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Ončák M, Siu C, van der Linde C, Kit Tang W, Beyer MK. Thermally Activated vs. Photochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reactions-A Tale of Three Metals. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203590. [PMID: 36729049 PMCID: PMC10962578 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular processes behind hydrogen evolution reactions can be quite complex. In macroscopic electrochemical cells, it is extremely difficult to elucidate and understand their mechanism. Gas phase models, consisting of a metal ion and a small number of water molecules, provide unique opportunities to understand the reaction pathways in great detail. Hydrogen evolution in clusters consisting of a singly charged metal ion and one to on the order of 50 water molecules has been studied extensively for magnesium, aluminum and vanadium. Such clusters with around 10-20 water molecules are known to eliminate atomic or molecular hydrogen upon mild activation by room temperature black-body radiation. Irradiation with ultraviolet light, by contrast, enables hydrogen evolution already with a single water molecule. Here, we analyze and compare the reaction mechanisms for hydrogen evolution on the ground state as well as excited state potential energy surfaces. Five distinct mechanisms for evolution of atomic or molecular hydrogen are identified and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Ončák
- Universität InnsbruckInstitut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Chi‐Kit Siu
- Department of ChemistryCity University of Hong Kong83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon TongHong Kong SARP. R. China
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Universität InnsbruckInstitut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Wai Kit Tang
- Institute of Research Management and Services (IPPP) Research and Innovation Management ComplexUniversity of MalayaKuala Lumpur50603Malaysia
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Universität InnsbruckInstitut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
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2
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Mason JL, Folluo CN, Jarrold CC. More than little fragments of matter: Electronic and molecular structures of clusters. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:200901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0054222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett L. Mason
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Carley N. Folluo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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McMahon AJ, Jarrold CC. Using anion photoelectron spectroscopy of cluster models to gain insights into mechanisms of catalyst-mediated H 2 production from water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:27936-27948. [PMID: 33201956 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05055e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metal oxide cluster models of catalyst materials offer a powerful platform for probing the molecular-scale features and interactions that govern catalysis. This perspective gives an overview of studies implementing the combination of anion photoelectron (PE) spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations toward exploring cluster models of metal oxides and metal-oxide supported Pt that catalytically drive the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) or the water-gas shift reaction. The utility in the combination of these experimental and computational techniques lies in our ability to unambiguously determine electronic and molecular structures, which can then connect to results of reactivity studies. In particular, we focus on the activity of oxygen vacancies modeled by suboxide clusters, the critical mechanistic step of forming proximal metal hydride and hydroxide groups as a prerequisite for H2 production, and the structural features that lead to trapped dihydroxide groups. The pronounced asymmetric oxidation found in heterometallic group 6 oxides and near-neighbor group 5/group 6 results in higher activity toward water, while group 7/group 6 oxides form very specific stoichiometries that suggest facile regeneration. Studies on the trans-periodic combination of cerium oxide and platinum as a model for ceria supported Pt atoms and nanoparticles reveal striking negative charge accumulation by Pt, which, combined with the ionic conductivity of ceria, suggests a mechanism for the exceptionally high activity of this system towards the water-gas shift reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey J McMahon
- Indiana University, Department of Chemistry, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Mason JL, Gupta AK, McMahon AJ, Folluo CN, Raghavachari K, Jarrold CC. The striking influence of oxophilicity differences in heterometallic Mo–Mn oxide cluster reactions with water. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:054301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5142398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett L. Mason
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Ankur K. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Abbey J. McMahon
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Carley N. Folluo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Krishnan Raghavachari
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Caroline Chick Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Ariyarathna IR, Miliordos E. Geometric and electronic structure analysis of calcium water complexes with one and two solvation shells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:22426-22435. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04309e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The stability of calcium water complexes is investigated quantum mechanically. Ground and excited electronic states are studied for hexa-, octa-, and octakaideca-coordinated complexes, where calcium valence electrons move to outer diffuse orbitals.
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Lippe M, Chakrabarty S, Ferreiro JJ, Tanaka KK, Signorell R. Water nucleation at extreme supersaturation. J Chem Phys 2019; 149:244303. [PMID: 30599746 DOI: 10.1063/1.5052482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report water cluster formation in the uniform postnozzle flow of a Laval nozzle at low temperatures of 87.0 and 47.5 K and high supersaturations of lnS ∼ 41 and 104, respectively. Cluster size distributions were measured after soft single-photon ionization at 13.8 eV with mass spectrometry. Critical cluster sizes were determined from cluster size distributions recorded as a function of increasing supersaturation, resulting in critical sizes of 6-15 and 1, respectively. Comparison with previous data for propane and toluene reveals a systematic trend in the nucleation behavior, i.e., a change from a steplike increase to a gradual increase of the maximum cluster size with increasing supersaturation. Experimental nucleation rates of 5 · 1015 cm-3 s-1 and 2 · 1015 cm-3 s-1 for lnS ∼ 41 and 104, respectively, were retrieved from cluster size distributions recorded as a function of nucleation time. These lie 2-3 orders of magnitude below the gas kinetic collision limit assuming unit sticking probability, but they agree very well with a recent prediction by a master equation model based on ab initio transition state theory. The experimental observations are consistent with barrierless growth at 47.5 K, but they hint at a more complex nucleation behavior for the measurement at 87.0 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lippe
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Satrajit Chakrabarty
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jorge J Ferreiro
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kyoko K Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Ariyarathna IR, Miliordos E. Superatomic nature of alkaline earth metal–water complexes: the cases of Be(H2O)0,+4 and Mg(H2O)0,+6. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:15861-15870. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01897b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Beryllium– and magnesium–water complexes are shown to accommodate peripheral electrons around their Be2+(H2O)4 and Mg2+(H2O)6 cores in hydrogenic type orbitals.
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Park G, Kim SJ, Park HS, Kim MH, Baek J. Reaction rate of Na-based titanium nanofluid with water. J NUCL SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00223131.2015.1070767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gómez Martín JC, Garraway SA, Plane JMC. Reaction Kinetics of Meteoric Sodium Reservoirs in the Upper Atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:1330-46. [PMID: 25723735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gas-phase reactions of a selection of sodium-containing species with atmospheric constituents, relevant to the chemistry of meteor-ablated Na in the upper atmosphere, were studied in a fast flow tube using multiphoton ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. For the first time, unambiguous observations of NaO and NaOH in the gas phase under atmospheric conditions have been achieved. This enabled the direct measurement of the rate constants for the reactions of NaO with H2, H2O, and CO, and of NaOH with CO2, which at 300-310 K were found to be (at 2σ confidence level): k(NaO + H2O) = (2.4 ± 0.6) × 10(-10) cm(3) molecule (-1) s(-1), k(NaO + H2) = (4.9 ± 1.2) × 10(-12) cm(3) molecule (-1) s(-1), k(NaO + CO) = (9 ± 4) × 10(-11) cm(3) molecule (-1) s(-1), and k(NaOH + CO2 + M) = (7.6 ± 1.6) × 10(-29) cm(6) molecule (-2) s(-1) (P = 1-4 Torr). The NaO + H2 reaction was found to make NaOH with a branching ratio ≥ 99%. A combination of quantum chemistry and statistical rate theory calculations are used to interpret the reaction kinetics and extrapolate the atmospherically relevant experimental results to mesospheric temperatures and pressures. The NaO + H2O and NaOH + CO2 reactions act sequentially to provide the major atmospheric sink of meteoric Na and therefore have a significant impact on the underside of the Na layer in the terrestrial mesosphere: the newly determined rate constants shift the modeled peak to about 93 km, i.e., 2 km higher than observed by ground-based lidars. This highlights further uncertainties in the Na chemistry cycle such as the unknown rate constant of the NaOH + H reaction. The fast Na-recycling reaction between NaO and CO and a re-evaluated rate constant of the NaO + CO2 sink should be now considered in chemical models of the Martian Na layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Gómez Martín
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, U.K
| | - S A Garraway
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, U.K
| | - J M C Plane
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds , Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, U.K
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A theoretical study of Ti nanoparticle effect on sodium water reaction: Using ab initio calculation. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Park G, Kim SJ, Kim MH, Park HS. Experimental study of the role of nanoparticles in sodium–water reaction. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2014.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Lam TW, van der Linde C, Akhgarnusch A, Hao Q, Beyer MK, Siu CK. Reduction of Acetonitrile by Hydrated Magnesium Cations Mg + (H 2 O) n (n≈20-60) in the Gas Phase. Chempluschem 2013; 78:1040-1048. [PMID: 31986721 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ion-molecule reactions of Mg+ (H2 O)n (n≈20-60) with CH3 CN are studied by Fourier-transform ion-cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Collision with CH3 CN initiates the formation of MgOH+ (H2 O)n-1 together with CH3 CHN. or CH3 CNH. , which is similar to the reaction of hydrated electrons (H2 O)n - with CH3 CN. In subsequent reaction steps, three more CH3 CN molecules are taken up by the clusters, to form MgOH+ (CH3 CN)3 after a reaction delay of 60 seconds. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the M06/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory suggest that the bending motion of CH3 CN allows the unpaired electron that is solvated out from the Mg center to localize in a π*(CN)-like orbital of the bent CH3 CN.- , which undergoes spontaneous proton transfer to form CH3 CNH. or CH3 CHN. , with the former being kinetically more favorable. The reaction energy for a cluster with the hexacoordinated Mg center is more exothermic than that with the pentacoordinated Mg. The CH3 CNH. or CH3 CHN. is preferentially solvated on the cluster surface rather than at the first solvation shell of the Mg center. By contrast, the three additional CH3 CN molecules taken up by the resulting MgOH+ (H2 O)n clusters coordinate directly to the first solvation shell of the MgOH+ core, as revealed by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim-Wai Lam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong (P. R. China), Fax: (+852) 3442-0522
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel (Germany), Fax: (+49) 431-880-2830
| | - Amou Akhgarnusch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel (Germany), Fax: (+49) 431-880-2830
| | - Qiang Hao
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong (P. R. China), Fax: (+852) 3442-0522
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel (Germany), Fax: (+49) 431-880-2830
| | - Chi-Kit Siu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong (P. R. China), Fax: (+852) 3442-0522
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Hashimoto K, Ugajin S, Yoshida S, Tazawa R, Sato A. Theoretical study of OH-breaking reactions in Na(H2O)n clusters. Chem Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2013.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Sogabe J, Takata T, Yamaguchi A, Kikuchi S, Ohshima H. Numerical study on sodium–water reaction mechanism in the gas phase using counter-flow reaction region. J NUCL SCI TECHNOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00223131.2012.730897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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van der Linde C, Akhgarnusch A, Siu CK, Beyer MK. Hydrated magnesium cations Mg+(H2O)n, n ≈ 20-60, exhibit chemistry of the hydrated electron in reactions with O2 and CO2. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:10174-80. [PMID: 21823678 DOI: 10.1021/jp206140k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ion-molecule reactions of Mg(+)(H(2)O)(n), n ≈ 20-60, with O(2) and CO(2) are studied by Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry. O(2) and CO(2) are taken up by the clusters. Both reactions correspond to the chemistry of hydrated electrons (H(2)O)(n)(-). Density functional theory calculations predicted that the solvation structures of Mg(+)(H(2)O)(16) contain a hydrated electron that is solvated remotely from a hexa-coordinated Mg(2+). Ion-molecule reactions between Mg(+)(H(2)O)(16) and O(2) or CO(2) are calculated to be highly exothermic. Initially, a solvent-separated ion pair is formed, with the hexa-coordinated Mg(2+) ionic core being well separated from the O(2)(•-) or CO(2)(•-). Rearrangements of the solvation structure are possible and produce a contact-ion pair in which one water molecule in the first solvation shell of Mg(2+) is replaced by O(2)(•-) or CO(2)(•-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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Forysinski PW, Zielke P, Luckhaus D, Corbett J, Signorell R. Photoionization of small sodium-doped acetic acid clusters. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:094314. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3559464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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18
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Krapf S, Schill M, Krötz S, Koslowski T. A theoretical study of pure and mixed caesium clusters and cluster ions, CslHmO0/+n, l≤ 5: geometry, energetics and photofragmentation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:14973-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21274e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Chen X, Xing D, Zhang L, Cukier RI, Bu Y. Effect of metal ions on radical type and proton-coupled electron transfer channel: σ-Radical vs π-radical and σ-channel vs π-channel in the imide units. J Comput Chem 2009; 30:2694-705. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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20
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Fox-Beyer BS, Sun Z, Balteanu I, Balaj OP, Beyer MK. Hydrogen formation in the reaction of Zn+ (H2O)n with HCl. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 7:981-5. [PMID: 19791389 DOI: 10.1039/b415583a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrated singly charged zinc cations Zn (H2O)n, n approximately 6-53, were studied by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry. Black-body radiation induced dissociation results exclusively in sequential loss of individual water molecules. In the reaction of Zn+ (H2O)n with gaseous HCl, Zn is oxidized and hydrogen reduced when a second HCl molecule is taken up, leading to the formation of ZnCl+ (HCl)(H2O)n-m cluster ions and evaporation of atomic hydrogen together with m H2O molecules. The results are compared with earlier studies of Mg+ (H2O)n, for which hydrogen formation is already observed without HCl in a characteristic size region. The difference between zinc and magnesium is rationalized with the help of density functional theory calculations, which indicate a distinct difference in the thermochemistry of the reactions involved. The generally accepted hydrated electron model for hydrogen formation in Mg+ (H2O)n is modified for zinc to account for the different reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte S Fox-Beyer
- Department Chemie, Physikalische Chemie 2, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany.
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21
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Sodium salts in E-ring ice grains from an ocean below the surface of Enceladus. Nature 2009; 459:1098-101. [DOI: 10.1038/nature08046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Müller S, Krapf S, Koslowski T, Mudrich M, Stienkemeier F. Cold reactions of alkali-metal and water clusters inside helium nanodroplets. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:183401. [PMID: 19518868 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.183401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of alkali-metal (Na, Cs) clusters with water clusters embedded in helium nanodroplets is studied using femtosecond photoionization as well as electron-impact ionization. Unlike Na clusters, Cs clusters are found to completely react with water in spite of the ultracold helium droplet environment. Mass spectra of the Csn+(H2O)m reaction products are interpreted in terms of stability with respect to fragmentation using high-level molecular structure calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Müller
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Cwiklik L, Kubisiak P, Kulig W, Jungwirth P. Reactivity of a sodium atom in vibrationally excited water clusters: An ab initio molecular dynamics study. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chen X, Bu Y. Cation-Modulated Electron-Transfer Channel: H-Atom Transfer vs Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer with a Variable Electron-Transfer Channel in Acylamide Units. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:9713-20. [PMID: 17636909 DOI: 10.1021/ja071194m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of proton transfer (PT)/electron transfer (ET) in acylamide units was explored theoretically using density functional theory in a representative model (a cyclic coupling mode between formamide and the N-dehydrogenated formamidic radical, FF). In FF, PT/ET normally occurs via a seven-center cyclic proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) mechanism with a N-->N PT and an O-->O ET. However, when different hydrated metal ions are bound to the two oxygen sites of FF, the PT/ET mechanism may significantly change. In addition to their inhibition of PT/ET rate, the hydrated metal ions can effectively regulate the FF PT/ET cooperative mechanism to produce a single pathway hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) or a flexible proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) mechanism by changing the ET channel. The regulation essentially originates from the change in the O...O bond strength in the transition state, subject to the binding ability of the hydrated metal ions. In general, the high valent metal ions and those with large binding energies can promote HAT, and the low valent metal ions and those with small binding energies favor PCET. Hydration may reduce the Lewis acidity of cations, and thus favor PCET. Good correlations among the binding energies, barrier heights, spin density distributions, O...O contacts, and hydrated metal ion properties have been found, which can be used to interpret the transition in the PT/ET mechanism. These findings regarding the modulation of the PT/ET pathway via hydrated metal ions may provide useful information for a greater understanding of PT/ET cooperative mechanisms, and a possible method for switching conductance in nanoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Chen
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Studying metal ion solvation, especially hydration, in the gas phase has developed into a field that is dominated by a tight interaction between experiment and theory. Since the studied species carry charge, mass spectrometry is an indispensable tool in all experiments. Whereas gas-phase coordination chemistry and reactions of bare metal ions are reasonably well understood, systems containing a larger number of solvent molecules are still difficult to understand. This review focuses on the rich chemistry of hydrated metal ions in the gas phase, covering coordination chemistry, charge separation in multiply charged systems, as well as intracluster and ion-molecule reactions. Key ideas of metal ion solvation in the gas phase are illustrated with rare-gas solvated metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Chemie, Sekr. C4, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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Souda R. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy analysis of Na adatoms interacting with water-ice film. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:44706. [PMID: 16942173 DOI: 10.1063/1.2216692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The origins of a slow reaction rate between the sodium adatoms and the water-ice film have been investigated by analyzing the surface composition using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy in the temperature range of 13-230 K. An unhydrated NaOH layer is formed at the water-Na interface at 13 K which is followed by the growth of the metallic Na layer, whereas domains of both NaOH and unreacted Na are created only in the multilayer regime at 100 K. The NaOH layer plays a role as a separator between the water and Na layers, and its poor solubility in water is responsible for the small reaction rate of Na on glassy water. The solubility of NaOH in the deeply supercooled liquid water is low as well, but the mobile water molecules diffusing to the surface react with the Na adatoms, thereby quenching the growth of the metallic Na overlayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Souda
- Nanoscale Materials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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Feiden P, Cheng HP, Leygnier J, Cahuzac P, Bréchignac C. Stability and structure of cationic sodium hydroxide clusters. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chan KW, Siu CK, Wong SY, Liu ZF. The elimination of a hydrogen atom in Na(H2O)n. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:124313. [PMID: 16392488 DOI: 10.1063/1.2035076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
By a systematic examination on Na(H2O)n, with n = 4-7, 9, 10, and 15, we demonstrate that a hydrogen loss reaction can be initiated by a single sodium atom with water molecules. This reaction is similar to the well-known size-dependent intracluster hydrogen loss in Mg+(H2O)n, which is isoelectronic to Na(H2O)n. However, with one less charge on Na(H2O)n than that on Mg+(H2O)n, the hydrogen loss for Na(H2O)n is characterized by a higher barrier and a more flexible solvation shell around the metal ion, although the reaction should be accessible, as the lowest barrier is around 8 kcal/mol. Interestingly, the hydroxide ion OH- produced in the process is stabilized by the solvation of H2O molecules and the formation of an ion pair Na+(H2O)4(H2O)n-l-4[OH-(H2O)l]. The activation barrier is reduced as the unpaired electron in Na(H2O)n moves to higher solvation shells with increasing cluster size, and the reaction is not switched off for larger clusters. This is in sharp contrast to the reaction for Mg+(H2O)n, in which the OH- ion is stabilized by direct coordination with Mg2+ and the reaction is switched off for n > 17, as the unpaired electron moved to higher solvation shells. Such a contrast illustrates the important link between microsolvation environment and chemical reactivity in solvation clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Wai Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Modeling and Computation, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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Steinbach C, Buck U. Reaction and solvation of sodium in hydrogen bonded solvent clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2005; 7:986-90. [DOI: 10.1039/b419325n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ferro Y, Allouche A. Sodium hydroxide formation in water clusters: The role of hydrated electrons and the influence of electric field. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1573178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Peng X, Kong W. Zero energy kinetic electron and mass analyzed threshold ionization spectroscopy of Na⋅(NH3)n (n=1, 2, and 4) complexes. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1516796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Livingston FE, George SM. Effect of Sodium on HCl Hydrate Diffusion in Ice: Evidence for Anion−Cation Trapping. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0145309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank E. Livingston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - Steven M. George
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
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Mercuri F, Mundy CJ, Parrinello M. Formation of a Reactive Intermediate in Molecular Beam Chemistry of Sodium and Water. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp011046x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mercuri
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia e Centro di Studio CNR per il Calcolo Intensivo in Scienze Molecolari, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Christopher J. Mundy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia e Centro di Studio CNR per il Calcolo Intensivo in Scienze Molecolari, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Parrinello
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia e Centro di Studio CNR per il Calcolo Intensivo in Scienze Molecolari, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
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Dedonder-Lardeux C, Grégoire G, Jouvet C, Martrenchard S, Solgadi D. Charge Separation in Molecular Clusters: Dissolution of a Salt in a Salt-(Solvent)(n)() Cluster. Chem Rev 2000; 100:4023-38. [PMID: 11749338 DOI: 10.1021/cr990059s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Dedonder-Lardeux
- Laboratoire de Photophysique Moléculaire du CNRS, Bât. 210, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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Mundy CJ, Hutter J, Parrinello M. Microsolvation and Chemical Reactivity of Sodium and Water Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja994507p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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