bonding is accompanied by charge transfer from H to the surface metal atoms. Moreover, by simple modeling, we show that the reaction barriers are directly proportional to this mandatory charge transfer. Indeed, it is found that the reaction barriers correlate very well with the electrophilicity index of the metal atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Crawford
- School of Chemistry, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
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34
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He Y, Seitsonen AP, Over H. Ultrathin Rh films on Ru(0001): Oxidation in confinement. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:034706. [PMID: 16438599 DOI: 10.1063/1.2159489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrathin rhodium films with a thickness ranging from 1 to a few monolayers were deposited on a single-crystal Ru(0001) surface in order to investigate the oxidation behavior of ultrathin epitaxial films on a dissimilar substrate. It is found that rhodium grows on Ru(0001) initially layer by layer, adapting the in-plane lattice parameters of Ru(0001). When exposing Rh films to oxygen environment (approximately 4.8 x 10(6) L O2 exposure) at 660 K, 2-4 ML Rh films form a surface oxide composed of (9 x 9) O-Rh-O trilayers. Quite in contrast, oxidation of the 1 ML RhRu(0001) film leads to a poorly ordered oxide with a rutile structure reminiscent of RuO2(110) on Ru(0001). The oxidized 1 ML RhRu(0001) film contains much more oxygen than the oxidized thicker Rh films. Lower temperatures (535 K) and high doses of oxygen lead to a (1 x 1)-O overlayer on the 1 ML RhRu(0001) surface, whose atomic geometry resembles closely that of the (1 x 1)-O phase on clean Ru(0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbin He
- Physikalisch Chemisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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35
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He YB, Knapp M, Lundgren E, Over H. Ru(0001) Model Catalyst under Oxidizing and Reducing Reaction Conditions: In-Situ High-Pressure Surface X-ray Diffraction Study. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:21825-30. [PMID: 16853834 DOI: 10.1021/jp0538520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD) using a high-pressure reaction chamber we investigated in-situ the oxidation of the Ru(0001) model catalyst under various reaction conditions, starting from a strongly oxidizing environment to reaction conditions typical for CO oxidation. With a mixture of O(2) and CO (stoichiometry, 2:1) the partial pressure of oxygen has to be increased to 20 mbar to form the catalytically active RuO(2)(110) oxide film, while in pure oxygen environment a pressure of 10(-5) mbar is already sufficient to oxidize the Ru(0001) surface. For preparation temperatures in the range of 550-630 K a self-limiting RuO(2)(110) film is produced with a thickness of 1.6 nm. The RuO(2)(110) film grows self-acceleratedly after an induction period. The RuO(2) films on Ru(0001) can readily be reduced by H(2) and CO exposures at 415 K, without an induction period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B He
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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36
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Blume R, Niehus H, Conrad H, Böttcher A, Aballe L, Gregoratti L, Barinov A, Kiskinova M. Identification of Subsurface Oxygen Species Created during Oxidation of Ru(0001). J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:14052-8. [PMID: 16852764 DOI: 10.1021/jp044175x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation states formed during low-temperature oxidation (T < 500 K) of a Ru(0001) surface are identified with photoelectron spectromicroscopy and thermal desorption (TD) spectroscopy. Adsorption and consecutive incorporation of oxygen are studied following the distinct chemical shifts of the Ru 3d(5/2) core levels of the two topmost Ru layers. The evolution of the Ru 3d(5/2) spectra with oxygen exposure at 475 K and the corresponding O2 desorption spectra reveal that about 2 ML of oxygen incorporate into the subsurface region, residing between the first and second Ru layer. Our results suggest that the subsurface oxygen binds to the first and second layer Ru atoms, yielding a metastable surface "oxide", which represents the oxidation state of an atomically well ordered Ru(0001) surface under low-temperature oxidation conditions. Accumulation of more than 3 ML of oxygen is possible via defect-promoted penetration below the second layer when the initial Ru(0001) surface is disordered. Despite its higher capacity for oxygen accumulation, also the disordered Ru surface does not show features characteristic for the crystalline RuO2 islands. Development of lateral heterogeneity in the oxygen concentration is evidenced by the Ru 3d(5/2) images and microspot spectra after the onset of oxygen incorporation, which becomes very pronounced when the oxidation is carried out at T > 550 K. This is attributed to facilitated O incorporation and oxide nucleation in microregions with a high density of defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Blume
- Institut für Physik der Humboldt-Universität, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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37
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Stampfl C. Surface processes and phase transitions from ab initio atomistic thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Catal Today 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2005.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Kim SH, Wintterlin J. Atomic Scale Investigation of the Oxidation of CO on RuO2(110) by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp047600v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Kim
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4−6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstr. 11, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - J. Wintterlin
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4−6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstr. 11, D-81377 München, Germany
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39
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Blume R, Niehus H, Conrad H, Böttcher A. Surface-Defect-Mediated Channel for Oxygen Incorporation into Ru(0001). J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0400059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Blume
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - H. Niehus
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - H. Conrad
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14165 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Böttcher
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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40
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Barros RB, Garcia AR, Ilharco LM. Effect of Oxygen Precoverage on the Reactivity of Methanol on Ru(001) Surfaces. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp049688i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo B. Barros
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049−001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Rosa Garcia
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049−001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Laura M. Ilharco
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049−001 Lisboa, Portugal
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41
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Blume R, Niehus H, Conrad H, Böttcher A. Oxide-free oxygen incorporation into Ru(0001). J Chem Phys 2004; 120:3871-9. [PMID: 15268553 DOI: 10.1063/1.1643724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A smooth Ru(0001) surface prepared under ultra-high vacuum conditions has been loaded with oxygen under high-pressure (p approximately 1 bar) and low-temperature (T < 600 K) conditions. Oxygen phases created in this way have been investigated by means of thermal desorption spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. The exposure procedures applied lead to oxygen incorporation into the subsurface region without creation of RuO2 domains. For oxygen exposures ranging from 10(11) to 10(14) L oxygen contents up to about 4 monolayer equivalent could be achieved. The oxygen incorporation is thermally activated. The CO oxidation reaction conducted at mild temperatures (T < 500 K) at a sample loaded with subsurface oxygen reaches CO --> CO2 conversion probabilities of 10(-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Blume
- Institut für Physik der Humboldt-Universität, Invalidenstr. 110, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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42
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Jin J, Lin W, Christensen P. In situ FTIR spectroscopic studies of the oxidation of CO adsorbates on Ru(0001) electrodes under open circuit conditions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2003.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Gong XQ, Liu ZP, Raval R, Hu P. A Systematic Study of CO Oxidation on Metals and Metal Oxides: Density Functional Theory Calculations. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 126:8-9. [PMID: 14709033 DOI: 10.1021/ja030392k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CO oxidation on Ru(0001), Rh(111), Pd(111), Os(0001), Ir(111), Pt(111), and their corresponding metal oxides is studied using density functional theory. It is found that (i) the reactivity of metal oxide is generally higher than that of the corresponding metal, and (ii) on both metals and metal oxides, the higher the chemisorption energy is in the initial state, the larger the reaction barrier. The barriers are further analyzed by decomposing them into electronic and geometric effects, and the higher reactivity of metal oxides is attributed mainly to the surface geometric effect. Moreover, the electronic effect on both metals and metal oxides follows the same pattern: the shorter the OC-O bond distance in the TS, the higher the barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qing Gong
- School of Chemistry, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AG, UK
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44
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D’Ajello PCT, Hauser PR, Figueiredo W. Effects of the diffusion of subsurface O atoms on the transient yielding of CO2. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1556853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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45
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Reuter K, Scheffler M. First-principles atomistic thermodynamics for oxidation catalysis: surface phase diagrams and catalytically interesting regions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:046103. [PMID: 12570437 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.046103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Present knowledge of the function of materials is largely based on studies (experimental and theoretical) that are performed at low temperatures and ultralow pressures. However, the majority of everyday applications, like, e.g., catalysis, operate at atmospheric pressures and temperatures at or higher than 300 K. Here we employ ab initio, atomistic thermodynamics to construct a phase diagram of surface structures in the (T,p) space from ultrahigh vacuum to technically relevant pressures and temperatures. We emphasize the value of such phase diagrams as well as the importance of the reaction kinetics that may be crucial, e.g., close to phase boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Reuter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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46
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Böttcher A, Starke U, Conrad H, Blume R, Niehus H, Gregoratti L, Kaulich B, Barinov A, Kiskinova M. Spectral and spatial anisotropy of the oxide growth onRu(0001). J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1505859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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47
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Meijer AJHM, Farebrother AJ, Clary DC. Isotope Effects in the Formation of Molecular Hydrogen on a Graphite Surface via an Eley−Rideal Mechanism. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp020983h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. H. M. Meijer
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ United Kingdom
| | - Adam J. Farebrother
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ United Kingdom
| | - David C. Clary
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ United Kingdom
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49
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Abstract
Information about the elementary processes underlying heterogeneous catalysis may be obtained by investigating well-defined single crystal surfaces. The success of this "surface science" approach for "'real" catalysis can be demonstrated, for example, with ammonia synthesis. The progress of catalytic reactions can be observed on an atomic scale by applying scanning tunneling microscopy and other surface physical techniques, as is shown with different examples in this paper: CO oxidation on a Pt(111) surface proceeds preferentially along the boundaries between adsorbed O and CO patches. Ru is practically inactive for the same reaction under lower pressure conditions but is transformed into RuO2 under atmospheric pressure conditions, where part of the surface Ru atoms function as coordinatively unsaturated sites (cus). In contrast, in the hydrogen oxidation reaction on Pt(111), an autocatalytic reaction step comes into prominence, and is responsible for the formation of propagating concentration patterns on the surface as a characteristic of nonlinear dynamics. Additionally, the limits of the concept of thermal equilibrium in surface rate processes are explored by applying ultrafast (femtosecond) laser techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ertl
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
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50
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Reuter K, Stampfl C, Verónica Ganduglia-Pirovano M, Scheffler M. Atomistic description of oxide formation on metal surfaces: the example of ruthenium. Chem Phys Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(01)01472-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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