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Włodarska M, Mossety-Leszczak B. DFT Studies of Selected Epoxies with Mesogenic Units-Impact of Molecular Structure on Electro-Optical Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073424. [PMID: 33810397 PMCID: PMC8037778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical studies of molecular structure and electric charge distribution were carried out for three epoxy compounds with different mesogenic cores. The compounds exhibit a nematic phase and form polymer networks that are potential bases for various composites. Results were compared to analogous materials with non-polar chains. A customized process involving geometry optimization of a series of conformations was employed to greatly increase likelihood of reaching global energy minimum for each molecule. All computations used Density Functional Theory (DFT) electron correlation model with the B3LYP hybrid functional. Molecular structure calculations yielded several parameters, including the magnitude and direction of the dipole moment, polarizability (α), first hyperpolarizability (β), and highest-occupied/lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) energies. These parameters can help predict electronic properties of the nematic phase and the polymer network and assess their predisposition for application in electrooptical devices. In particular, the magnitude and direction of the dipole moment determine molecular alignment of liquid crystal phases in electric field, which enables controlling molecular order also in cured networks. Theoretical results were supplemented with observations of the nematics and their behavior in electric field. It was demonstrated for the studied compounds that a change in aliphatic chain polarity helps preserve and reinforce perpendicular alignment of molecules induced by electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Włodarska
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Technical Physics, Information Technology and Applied Mathematics, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 219, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Beata Mossety-Leszczak
- Department of Industrial and Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
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Chen G, Cao C, Sheng B, Zhu Y, Wu Z, Wu X. Substituent effect study onδcvalues of the bridge group carbons in disubstituted cinnamyl aniline series. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.2923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanfan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry and Molecular Simulation of Ministry of Education; Hunan University of Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR; Xiangtan; 411201; China
| | - Chenzhong Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry and Molecular Simulation of Ministry of Education; Hunan University of Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR; Xiangtan; 411201; China
| | - Bin Sheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry and Molecular Simulation of Ministry of Education; Hunan University of Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR; Xiangtan; 411201; China
| | - Yun Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry and Molecular Simulation of Ministry of Education; Hunan University of Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR; Xiangtan; 411201; China
| | - Zhenxing Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry and Molecular Simulation of Ministry of Education; Hunan University of Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR; Xiangtan; 411201; China
| | - Xiangsi Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry and Molecular Simulation of Ministry of Education; Hunan University of Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial University Key Laboratory of QSAR/QSPR; Xiangtan; 411201; China
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Cocinero EJ, Lesarri A, Écija P, Grabow JU, Fernández JA, Castaño F. Conformational equilibria in vanillin and ethylvanillin. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:12486-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00585a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Egawa T, Matsumoto R, Yamamoto D, Takeuchi H. Molecular structure of trans-cinnamaldehyde as determined by gas electron diffraction aided by DFT calculations. J Mol Struct 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2008.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Egawa T, Kamiya A, Takeuchi H, Konaka S. Molecular structure of caffeine as determined by gas electron diffraction aided by theoretical calculations. J Mol Struct 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2006.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Egawa T, Kameyama A, Takeuchi H. Structural determination of vanillin, isovanillin and ethylvanillin by means of gas electron diffraction and theoretical calculations. J Mol Struct 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2006.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bao P, Yu ZH. Theoretical studies on the role of π-electron delocalization in determining the conformation of N-benzylideneaniline with three types of LMO basis sets. J Comput Chem 2006; 27:809-24. [PMID: 16541429 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To understand the role of pi-electron delocalization in determining the conformation of the NBA (Ph-N==CH-Ph) molecule, the following three LMO (localized molecular orbital) basis sets are constructed: a LFMO (highly localized fragment molecular orbital), an NBO (natural bond orbital), and a special NBO (NBO-II) basis sets, and their localization degrees are evaluated with our suggesting index D(L). Afterward, the vertical resonance energy DeltaE(V) is obtained from the Morokuma's energy partition over each of three LMO basis sets. DeltaE(V) = DeltaE(H) (one electron energy) + DeltaE(two) (two electron energy), and DeltaE(two) = DeltaE(Cou) (Coulomb) + DeltaE(ex) (exchange) + DeltaE(ec) (or SigmaDeltaE(n)) (electron correction). DeltaE(H) is always stabilizing, and DeltaE(Cou) is destabilizing for all time. In the case of the LFMO basis set, DeltaE(Cou) is so great that DeltaE(two) > |DeltaE(H)|. Therefore, DeltaE(V) is always destabilizing, and is least destabilizing at about the theta = 90 degrees geometry. Of the three calculation methods such as HF, DFT, and MPn (n = 2, 3, and 4), the MPn method provides DeltaE(V) with the greatest value. In the case of the NBO basis set, on the contrary, DeltaE(V) is stabilizing due to DeltaE(Cou) being less destabilizing, and it is most stabilizing at a planar geometry. The LFMO basis set has the highest localization degree, and it is most appropriate for the energy partition. In the NBA molecule, pi-electron delocalization is destabilization, and it has a tendency to distort the NBA molecular away from its planar geometry as far as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable & Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
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Takeshima T, Takeuchi H, Egawa T, Konaka S. Molecular structure and nicotinic activity of arecoline. A gas electron diffraction study combined with theoretical calculations. J Mol Struct 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2004.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Egawa T, Kachi Y, Takeshima T, Takeuchi H, Konaka S. Structural determination of carvone, a component of spearmint, by means of gas electron diffraction augmented by theoretical calculations. J Mol Struct 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(03)00503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Takeuchi H, Ozaki T, Takeshima T, Egawa T, Konaka S. Molecular structure of triiodomethane, CHI3, in the gas phase: an electron diffraction study. J Mol Struct 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(03)00431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Egawa T, Sakamoto M, Takeuchi H, Konaka S. Structural Determination of Menthol and Isomenthol, a Minty Compound and Its Nonminty Isomer, by Means of Gas Electron Diffraction Augmented by Theoretical Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp022163a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Egawa
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Minoru Sakamoto
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeuchi
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Konaka
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Takeshima T, Takeuchi H, Egawa T, Konaka S. Gas-phase molecular structure of nicotinamide studied by electron diffraction combined with MP2 calculations. J Mol Struct 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(02)00482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Takeshima T, Fukumoto R, Egawa T, Konaka S. Molecular Structure of Nicotine As Studied by Gas Electron Diffraction Combined with Theoretical Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp020328+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tsuji T, Takashima H, Takeuchi H, Egawa T, Konaka S. Molecular Structure and Torsional Potential of trans-Azobenzene. A Gas Electron Diffraction Study. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp004418v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takemasa Tsuji
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takashima
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeuchi
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Toru Egawa
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Konaka
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Yu ZH, Peng XQ. New Insight into the Nature of Electron Delocalization: the Driving Forces for Distorting the Geometry of Stilbene-Like Species. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp011487g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Heng Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable & Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qi Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable & Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
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Tsuji T, Takeuchi H, Egawa T, Konaka S. Effects of molecular structure on the stability of a thermotropic liquid crystal. Gas electron diffraction study of the molecular structure of phenyl benzoate. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:6381-7. [PMID: 11427064 DOI: 10.1021/ja010192d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As a model of the core of molecules forming liquid crystals, the molecular structure of phenyl benzoate (Ph-C(=O)-O-Ph) at 409 K was determined by gas electron diffraction, and the relationship between the gas-phase structures of model compounds and the nematic-to-liquid transition temperatures was studied. Structural constraints were obtained from RHF/6-31G ab initio calculations. Vibrational mean amplitudes and shrinkage corrections were calculated from the harmonic force constants given by normal coordinate analysis. Thermal vibrations were treated as small-amplitude motions, except for the phenyl torsion, which was treated as a large-amplitude motion. The potential function for torsion was assumed to be V(phi(1),phi(2)) = V(12)(1 - cos 2phi(1))/2 + V(14)(1 - cos 4phi(1))/2 + V(22)(1 - cos 2phi(2))/2, where phi(1) and phi(2) denote the torsional angles around the C-Ph and O-Ph bonds, respectively. The potential constants (V(ij)()/kcal mol(-)(1)) and the principal structure parameters (r(g)/A, angle(alpha)/deg) with the estimated limits of error (3sigma) are as follows: V(12) = -1.3 (assumed); V(14) = -0.5(9); V(22) = 3.5(15); r(C=O) = 1.208(4); r(C(=O)-O) = 1.362(6); r(C(=O)-O) - r(O-C) = -0.044 (assumed); r(C(=O)-C) = 1.478(10); <r(C-C)> = 1.396(1); angleOCO = 124.2(13); angleO=CC = 127.3(12); angleCOC = 121.4(22); ( angleOCC(cis) - angleOCC(trans))/2 = 3.0(15); ( angleC(=O)CC(cis) - angleC(=O)CC(trans))/2 = 4.8(17), where < > means an average value and C-C(cis) and C-C(trans) bonds are cis and trans to the C(=O)-O bond, respectively. The torsional angle around the O-Ph bond was determined to be 64(+26,-12) degrees. An apparent correlation was found between the contributions of the cores to the clearing point of liquid crystals and the gas-phase structures of model compounds of the cores of mesogens, i.e., phenyl benzoate, trans-azobenzene (t-AB), N-benzylideneaniline, N-benzylideneaniline N-oxide (NBANO), trans-azoxybenzene (t-AXB), and trans-stilbene. The structures of t-AB, NBANO, and t-AXB have been obtained by our research group.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tsuji
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Inoue K, Takeuchi H, Konaka S. Molecular Structures of Related Compounds of Mesogens Studied by 1H NMR Using a Liquid Crystal Solvent: Tolan and trans-Azobenzene. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0045944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Inoue
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeuchi
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Konaka
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Tsuji T, Takashima H, Takeuchi H, Egawa T, Konaka S. Molecular structure of trans -azoxybenzene determined by gas electron diffraction combined with ab initio calculations. J Mol Struct 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(00)00672-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Takeuchi H, Sato M, Tsuji T, Takashima H, Egawa T, Konaka S. Molecular structure of benzamide as studied by gas-phase electron diffraction. J Mol Struct 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(99)00043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kuze N, Fujiwara H, Takeuchi H, Egawa T, Konaka S, Fogarasi G. Gas-Phase Molecular Structure of MBBA (4-Methoxybenzylidene-4‘-n-butylaniline), a Mesogen, by Electron Diffraction Combined with ab Initio Calculations. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9841384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Kuze
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hideo Fujiwara
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeuchi
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Toru Egawa
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Konaka
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Geza Fogarasi
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Eötvös University, Budapest, P.O. Box 32, H-1518, Hungary
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Takashima H, Endo K, Ito M, Takeuchi H, Egawa T, Konaka S. Structural and conformational study of methyl 3-chlorobenzoate by gas phase electron diffraction combined with ab initio calculations. J Mol Struct 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(98)00623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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