1
|
Drori R, Holmes-Cerfon M, Kahr B, Kohn RV, Ward MD. Dynamics and unsteady morphologies at ice interfaces driven by D 2O-H 2O exchange. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11627-11632. [PMID: 29042511 PMCID: PMC5676873 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621058114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth dynamics of D2O ice in liquid H2O in a microfluidic device were investigated between the melting points of D2O ice (3.8 °C) and H2O ice (0 °C). As the temperature was decreased at rates between 0.002 °C/s and 0.1 °C/s, the ice front advanced but retreated immediately upon cessation of cooling, regardless of the temperature. This is a consequence of the competition between diffusion of H2O into the D2O ice, which favors melting of the interface, and the driving force for growth supplied by cooling. Raman microscopy tracked H/D exchange across the solid H2O-solid D2O interface, with diffusion coefficients consistent with transport of intact H2O molecules at the D2O ice interface. At fixed temperatures below 3 °C, the D2O ice front melted continuously, but at temperatures near 0 °C a scalloped interface morphology appeared with convex and concave sections that cycled between growth and retreat. This behavior, not observed for D2O ice in contact with D2O liquid or H2O ice in contact with H2O liquid, reflects a complex set of cooperative phenomena, including H/D exchange across the solid-liquid interface, latent heat exchange, local thermal gradients, and the Gibbs-Thomson effect on the melting points of the convex and concave features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Drori
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003;
- Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10003
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeshiva University, New York, NY 10016
| | | | - Bart Kahr
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003
- Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Robert V Kohn
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012
| | - Michael D Ward
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003;
- Molecular Design Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Varotsos CA, Zellner R. A new modeling tool for the diffusion of gases in ice or amorphous binary mixture in the polar stratosphere and the upper troposphere. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2010; 10:3099-3105. [DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-3099-2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. To elaborate stratospheric ozone depletion processes, measurements of diffusion coefficients of selected gas phase molecules (i.e. HCl, CH3OH, HCOOH and CH3COOH; Katsambas et al., 1997; Kondratyev and Varotsos, 1996; Varotsos et al., 1994, 1995) in ice in the temperature range 170–195 K have been analyzed with respect to the mechanisms and rates of diffusion. It is argued that the diffusion in ice of these compounds is governed by a vacancy – mediated mechanism, i.e. H2O vacancies are required to diffuse to lattice sites adjacent to these compounds prior to the diffusion of the corresponding molecule into the vacancy sites. In addition, we show that the diffusion coefficients of these compounds exhibit a specific interconnection, i.e. a linear relationship holds between the logarithm of the pre-exponential factor, Do, and the activation energy E. The physical meaning of this interconnection is discussed.
Collapse
|
3
|
Park SC, Jung KH, Kang H. H/D isotopic exchange between water molecules at ice surfaces. J Chem Phys 2006; 121:2765-74. [PMID: 15281880 DOI: 10.1063/1.1770548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
H/D isotopic exchange between H(2)O and D(2)O molecules was studied at the surface of ice films at 90-140 K by the technique of Cs(+) reactive ion scattering. Ice films were deposited on a Ru(0001) substrate in different compositions of H(2)O and D(2)O and in various structures to study the kinetics of isotopic exchange. H/D exchange was very slow on an ice film at 95-100 K, even when H(2)O and D(2)O were uniformly mixed in the film. At 140 K, H/D exchange occurred in a time scale of several minutes on the uniform mixture film. Kinetic measurement gave the rate coefficient for the exchange reaction, k(140 K)=1.6(+/-0.3) x 10(-19) cm(2) molecule(-1) s(-1) and k(100 K)< or =5.7(+/-0.5) x 10(-21) cm(2) molecule(-1) s(-1) and the Arrhenius activation energy, E(a)> or =9.8 kJ mol(-1). Addition of HCl on the film to provide excess protons greatly accelerated the isotopic exchange reaction such that it went to completion very quickly at the surface. The rapid reaction, however, was confined within the first bilayer (BL) of the surface and did not readily propagate to the underlying sublayer. The isotopic exchange in the vertical direction was almost completely blocked at 95 K, and it slowly occurred only to a depth of 3 BLs from the surface at 140 K. Thus, the proton transfer was highly directional. The lateral proton transfer at the surface was attributed to the increased mobility of protonic defects at the molecularly disordered and activated surface. The slow, vertical proton transfer was probably assisted by self-diffusion of water molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Chan Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oxley SP, Zahn CM, Pursell CJ. Diffusion of HDO in Pure and Acid-Doped Ice Films. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:11064-73. [PMID: 16986839 DOI: 10.1021/jp062270v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In these experiments, a few bilayers of D(2)O were vapor-deposited on a pure crystalline H(2)O ice film or an ice film doped with a small amount of HCl. Upon deposition, H/D isotopic exchange quickly converted the D(2)O layer into an HDO-rich mixture layer. Infrared absorption spectroscopy followed the changes of the HDO from the initial HDO mixture layer to HDO isolated in the H(2)O ice film. This was possible because isolated HDO in H(2)O ice has a unique, sharp peak in the O-D stretch region that can be distinguished from the broad peak due to the initial HDO mixture layer. The absorbance of isolated HDO displayed first-order kinetics and was attributed to diffusion of HDO from the HDO-rich mixture layer into the underlying H(2)O ice film. While negligible diffusion was observed for pure ice films and for ice films with HCl concentrations up to 1 x 10(-4) mole fraction, diffusion of HDO occurred for higher concentrations of (2-20) x 10(-4) mole fraction HCl with a concentration-independent rate constant. The diffusion under these conditions followed Arrhenius behavior for T = 135-145 K yielding E(a) = 25 +/- 5 kJ/mol. The mechanism for the HDO diffusion involves either (i) molecular self-diffusion or (ii) long-range H/D diffusion by a series of multiple proton hop and orientational turn steps. While these spectroscopic results compare favorably with recent studies of molecular self-diffusion in low-temperature ice films, the diffusion results from all the ice film studies at low temperatures (ca. T < 170 K) differ from earlier bulk ice studies at higher temperatures (ca. T > 220 K). A comparison and discussion of the various diffusion studies are included in this report.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan P Oxley
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, One Trinity Place, San Antonio, Texas 78212-7200, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Heger D, Klánová J, Klán P. Enhanced protonation of cresol red in acidic aqueous solutions caused by freezing. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:1277-87. [PMID: 16471675 DOI: 10.1021/jp0553683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The protonation degree of cresol red (CR) in frozen aqueous solutions at 253 or 77 K, containing various acids (HF, HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, and p-toluenesulfonic acid), sodium hydroxide, NaCl, or NH4Cl, was examined using UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy. CR, a weak organic diacid, has been selected as a model system to study the acid-base interactions at the grain boundaries of ice. The multivariate curve resolution alternating least-squares method was used to determine the number and abundances of chemical species responsible for the overlaying absorption visible spectra measured. The results showed that the extent of CR protonation, enhanced in the solid state by 2-4 orders of magnitude in contrast to the liquid solution, is principally connected to an increase in the local concentration of acids. It was found that this enhancement was not very sensitive to either the freezing rate or the type of acid used and that CR apparently established an acid-base equilibrium prior to solidification. In addition, the presence of inorganic salts, such as NaCl or NH4Cl, is reported to cause a more efficient deprotonation of CR in the former case and an enhanced protonation in the latter case, being well explained by the theory of Bronshteyn and Chernov. CR thus served as an acid-base indicator at the grain boundaries of ice samples. Structural changes in the CR molecule induced by lowering the temperature and a presence of the constraining ice environment were studied by the absorption and 1H NMR spectroscopies. Cryospheric and atmospheric implications concerning the influence of acids and bases on composition and reactivity of ice or snow contaminants were examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Heger
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Huthwelker
- Laboratory for Radio- and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rosa LG, Yakovkin IN, Dowben PA. H/D Isotopic Exchange in Water Interactions with the Ferroelectric Copolymer: Poly(vinylidene fluoride−trifluoroethylene) (70%:30%). J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:14189-97. [PMID: 16852782 DOI: 10.1021/jp051737j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For both water and heavy water adsorption and absorption on crystalline poly(vinylidene fluoride with trifluoroethylene (30%)), P(VDF-TrFE 70:30), two distinctly different adsorption sites have been identified by thermal desorption spectroscopy. One adsorbed water species resembles ice and there is also an absorbed water species that interacts more strongly with the polymer thin film, and in addition, there is a polymer surface (polymer to ice interface) water species. We find that there is H/D exchange between the water or heavy water molecules and the ferroelectric polymer (largely -(CH2-CF2)-), particularly at the polymer surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Rosa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Center for Materials Research and Analysis, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0111, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Smith JA, Livingston FE, George SM. Isothermal Desorption Kinetics of Crystalline H2O, H218O, and D2O Ice Multilayers. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp022503s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamison A. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - Frank E. Livingston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - Steven M. George
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Harnett J, Haq S, Hodgson A. Uptake and Reaction of ClONO2 on Water Ice and HCl Trihydrate at Low Temperatures. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp020756f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Harnett
- Surface Science Research Centre, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K
| | - S. Haq
- Surface Science Research Centre, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K
| | - A. Hodgson
- Surface Science Research Centre, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Pursell
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, 715 Stadium Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78212-7200
| | - Michael A. Everest
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, 715 Stadium Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78212-7200
| | - Mary E. Falgout
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, 715 Stadium Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78212-7200
| | - Diana D. Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, 715 Stadium Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78212-7200
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Livingston FE, Smith JA, George SM. General Trends for Bulk Diffusion in Ice and Surface Diffusion on Ice. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp014438c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank E. Livingston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - Jamison A. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - Steven M. George
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- S. Haq
- Surface Science Research Centre, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K
| | - J. Harnett
- Surface Science Research Centre, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K
| | - A. Hodgson
- Surface Science Research Centre, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Demirdjian B, Ferry D, Suzanne J, Toubin C, Picaud S, Hoang PNM, Girardet C. Structure and dynamics of ice Ih films upon HCl adsorption between 190 and 270 K. I. Neutron diffraction and quasielastic neutron scattering experiments. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1454990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
14
|
Toubin C, Picaud S, Hoang PNM, Girardet C, Demirdjian B, Ferry D, Suzanne J. Structure and dynamics of ice Ih films upon HCl adsorption between 190 and 270 K. II. Molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1454991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
15
|
Gates AM. In situ measurements of carbon dioxide, 0.37–4.0 μm particles, and water vapor in the stratospheric plumes of small rockets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
16
|
Manca C, Martin C, Allouche A, Roubin P. Experimental and Theoretical Reinvestigation of CO Adsorption on Amorphous Ice. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp013100f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Manca
- Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires UMR 6633, Université de Provence, Centre Saint Jérôme (case 242), 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - C. Martin
- Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires UMR 6633, Université de Provence, Centre Saint Jérôme (case 242), 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - A. Allouche
- Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires UMR 6633, Université de Provence, Centre Saint Jérôme (case 242), 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - P. Roubin
- Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires UMR 6633, Université de Provence, Centre Saint Jérôme (case 242), 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Livingston FE, George SM. Diffusion Kinetics of HCl Hydrates in Ice Measured Using Infrared Laser Resonant Desorption Depth-Profiling. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0043773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank E. Livingston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| | - Steven M. George
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Geiger FM, Pibel CD, Hicks JM. The Hydrolysis of Chlorine Nitrate on Ice Is Autocatalytic. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franz M. Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Charles D. Pibel
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Janice M. Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Livingston FE, Smith JA, George SM. Depth-profiling and diffusion measurements in ice films using infrared laser resonant desorption. Anal Chem 2000; 72:5590-9. [PMID: 11101236 DOI: 10.1021/ac000724t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new infrared laser resonant desorption (LRD) technique has been developed that permits depth-profiling and diffusion measurements in ice. This LRD technique utilizes an Er:YAG rotary Q-switched laser with an output wavelength of lambda = 2.94 microm and a pulse duration of approximately 100 ns. The Er:YAG laser light resonantly excites O-H stretching vibrations in the H2O molecules that form the ice. This laser resonant heating induces H2O desorption at the ice surface. Control experiments were conducted on pure and isotopically mixed laminated ice films to determine the optimum experimental parameters for the LRD depth-profiling and diffusion measurements. Depending on laser energy, the measured desorption depth was either less than, comparable to, or larger than the optical penetration depth of approximately 0.8 microm at lambda = 2.94 microm. LRD studies were used to analyze H2 18O/H2 16O stacked multilayers and laminate sandwich structures. These measurements revealed that the LRD technique can depth-profile into ice films with submicrometer spatial resolution and high sensitivity. Two types of experiments employing LRD depth-profiling were demonstrated to monitor diffusion in ice. HCl hydrate diffusion in ice was measured versus time after depositing ice/HCl/ice sandwich structures. Na diffusion into ice was studied after adsorbing Na using a continuous Na source for a given exposure time at the diffusion temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F E Livingston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309-0215, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|