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Lisuzzo L, Cavallaro G, Milioto S, Lazzara G. Halloysite nanotubes as nanoreactors for heterogeneous micellar catalysis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:424-434. [PMID: 34626986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Electrostatic attractions between the anionic head group of sodium alkylsulphates and the positively charged inner surface of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) drive to the formation of tubular inorganic micelles, which might be employed as nanoreactors for the confinement of non polar compounds in aqueous media. On this basis, sodium alkylsulphates/halloysite hybrids could be efficient nanocatalysts for organic reactions occurring in water. EXPERIMENTS Sodium decylsulphate (NaDeS) and sodium dodecylsulphate (NaDS) were selected for the functionalization of the halloysite cavity. The composition, the structure and the surface charge properties of the hybrid nanotubes were determined. The actual formation of inorganic micelles was explored by studying the microviscosity and polarity characteristics of the surfactant modified nanotubes through fluorescence spectroscopy experiments using DiPyme as probe. The performances of the sodium alkylsulphates/halloysite composites as micellar catalysts for the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction were investigated. FINDINGS The halloysite functionalization with sodium alkylsulphates generated the formation of hydrophobic microdomains with an enhanced microviscosity. Compared to the surfactant conventional micelles, the functionalized nanotubes induced larger enhancements on the rate constant of the BZ reaction. This is the first report on the surfactant/halloysite hybrids showing their efficiencies as reusable nanocatalysts, which are dependent on their peculiar microviscosity and polarity properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lisuzzo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, pad. 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cavallaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, pad. 17, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| | - Stefana Milioto
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, pad. 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lazzara
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, pad. 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
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Chern MS, Watanabe N, Suga K, Okamoto Y, Umakoshi H. Modulation of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction with Lipid Bilayers: Effects of Lipid Head Groups and Membrane Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:6811-6818. [PMID: 34044542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction is an oscillating reaction due to periodic oscillations that happen in the concentration of some intermediates. Such systems can be applied together with hydrophobic membranes to create an autonomous behavior in artificial systems. However, because of a complex set of reactions happening in such systems, the interferences caused by hydrophobic membranes are not easily understood. In this study, we tested lipid membranes composed of trimethylammonium-propane (TAP) and phosphate (PA) lipids in an attempt to break down how the polar region of phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipid membranes affect the BZ reaction. According to our findings, the trimethylammonium group and membrane fluidity are crucial to change the frequency of oscillations in the reaction. In addition, the results also indicate a possible complexation of cerium ions with membranes with a phosphate head group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Chern
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan
| | - Nozomi Watanabe
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan
| | - Keishi Suga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Okamoto
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Umakoshi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan
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Chern MS, Okamoto Y, Suga K, Watanabe N, Umakoshi H. Changes Caused by Liposomes to the Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:9862-9869. [PMID: 33086793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction has been applied to give autonomous dynamic behaviors to artificial systems. This reaction is conducted in an aqueous system, but it produces some hydrophobic intermediates, such as bromine. On the basis of previous works about reactions in the lipid bilayer, we investigated how liposome membranes (water-oil interface) affect the BZ reaction. Herein diacylglycerophosphocholine (PC) molecules with a variety of hydrocarbon tails were selected as components of liposomes, and the BZ reaction in the presence of the liposomes was characterized. As a result, membrane fluidity was the main characteristic leading to changes in the reaction behavior. The decrease of the frequency of oscillations was relevant to membrane fluidity, suggesting the interaction of bromine species in the hydrophobic site of the liposomes. In addition, the heterogeneous membrane (so+ld) of DMPC showed a fast decrease in the amplitude of oscillations. Conclusively, characteristics of the hydrophobic environment play a role in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Chern
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Okamoto
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan
| | - Keishi Suga
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan
| | - Nozomi Watanabe
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Umakoshi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan
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Pribus M, Trnková L, Grančičová O, Olexová A. A Potentiometric Study of the Briggs-Rauscher Oscillatory Reaction in a Solution of Ionic Surfactants and Tetrabutylammonium Hydrogensulphate. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Pribus
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University; Ilovičova 6 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Libuše Trnková
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences; Masaryk University; Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Oľga Grančičová
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University; Ilovičova 6 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Anna Olexová
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University; Ilovičova 6 842 15 Bratislava Slovakia
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Maiti K, Sen PK, Barik AK, Pal B. Influence of Microheterogeneous Environments of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate on the Kinetics of Oxidation of l-Serine by Chloro and Chlorohydroxo Complexes of Gold(III). J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:5270-5282. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b02409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Pratik K. Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Anil K. Barik
- Department of Chemistry, St. Paul’s C. M. College, 33/1 Raja Rammohan Roy Sarani, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Biswajit Pal
- Department of Chemistry, St. Paul’s C. M. College, 33/1 Raja Rammohan Roy Sarani, Kolkata 700009, India
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Effect of Self-Assemblies on the Dynamics of the Briggs–Rauscher Reaction. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-017-1956-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Arenas L, Ponce de León C, Walsh F. Electrochemical redox processes involving soluble cerium species. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Ghosh A, Sar P, Malik S, Saha B. Role of surfactants on metal mediated cerium(IV) oxidation of valeraldehyde at room temperature and pressure. J Mol Liq 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Influence of Micellar Propinquity on Dynamics of Ce(IV)-Catalyzed BZ Oscillatory Reaction under Stirred Conditions. INT J CHEM KINET 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Chen YY, Hu G, Nian YQ, Li MS, Song JM, Hu L. The Effect of Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) Micelles on aBelousovZhabotinskyOscillating System Catalyzed with a Tetraazamacrocyclic Copper(II) Complex. Helv Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201300164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Ghosh A, Saha R, Mukherjee K, Sar P, Ghosh SK, Malik S, Bhattacharyya SS, Saha B. Rate enhancement via micelle encapsulation for room temperature metal catalyzed Ce(IV) oxidation of p-chlorobenzaldehyde to p-chlorobenzoic acid in aqueous medium at atmospheric pressure. J Mol Liq 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2013.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Harati M, Li N. Chemical oscillations in the metal ion-catalyzed bromate-4-aminophenol reaction. Sci China Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-012-4736-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kupitz D, Alonso S, Bär M, Hauser MJB. Surfactant-induced gradients in the three-dimensional Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 84:056210. [PMID: 22181487 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.056210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Scroll waves are prominent patterns formed in three-dimensional excitable media, and they are frequently considered highly relevant for some types of cardiac arrhythmias. Experimentally, scroll wave dynamics is often studied by optical tomography in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction, which produces CO(2) as an undesired product. Addition of small concentrations of a surfactant to the reaction medium is a popular method to suppress or retard CO(2) bubble formation. We show that in closed reactors even these low concentrations of surfactants are sufficient to generate vertical gradients of excitability which are due to gradients in CO(2) concentration. In reactors open to the atmosphere such gradients can be avoided. The gradients induce a twist on vertically oriented scroll waves, while a twist is absent in scroll waves in a gradient-free medium. The effects of the CO(2) gradients are reproduced by a numerical study, where we extend the Oregonator model to account for the production of CO(2) and for its advection against the direction of gravity. The numerical simulations confirm the role of solubilized CO(2) as the source of the vertical gradient of excitability in reactors closed to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Kupitz
- Institut für Experimentelle Physik, Abteilung Biophysik, Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Biosa G, Ristori S, Spalla O, Rustici M, Hauser MJB. Macroscopic Dynamics as Reporter of Mesoscopic Organization: The Belousov−Zhabotinsky Reaction in Aqueous Layers of DPPC Lamellar Phases. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:3227-32. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2004375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Biosa
- Departement of Chemistry, University of Sassari, Sassari (SS), Italy
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Najar MH, Dar AA, Rather GM. Effect of self-assemblies of various surfactants in their single and mixed states on the BZ oscillatory reaction. INT J CHEM KINET 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Abstract
The effect of cationic (CTAN), anionic (SDS) and nonionic surfactants (Brij-30 and Triton X-100) as well as of tert-butanol (t-BuOH) on the uncatalyzed bromate oscillator with phenol as substrate was investigated at 25 ± 0.1oC in non-stirred batch conditions. Addition of the surfactants influenced the oscillatory parameters: a slight increase in induction period of the first series of oscillations, a significant increase in induction period of the second series of oscillations as well as a gradual decrease in oscillation numbers of both series until complete disappearance at a certain surfactant concentration. The changes in the oscillatory parameters have been ascribed to the solubilization of phenol and of bromination products in the micelles, to the inhibition of bromination of aromatic substrate due to the bromine solubilization and to the catalytic effect of charged micelle surface. The changes in the oscillatory behaviour with increasing alcohol concentration have been discussed in terms of its ability to act as a radical scavenger and to affect the 3D-structure of water.
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Sciascia L, Rossi F, Sbriziolo C, Liveri MLT, Varsalona R. Oscillatory dynamics of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky system in the presence of a self-assembling nonionic polymer. Role of the reactants concentration. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:11674-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c003033c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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The effect of N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethylamine oxide micelles on the kinetics of the electron transfer reaction of Ce(IV) with substituted malonic acids. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Rossi F, Varsalona R, Liveri MLT. New features in the dynamics of a ferroin-catalyzed Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction induced by a zwitterionic surfactant. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Sciascia L, Lombardo R, Turco Liveri ML. Nonlinear Response of a Batch BZ Oscillator to the Addition of the Anionic Surfactant Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:1354-60. [PMID: 17249724 DOI: 10.1021/jp067052g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The response of the Belousov-Zhabotinsy (BZ) system to the addition of increasing amounts of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was monitored at 25.0 degrees C in stirred batch conditions. The presence of SDS in the reaction mixture influences the oscillatory parameters, i.e., induction period and oscillation period, to an extent that depends on the surfactant concentration. The experimental results have shown that the induction period increases slightly on increasing surfactant concentration and, then, a further increase in the [SDS] leads to an enhancement while the oscillation period increases monotonously on increasing SDS concentration. It has been proposed that the response of the oscillatory BZ system to the addition of SDS is due to the peculiar capability of the organized surfactant assemblies to affect the reactivity by selectively sequestering some key reacting species. Indeed, explanations of the experimental results have been given on the basis of the role played by the micellar shape, which in turn dictates the hydrophobic nature. The suggested perturbation effects have been supported by performing viscosity measurements on the aqueous SDS solutions and by the spectrophotometric estimation of the binding constant of the bromine species to the micellar aggregates. This study has indirectly corroborated the existence of two kind of micelles and unambiguously revealed that the bromine species show a different affinity toward the spherical and rod-like micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Sciascia
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica F. Accascina, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze - Parco D'Orleans II, Pad. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Sciascia L, Lombardo R, Turco Liveri ML. Dynamic evolution of the oscillatory Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction upon addition of a non-ionic polymer. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Binnemans K. Chapter 229 Applications of tetravalent cerium compounds. HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1273(06)36003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Paul A. Observations of the Effect of Anionic, Cationic, Neutral, and Zwitterionic Surfactants on the Belousov−Zhabotinsky Reaction. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:9639-44. [PMID: 16852160 DOI: 10.1021/jp044519j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we report the experimental observations of the effects of various surfactants on the oscillations of the ferroin-catalyzed Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction. The oscillations are followed by observing the change in absorbance at 510 nm due to ferroin in a well-stirred closed BZ reacting system. We have used sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the anionic surfactant, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the cationic surfactant, Triton X-100 as the neutral surfactant, and 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio)]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) as the zwitterionic surfactant. In general, we observed that there is a change in the oscillation behavior in the presence of each of these surfactants above their critical micellar concentrations. For different surfactants, the time-dependent evolution of the oscillations is found to be characteristic of the surfactant. The results of our study suggest that the evolution of oscillations is most regular in the presence of micelles of SDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anumita Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039 India.
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Turco Liveri ML, Lombardo R, Sbriziolo C, Viscardi G, Quagliotto P. Kinetic evidence for the solubilization of pyridine-2-azo-p-dimethylaniline in alkanediyl-α,ω-bis(dimethylcetylammonium nitrate) surfactants. Role of the spacer chain length. NEW J CHEM 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b315422j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Britton MM. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of the 1,4-Cyclohexanedione−Bromate−Acid Oscillatory System. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0343279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M. Britton
- Magnetic Resonance Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cambridge, New Museums Site, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3RA, U.K
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Biswas S, Mukherjee K, Mukherjee DC, Moulik SP. Belousov−Zhabotinsky Oscillations in Bromate−Oxalic Acid−MnSO4−H2SO4−Acetone System in Nonionic Surfactant Medium. A Calorimetric Study. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0107154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Biswas
- Centre for Surface Science, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Calcutta-700032, India, Department of Chemistry, A.P.C. College, West Bengal, India, and Department of Chemistry, Calcutta University, Calcutta-700009, India
| | - K. Mukherjee
- Centre for Surface Science, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Calcutta-700032, India, Department of Chemistry, A.P.C. College, West Bengal, India, and Department of Chemistry, Calcutta University, Calcutta-700009, India
| | - D. C. Mukherjee
- Centre for Surface Science, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Calcutta-700032, India, Department of Chemistry, A.P.C. College, West Bengal, India, and Department of Chemistry, Calcutta University, Calcutta-700009, India
| | - S. P. Moulik
- Centre for Surface Science, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Calcutta-700032, India, Department of Chemistry, A.P.C. College, West Bengal, India, and Department of Chemistry, Calcutta University, Calcutta-700009, India
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