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Randrianandraina J, Badawi M, Cardey B, Grivet M, Groetz JE, Ramseyer C, Anzola FT, Chambelland C, Ducret D. Adsorption of water in Na-LTA zeolites: an ab initio molecular dynamics investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19032-19042. [PMID: 34612441 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02624k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The very wide range of applications of LTA zeolites, including the storage of tritiated water, implies that a detailed and accurate atomic-scale description of the adsorption processes taking place in their structure is crucial. To unravel with an unprecedented accuracy the mechanisms behind the water filling in NaA, we have conducted a systematic ab initio molecular dynamics investigation. Two LTA structural models, the conventional Z4A and the reduced one ZK4, have been used for static and dynamic ab initio calculations, respectively. After assessing this reduced model with comparative static DFT calculations, we start the filling of the α and β cages by water, molecule by molecule. This allowed us to thoroughly study the interaction of water molecules with the zeolite structure and between water molecules, progressively forming H-bond chains and ring patterns as the cage is being filled. The adsorption energies could then be calculated with an unprecedented accuracy, which showed that the interaction of the molecules with the zeolite weakens as their number increases. By these methods, we have been able to highlight the primary role of Na+ cations in the interaction of water with zeolite, and inversely, the role of water in the displacement of cations when it is sufficiently solvated, allowing the passage between the α and β cages. This phenomenon is possible thanks to the inhomogeneous distribution of water molecules on the cationic sites, as shown by our AIMD simulations, which allows the formation of water clusters. These results are important because they help in understanding how the coverage of cationic sites by water will affect the adsorption of other molecules inside the Na-LTA zeolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joharimanitra Randrianandraina
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement UMR 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, F-25030 Besançon Cedex, France.
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Abstract
AbstractNanoporous solids are ubiquitous in chemical, energy, and environmental processes, where controlled transport of molecules through the pores plays a crucial role. They are used as sorbents, chromatographic or membrane materials for separations, and as catalysts and catalyst supports. Defined as materials where confinement effects lead to substantial deviations from bulk diffusion, nanoporous materials include crystalline microporous zeotypes and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and a number of semi-crystalline and amorphous mesoporous solids, as well as hierarchically structured materials, containing both nanopores and wider meso- or macropores to facilitate transport over macroscopic distances. The ranges of pore sizes, shapes, and topologies spanned by these materials represent a considerable challenge for predicting molecular diffusivities, but fundamental understanding also provides an opportunity to guide the design of new nanoporous materials to increase the performance of transport limited processes. Remarkable progress in synthesis increasingly allows these designs to be put into practice. Molecular simulation techniques have been used in conjunction with experimental measurements to examine in detail the fundamental diffusion processes within nanoporous solids, to provide insight into the free energy landscape navigated by adsorbates, and to better understand nano-confinement effects. Pore network models, discrete particle models and synthesis-mimicking atomistic models allow to tackle diffusion in mesoporous and hierarchically structured porous materials, where multiscale approaches benefit from ever cheaper parallel computing and higher resolution imaging. Here, we discuss synergistic combinations of simulation and experiment to showcase theoretical progress and computational techniques that have been successful in predicting guest diffusion and providing insights. We also outline where new fundamental developments and experimental techniques are needed to enable more accurate predictions for complex systems.
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Slavova SO, Sizova AA, Sizov VV. Molecular dynamics simulation of carbon dioxide diffusion in NaA zeolite: assessment of surface effects and evaluation of bulk-like properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:22529-22536. [PMID: 33000833 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04189k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out for a finite sample of NaA zeolite in contact with bulk carbon dioxide in a wide range of temperatures and CO2 contents. Density and diffusion profiles were obtained to estimate the depth at which the external surfaces of the zeolite affect CO2 diffusion in porous space. The approximate depth of surface effects for NaA zeolite was estimated as ca. 2 nm, though this figure may vary depending on temperature and adsorbed gas density. Diffusion coefficients and diffusion activation energies were calculated for CO2 and Na+ in the bulk-like region of the zeolite. Diffusion activation energy for carbon dioxide demonstrated a non-monotonic dependence on the amount of adsorbed gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia O Slavova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii pr., 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Robinson N, Xiao G, Connolly PRJ, Ling NNA, Fridjonsson EO, May EF, Johns ML. Low-field NMR relaxation-exchange measurements for the study of gas admission in microporous solids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:13689-13697. [PMID: 32525174 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02002h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the uptake and storage of gases by microporous materials is important for our future energy security. As such, we demonstrate here the application of two-dimensional NMR relaxation experiments for probing the admission and corresponding exchange dynamics of methane within microporous zeolites. Specifically, we report low-field (12.7 MHz) 1H NMR relaxation-exchange correlation measurements of methane within commercial LTA zeolites (3A and 4A) at 25 and 35 bar and ambient temperature. Our results demonstrate the clear identification of bulk-pore and pore-pore exchange processes within zeolite 4A, facilitating the calculation and comparison of effective exchange rate dynamics across varying diffusion length scales and gas pressures. Additional data acquired for zeolite 3A reveals the sensitivity of NMR relaxation phenomena to size-exclusive gas admission phenomena, illustrating the potential of benchtop NMR protocols for material screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Robinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Gongkui Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Paul R J Connolly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Nicholas N A Ling
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Einar O Fridjonsson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Eric F May
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Michael L Johns
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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Turgman-Cohen S, Araque JC, Hoek EMV, Escobedo FA. Molecular dynamics of equilibrium and pressure-driven transport properties of water through LTA-type zeolites. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:12389-12399. [PMID: 24024745 DOI: 10.1021/la402895h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We consider an atomistic model to investigate the flux of water through thin Linde type A (LTA) zeolite membranes with differing surface chemistries. Using molecular dynamics, we have studied the flow of water under hydrostatic pressure through a fully hydrated LTA zeolite film (~2.5 nm thick) capped with hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties. Pressure drops in the 50-400 MPa range were applied across the membrane, and the flux of water was monitored for at least 15 ns of simulation time. For hydrophilic membranes, water molecules adsorb at the zeolite surface, creating a highly structured fluid layer. For hydrophobic membranes, a depletion of water molecules occurs near the water/zeolite interface. For both types of membranes, the water structure is independent of the pressure drop established in the system and the flux through the membranes is lower than that observed for the bulk zeolitic material; the latter allows an estimation of surface barrier effects to pressure-driven water transport. Mechanistically, it is observed that (i) bottlenecks form at the windows of the zeolite structure, preventing the free flow of water through the porous membrane, (ii) water molecules do not move through a cage in a single-file fashion but rather exhibit a broad range of residence times and pronounced mixing, and (iii) a periodic buildup of a pressure difference between inlet and outlet cages takes place which leads to the preferential flow of water molecules toward the low-pressure cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomon Turgman-Cohen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University , 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-5201, United States
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Wu JY, Liu QL, Xiong Y, Zhu AM, Chen Y. Molecular simulation of water/alcohol mixtures' adsorption and diffusion in zeolite 4A membranes. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:4267-74. [PMID: 19256531 DOI: 10.1021/jp805923k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The COMPASS (condensed-phase optimized molecular potentials for atomistic simulation studies) force field with two sets of partial atomic charges of water was used to simulate adsorption and diffusion behavior of water/methanol and water/ethanol mixtures in zeolite 4A at 298 K. The adsorption of alcohol first increased and then decreased with increasing pressure, whereas the adsorption of water increased progressively until an adsorption equilibrium was reached. Both the adsorbed molecules and the zeolite framework were treated as a fully flexible model in MD simulations. The simulation results show that the effects of the size and steric hindrance of the diffusing molecules on diffusivity are significant. The diffusivity of water, methanol, and ethanol molecules decreases by 1 order of magnitude in the order of water > methanol > ethanol. The diffusivity of water molecules depends on the mass fraction and the partial charges of water in zeolite 4A. The ethanol and methanol molecules have restricted motion through the alpha-cages, whereas the water molecules can easily pass through the alpha-cages window at low feed alcohol concentrations. And the extent of hydrogen bonding increased with increasing water concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Xiamen University, China
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Demontis P, Gulín-González J, Jobic H, Masia M, Sale R, Suffritti GB. Dynamical properties of confined water nanoclusters: Simulation study of hydrated zeolite NaA: structural and vibrational properties. ACS NANO 2008; 2:1603-1614. [PMID: 19206362 DOI: 10.1021/nn800303r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Water nanoclusters confined to zeolitic cavities have been extensively investigated by various experimental techniques. We report a series of molecular dynamics simulations at different temperatures and for water nanoclusters of different sizes in order to attempt an atomistic interpretation of the properties of these systems. The cavities of zeolite NaA are spherical in shape and about 1 nm in diameter and can host nanoclusters of water containing nearly up to 24 water molecules. A modified interaction potential, yielding a better reproduction of experimental hydration energy and water diffusivity across a number of different zeolites, is proposed. Molecular dynamics simulations reproduce the known experimental structural features obtained by X-ray diffraction. Variations of simulated vibrational IR and IINS spectra with temperature and size of nanoclusters are in good agreement with experiment. The simulated water nanoclusters in zeolite NaA are found to be too small to crystallize and, at low temperature, behave as amorphous ice, in agreement with recent experimental results for similar water nanoclusters in reverse micelles.
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Senthilkumar S, Dryfe RAW, Saraswathi R. Size-selective voltammetry: modification of the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions by zeolite Y. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:3455-61. [PMID: 17279783 DOI: 10.1021/la0626353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Size- and charge-selective ion transfer across the zeolite-Y-modified interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ZM-ITIES) is described. The zeolite-Y membrane is prepared from pressed disks by healing with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Size- and charge-selective transfer of the tetraethylammonium cation, size-selective exclusion of tetrabutylammonium cation, and charge-selective exclusion of the tetrafluoroborate and perchlorate anions are demonstrated at the ZM-ITIES. The exclusion studies suggest that the membrane is coherent and contains a low density of pinholes, after healing with TEOS. Various factors affecting the ion transfer such as analyte concentration, supporting electrolyte concentration, and scan rate are investigated. The diffusion coefficient of tetraethylammonium ions within the zeolite-Y pores is found to be on the order of 10(-8) cm2 s(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Senthilkumar
- School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, Tamil Nadu, India
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Bougeard D, Smirnov KS. Modelling studies of water in crystalline nanoporous aluminosilicates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:226-45. [PMID: 17186066 DOI: 10.1039/b614463m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a review of molecular modelling studies of hydrated nanoporous aluminosilicates (zeolites and clays) performed during the last decade. A special emphasis is set on the calculation of the dynamical quantities and collective properties of the confined water. Some new results concerning the behaviour of water molecules in the siliceous silicalite and zeolite beta structures are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bougeard
- Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, UMR 8516 CNRS-USTL, Bât. C5, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq Cédex, France.
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Di Lella A, Desbiens N, Boutin A, Demachy I, Ungerer P, Bellat JP, Fuchs AH. Molecular simulation studies of water physisorption in zeolites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:5396-406. [PMID: 17119646 DOI: 10.1039/b610621h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a series of Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations of water adsorption in NaY and NaX faujasite, as well as in silicalite-1. Computed adsorption isotherms and heats of adsorption were in good agreement with the available experiments. The existence of cyclic water hexamers in NaX located in the 12-ring windows, recently disclosed by neutron diffraction experiments (Hunger et al., J. Phys. Chem. B, 2006, 110, 342-353) was reproduced in our simulations. Interestingly enough, such cyclic hexamer clusters were also observed in the case of NaY, in which no stabilizing cation is present in the 12-ring window. We also report cation redistribution upon water adsorption for sodium faujasite with varying cation contents (Si ratio Al ratio in the range 1.53-3). A simple and transferable forcefield was used, that enabled to reproduce the different aspects of water physisorption in stable zeolites. The high pressure water condensation in hydrophobic silicalite-1 was reproduced without any parameter readjustment. The method and forcefield used here should be useful for engineering oriented applications such as the prediction of multi-component mixture adsorptive separations in various stable zeolites. It allows to address the issue of the effect of the small amounts of water that are almost inevitably present in zeolite-based separation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Di Lella
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Bâtiment 349, UMR 8000 CNRS and Université Paris-Sud, F-91405, Orsay, France
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Maurin G, Plant DF, Henn F, Bell RG. Cation Migration upon Adsorption of Methanol in NaY and NaX Faujasite Systems: A Molecular Dynamics Approach. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:18447-54. [PMID: 16970470 DOI: 10.1021/jp062059j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out to address the question of cation migration upon adsorption of methanol in NaY and NaX faujasite systems as a function of the loading. For NaY, it has been shown that, at low and intermediate loadings, SII cations can migrate toward the center of the supercage due to strong interactions with the adsorbates, followed by a hopping of SI' from the sodalite cage into the supercage to fill the vacant SII site. A SI' cation can also migrate across the double six ring and takes a SI' vacant position. SI cations mainly remain trapped in their initial sites whatever the loading. At high loading, only limited motions are observed for SII cations due to steric effects induced by the presence of adsorbates within the supercage. For NaX, the SIII' cations which occupy the most accessible adsorption sites are significantly moving upon coordination to the methanol molecules; the extent of this mobility exhibits a maximum for 48 methanol molecules per unit cell before decreasing at higher loadings due to steric hindrance. In addition, the SI' and SII cations remain almost trapped in their initial sites whatever the loading. Indeed, the most probable migration mechanism involves SIII' cation displacements into nearby SIII' sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maurin
- Laboratoire LPMC, UMR CNRS 5617, Université Montpellier II, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
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Plant DF, Maurin G, Jobic H, Llewellyn PL. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Cation Motion upon Adsorption of CO2 in Faujasite Zeolite Systems. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:14372-8. [PMID: 16854144 DOI: 10.1021/jp062381u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular Dynamics simulations have been carried out in NaX and NaY Faujasite systems to deepen understanding of the cation rearrangement during the CO2 adsorption process suggested by our recent diffusivity measurements. This study is a major contribution since the rearrangement of the cations in Faujasite, the most promising adsorbent for CO2 storage, can represent a significant breakthrough in understanding the adsorption and diffusion processes at the mircroscopic scale. For NaY, it has been shown that at low and intermediate loadings, SII cations can migrate toward the center of the supercage due to strong interactions with the adsorbates, followed by a hopping of SI'cation from the sodalite cage into the supercage to fill the vacant SII site. The SI cations are only displaced at a higher loading, leading to cation de-trapping out of the double six rings into the vacant SI' sites. For NaX, the SIII' cations which occupy the most accessible adsorption sites move significantly upon coordination to the carbon dioxide molecules. The SI' and SII cations remain consistently located in their initial sites whatever the loading. Indeed, the most probable migration mechanism involves SIII' cation displacements into nearby vacant SIII' sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Plant
- Laboratoire LPMC, UMR CNRS 5617, Université Montpellier II, Pl. E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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Liu S, Yang X. Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulation of supercritical CO2 adsorption on NaA and NaX zeolites. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:244705. [PMID: 16821994 DOI: 10.1063/1.2206594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adsorption of supercritical carbon dioxide on two kinds of zeolites with identical chemical composition but different pore structure (NaA and NaX) was studied using the Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulation. The model frameworks for the two zeolites with SiAl ratio being unity have been chosen as the solid structures in the simulation. The adsorption behaviors of supercritical CO2 on the NaA and NaX zeolites, based on the adsorption isotherms and isosteric heats of adsorption, were discussed in detail and were compared with the available experimental results. A good agreement between the simulated and experimental results is obtained for both the adsorbed amount and the bulk phase density. The intermediate configurational snapshots and the radial distribution functions between zeolite and adsorbed CO2 molecules were collected in order to investigate the preferable adsorption locations and the confined structure behavior of CO2. The structure behaviors of the adsorbed CO2 molecules show various performances, as compared with the bulk phase, due to the confined effect in the zeolite pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material-Orientated Chemical Engineering of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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Jaramillo E, Chandross M. Adsorption of Small Molecules in LTA Zeolites. 1. NH3, CO2, and H2O in Zeolite 4A. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp048078f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Jaramillo
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185
| | - M. Chandross
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185
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Furukawa SI, Goda K, Zhang Y, Nitta T. Molecular Simulation Study on Adsorption and Diffusion Behavior of Ethanol/Water Molecules in NaA Zeolite Crystal. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2004. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.37.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Furukawa
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University
| | - Keigo Goda
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University
| | - Yi Zhang
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University
| | - Tomoshige Nitta
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University
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Demontis P, Stara G, Suffritti GB. Behavior of Water in the Hydrophobic Zeolite Silicalite at Different Temperatures. A Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0300849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierfranco Demontis
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Sassari and Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Unità di ricerca di Sassari,Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Stara
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Sassari and Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Unità di ricerca di Sassari,Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe B. Suffritti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Sassari and Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Unità di ricerca di Sassari,Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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17
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Smith W, Yong C, Rodger P. DL_POLY: Application to molecular simulation. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020290018769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Faux
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, United Kingdom
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