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Babayode DA, Peterson SC, Haber LH. Size-dependent growth dynamics of silver-gold core-shell nanoparticles monitored by in situ second harmonic generation and extinction spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:084710. [PMID: 39193945 DOI: 10.1063/5.0217901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The in situ growth dynamics of colloidal silver-gold core-shell (Ag@Au CS) nanoparticles (NPs) are studied using time-dependent second harmonic generation (SHG) and extinction spectroscopy. Four sequential additions of chloroauric acid, sodium citrate, and hydroquinone are added to a silver nanoparticle solution to form a gold shell around a 45 nm silver core under different reaction conditions, resulting in final sizes ranging from 80 to 125 nm in diameter. In the first addition, a bumpy, urchin-like surface morphology is produced, while the second, third, and fourth additions provide additional nanoparticle growth with the surface morphology becoming more smooth and uniform, as shown using transmission electron microscopy measurements. The in situ extinction spectra increase in intensity for each addition, where blue-shifting and spectral narrowing are observed as the Ag@Au CS NPs grow in size. The extinction spectra are compared to Mie theory simulations, showing general agreement at later stages of the reactions for smooth CS surfaces. The in situ SHG signal is dominated by surface-enhanced plasmonic hotspots at the early stages of the shell growth, followed by gradual decreases in signal as the surface becomes more smooth. Two-photon fluorescence is also monitored during the CS growth, showing complementary information for comparisons to the extinction and SHG results. The holistic study of the synthesis and characterization of Ag@Au CS nanoparticles using in situ SHG spectroscopy, extinction spectroscopy, and Mie theory simulations allows for a comprehensive analysis of the complex growth dynamics occurring at the nanoscale for developing optimized plasmonic nanomaterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Babayode
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Stena C Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Louis H Haber
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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2
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Chen S, Liu Z, Li B, Hou Y, Peng Y, Li J, Yuan Q, Gan W. Probing the structural evolution on the surface of cardiolipin vesicles with an amphiphilic second harmonic generation and fluorescence probe. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:014705. [PMID: 38949588 DOI: 10.1063/5.0211845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Investigating the influence of the ambient chemical environment on molecular behaviors in liposomes is crucial for understanding and manipulating cellular vitality as well as the capabilities of lipid drug carriers in various environments. Here, we designed and synthesized a second harmonic generation (SHG) and fluorescence probe molecule called Pyr-Py+-N+ (PPN), which possesses membrane-targeting capability. We employed PPN to investigate the response of lipid vesicles composed of cardiolipin to the presence of exogenous salt. The kinetic behaviors, including the adsorption and embedding of PPN on the surface of small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) composed of cardiolipin, were analyzed. The response of the SUVs to the addition of NaCl was also monitored. A rapid decrease in vesicle size can be evidenced through the rapid drop in SHG emission originating from PPN located on the vesicle surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujiao Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), University Town, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhongcheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bifei Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), University Town, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yi Hou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), University Town, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yingying Peng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), University Town, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jianhui Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), University Town, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qunhui Yuan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), University Town, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Gan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), University Town, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
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3
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Ren HT, Jing MZ, Li DS, Li TT, Lou CW, Lin JH, Han X. Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) by Bi 2.15WO 6 complexed with polydopamine: Contribution of the ligand-to-metal charge transfer path. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 622:50-61. [PMID: 35489101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) in water environments attracts more attention; however, the mechanisms involved in this process have not been clearly elucidated yet. In this study, the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) by polydopamine modified Bi2.15WO6 (PDA/BWO) under visible light was conducted. Kinetics results show that PDA apparently accelerates the reduction of Cr(VI). The quasi-first-order kinetic constant of Cr(VI) reduction by 5PDA/BWO is 70.0 times that of the original BWO, reaching 0.070 min-1. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman analyses confirm the formation of ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) complex [Bi(III)OC] between PDA and BWO. The formed Bi(III)OC complex enhances visible light response and narrows the bandgap of PDA/BWO. The photoelectrochemical and photoluminescent characterization further reveals that the formed Bi(III)OC complex inhibits the recombination of carriers, thus enhancing the photocatalytic reactivity of PDA/BWO. Electrons, are derived from three paths, including dye sensitization, LMCT and bandgap excitation, contribute to Cr(VI) reduction by PDA/BWO. This study provides new insights on the paths of Cr(VI) reduction by PDA/BWO under visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Ren
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Materials and Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China.
| | - Meng-Zhen Jing
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Da-Shuai Li
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Ching-Wen Lou
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Jia-Horng Lin
- Innovation Platform of Intelligent and Energy-Saving Textiles, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Xu Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety and Equipment Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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4
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Qian Y, Deng GH, Rao Y. In Situ Spectroscopic Probing of Polarity and Molecular Configuration at Aerosol Particle Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6763-6771. [PMID: 32787224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The growth of aerosol particles in the atmosphere is related to chemical reactions in the gas and particle phases and at aerosol particle surfaces. While research regarding the gas and particle phases of aerosols is well-documented, physical properties and chemical reactivities at aerosol particle surfaces have not been studied extensively but have long been recognized. In particular, in situ measurements of aerosol particle surfaces are just emerging. The main reason is a lack of suitable surface-specific analytical techniques for direct measurements of aerosol particles under ambient conditions. Here we develop in situ surface-specific electronic sum frequency scattering (ESFS) to directly identify spectroscopic behaviors of molecules at aerosol particle surfaces. As an example, we applied an ESFS probe, malachite green (MG). We examined electronic spectra of MG at aerosol particle surfaces and found that the polarity of the surfaces is less polar than that in bulk. Our quantitative orientational analysis shows that MG is orientated with a polar angle of 25°-35° at the spherical particle surfaces of aerosols. The adsorption free energy of MG at the aerosol surfaces was found to be -20.75 ± 0.32 kJ/mol, which is much lower than that at the air/water interface. These results provide new insights into aerosol particle surfaces for further understanding the formation of secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Qian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Gang-Hua Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Yi Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
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Bischoff M, Biriukov D, Předota M, Roke S, Marchioro A. Surface Potential and Interfacial Water Order at the Amorphous TiO 2 Nanoparticle/Aqueous Interface. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:10961-10974. [PMID: 35592180 PMCID: PMC9109959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal nanoparticles exhibit unique size-dependent properties differing from their bulk counterpart, which can be particularly relevant for catalytic applications. To optimize surface-mediated chemical reactions, the understanding of the microscopic structure of the nanoparticle-liquid interface is of paramount importance. Here we use polarimetric angle-resolved second harmonic scattering (AR-SHS) to determine surface potential values as well as interfacial water orientation of ∼100 nm diameter amorphous TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in aqueous solutions, without any initial assumption on the distribution of interfacial charges. We find three regions of different behavior with increasing NaCl concentration. At very low ionic strengths (0-10 μM), the Na+ ions are preferentially adsorbed at the TiO2 surface as inner-sphere complexes. At low ionic strengths (10-100 μM), a distribution of counterions equivalent to a diffuse layer is observed, while at higher ionic strengths (>100 μM), an additional layer of hydrated condensed ions is formed. We find a similar behavior for TiO2 nanoparticles in solutions of different basic pH. Compared to identically sized SiO2 nanoparticles, the TiO2 interface has a higher affinity for Na+ ions, which we further confirm with molecular dynamics simulations. With its ability to monitor ion adsorption at the surface with micromolar sensitivity and changes in the surface potential, AR-SHS is a powerful tool to investigate interfacial properties in a variety of catalytic and photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Bischoff
- Laboratory
for fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institute of Bioengineering (IBI),
and Institute of Materials
Science (IMX), School of Engineering (STI), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Denys Biriukov
- Institute
of Physics, Faculty of Science, University
of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech
Republic
| | - Milan Předota
- Institute
of Physics, Faculty of Science, University
of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech
Republic
| | - Sylvie Roke
- Laboratory
for fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institute of Bioengineering (IBI),
and Institute of Materials
Science (IMX), School of Engineering (STI), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- E-mail:
| | - Arianna Marchioro
- Laboratory
for fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institute of Bioengineering (IBI),
and Institute of Materials
Science (IMX), School of Engineering (STI), École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- E-mail:
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6
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Interfacial Charge-Transfer Transitions for Direct Charge-Separation Photovoltaics. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13102521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced charge separation (PCS) plays an essential role in various solar energy conversions such as photovoltaic conversion in solar cells. Usually, PCS in solar cells occurs stepwise via solar energy absorption by light absorbers (dyes, inorganic semiconductors, etc.) and the subsequent charge transfer at heterogeneous interfaces. Unfortunately, this two-step PCS occurs with a relatively large amount of the energy loss (at least ca. 0.3 eV). Hence, the exploration of a new PCS mechanism to minimize the energy loss is a high-priority subject to realize efficient solar energy conversion. Interfacial charge-transfer transitions (ICTTs) enable direct PCS at heterogeneous interfaces without energy loss, in principle. Recently, several progresses have been reported for ICTT at organic-inorganic semiconductor interfaces by our group. First of all, new organic-metal oxide complexes have been developed with various organic and metal-oxide semiconductors for ICTT. Through the vigorous material development and fundamental research of ICTT, we successfully demonstrated efficient photovoltaic conversion due to ICTT for the first time. In addition, we revealed that the efficient photoelectric conversion results from the suppression of charge recombination, providing a theoretical guiding principle to control the charge recombination rate in the ICTT system. These results open up a way to the development of ICTT-based photovoltaic cells. Moreover, we showed the important role of ICTT in the reported efficient dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with carboxy-anchor dyes, particularly, in the solar energy absorption in the near IR region. This result indicates that the combination of dye sensitization and ICTT would lead to the further enhancement of the power conversion efficiency of DSSC. In this feature article, we review the recent progresses of ICTT and its application in solar cells.
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Ranasinghe JC, Dikkumbura AS, Hamal P, Chen M, Khoury RA, Smith HT, Lopata K, Haber LH. Monitoring the growth dynamics of colloidal gold-silver core-shell nanoparticles using in situ second harmonic generation and extinction spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:224701. [PMID: 31837661 DOI: 10.1063/1.5127941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeewan C. Ranasinghe
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Asela S. Dikkumbura
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Prakash Hamal
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Rami A. Khoury
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Holden T. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Kenneth Lopata
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Louis H. Haber
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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8
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Prediction of Absorption Spectrum Shifts in Dyes Adsorbed on Titania. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16983. [PMID: 31740733 PMCID: PMC6861231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dye adsorption on metal-oxide films often results in small to substantial absorption shifts relative to the solution phase, with undesirable consequences for the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells and optical sensors. While density functional theory is frequently used to model such behaviour, it is too time-consuming for rapid assessment. In this paper, we explore the use of supervised machine learning to predict whether dye adsorption on titania is likely to induce a change in its absorption characteristics. The physicochemical features of each dye were encoded as a numeric vector whose elements are the counts of molecular fragments and topological indices. Various classification models were subsequently trained to predict the type of absorption shift i.e. blue, red or unchanged (|Δλ| ≤ 10 nm). The models were able to predict the nature of the shift with a good likelihood (~80%) of success when applied to unseen data.
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Yamashita H, Mori K, Kuwahara Y, Kamegawa T, Wen M, Verma P, Che M. Single-site and nano-confined photocatalysts designed in porous materials for environmental uses and solar fuels. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:8072-8096. [PMID: 29892768 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00341f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Silica-based micro-, meso-, macro-porous materials offer attractive routes for designing single-site photocatalysts, supporting semiconducting nanoparticles, anchoring light-responsive metal complexes, and encapsulating metal nanoparticles to drive photochemical reactions by taking advantage of their large surface area, controllable pore channels, remarkable transparency to UV/vis and tailorable physicochemical surface characteristics. This review mainly focuses on the fascinating photocatalytic properties of silica-supported Ti catalysts from single-site catalysts to nanoparticles, their surface-chemistry engineering, such as the hydrophobic modification and synthesis of thin films, and the fabrication of nanocatalysts including morphology controlled plasmonic nanostructures with localized surface plasmon resonance. The hybridization of visible-light responsive metal complexes with porous materials for the construction of functional inorganic-organic supramolecular photocatalysts is also included. In addition, the latest progress in the application of MOFs as excellent hosts for designing photocatalytic systems is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Yamashita
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Baba K, Bulou S, Quesada-Gonzalez M, Bonot S, Collard D, Boscher ND, Choquet P. Significance of a Noble Metal Nanolayer on the UV and Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity of Anatase TiO 2 Thin Films Grown from a Scalable PECVD/PVD Approach. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:41200-41209. [PMID: 28990763 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UV and visible light photocatalytic composite Pt and Au-TiO2 coatings have been deposited on silicon and glass substrates at low temperature using a hybrid ECWR-PECVD/MS-PVD process. Methylene blue, stearic acid, and sulfamethoxazole were used as dye, organic, and antibiotic model pollutants, respectively, to demonstrate the efficiency of these nanocomposite coatings for water decontamination or self-cleaning surfaces applications. Raman investigations revealed the formation of anatase polymorph of TiO2 in all synthesized coatings with a shifting of the main vibrational mode peak to higher wavenumber in the case of Au-TiO2 coating, indicating an increase number of crystalline defects within this coating. Because of the difference of the chemical potentials of each of the investigated noble metals, the sputtered metal layers exhibit different morphology. Pt sputtered atoms, with high surface adhesion, promote formation of a smooth 2D layer. On the other hand, Au sputtered atoms with higher cohesive forces promote the formation of 5-10 nm nanoparticles. As a result, the surface plasmon resonance phenomenon was observed in the Au-TiO2 coatings. UV photoactivity of the nanocomposite coatings was enhanced 1.5-3 times and 1.3 times for methylene blue and stearic acid, respectively, thanks to the enhancement of electron trapping in the noble metal layer. This electron trapping phenomenon is higher in the Pt-TiO2 coating because of its larger work function. On the other hand, the enhancement of the visible photoactivity was more pronounced (3 and 7 times for methylene blue and stearic acid, respectively) in the case of Au-TiO2 thanks to the surface plasmon resonance. Finally, these nanocomposite TiO2 coatings exhibited also a good ability for the degradation of antibiotics usually found in wastewater such as sulfamethoxazole. However, a complementary test have showed an increase of the toxicity of the liquid medium after photocatalysis, which could be due the presence of sulfamethoxazole's transformation byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Baba
- Materials Research and Technology Department and ‡Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology , 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Simon Bulou
- Materials Research and Technology Department and ‡Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology , 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Miguel Quesada-Gonzalez
- Materials Research and Technology Department and ‡Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology , 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sébastien Bonot
- Materials Research and Technology Department and ‡Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology , 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Delphine Collard
- Materials Research and Technology Department and ‡Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology , 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas D Boscher
- Materials Research and Technology Department and ‡Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology , 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Patrick Choquet
- Materials Research and Technology Department and ‡Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology , 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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Lin W, Schmidt J, Mahler M, Schindler T, Unruh T, Meyer B, Peukert W, Segets D. Influence of Tail Groups during Functionalization of ZnO Nanoparticles on Binding Enthalpies and Photoluminescence. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:13581-13589. [PMID: 29099602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the tailoring of ZnO nanoparticle (NP) surfaces by catechol derivatives (CAT) with different functionalities: tert-butyl group (tertCAT), hydrogen (pyroCAT), aromatic ring (naphCAT), ester group (esterCAT), and nitro group (nitroCAT). The influence of electron-donating/-withdrawing properties on enthalpy of ligand binding (ΔH) was resolved and subsequently linked with optical properties. First, as confirmed by ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy results, all CAT molecules chemisorbed to ZnO NPs, independent of the distinct functionality. Interestingly, the ζ-potentials of ZnO after functionalization shifted to more negative values. Then, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and a mass-based method were applied to resolve the heat release during ligand binding and the adsorption isotherm, respectively. However, both heat- and mass-based approaches alone did not fully resolve the binding enthalpy of each molecule adsorbing to the ZnO surface. This is mainly due to the fact that the Langmuir model oversimplifies the underlying adsorption mechanism, at least for some of the tested CAT molecules. Therefore, a new, fitting-free approach was developed to directly access the adsorption enthalpy per molecule during functionalization by dividing the heat release measured via ITC by the amount of bound molecules determined from the adsorption isotherm. Finally, the efficiency of quenching the visible emission caused by ligand binding was investigated by photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, which turned out to follow the same trend as the binding enthalpy. Thus, the functionality of ligand molecules governs the binding enthalpy to the particle surface, which in turn, at least in the current case of ZnO, is an important parameter for the quenching of visible emission. We believe that establishing such correlations is an important step toward a more general way of selecting and designing ligand molecules for surface functionalization. This allows developing strategies for tailored colloidal surfaces beyond empirically driven formulation on a case by case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Haberstraße 9a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Schmidt
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Haberstraße 9a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Mahler
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Torben Schindler
- Chair of Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Staudtstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Unruh
- Chair of Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Staudtstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernd Meyer
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) and Computer-Chemistry-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Haberstraße 9a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Doris Segets
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Haberstraße 9a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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12
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DFT study of benzyl alcohol/TiO 2 interfacial surface complex: reaction pathway and mechanism of visible light absorption. J Mol Model 2017; 23:285. [PMID: 28942529 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We propose a new pathway for the adsorption of benzyl alcohol on the surface of TiO2 and the formation of interfacial surface complex (ISC). The reaction free energies and reaction kinetics were thoroughly investigated by density functional calculations. The TiO2 surfaces were modeled by clusters consisting of 4 Ti atoms and 18 O atoms passivated by H, OH group and H2O molecules. Compared with solid-state calculations utilizing the periodicity of the materials, such cluster modeling allows inclusion of the high-order correlation effects that seem to be essential for the adsorption of organic molecules onto solid surfaces. The effects of both acidity and solvation are included in our calculations, which demonstrate that the new pathway is competitive with a previous pathway. The electronic structure calculations based on the relaxed ISC structures reveal that the chemisorption of benzyl alcohol on the TiO2 surface greatly alters the nature of the frontier molecular orbitals. The resulted reduced energy gap in ISC matches the energy of visible light, showing how the adsorption of benzyl alcohol sensitizes the TiO2 surface. Graphical Abstract The chemisorption of benzyl alcohol on TiO2 surface greatly alters the nature of the frontier molecular orbitals and the formed interfacial surface complex can be sensitized by visible light.
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Siderophores and mussel foot proteins: the role of catechol, cations, and metal coordination in surface adhesion. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 22:739-749. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Calogero G, Citro I, Di Marco G, Caramori S, Casarin L, Bignozzi CA, Avó J, Jorge Parola A, Pina F. Electronic and charge transfer properties of bio-inspired flavylium ions for applications in TiO2-based dye-sensitized solar cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2017; 16:1400-1414. [DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00039a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a complete study on four synthetic environmentally friendly flavylium salts employed as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilaria Citro
- CNR-IPCF
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici
- I-98158 Messina
- Italy
| | - Gaetano Di Marco
- CNR-IPCF
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici
- I-98158 Messina
- Italy
| | - Stefano Caramori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università di Ferrara
- 44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Laura Casarin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche
- Università di Ferrara
- 44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | | | - João Avó
- LAQV-REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
- 2829-516 Caparica
| | - A. Jorge Parola
- LAQV-REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
- 2829-516 Caparica
| | - Fernando Pina
- LAQV-REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
- 2829-516 Caparica
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15
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Phase-referenced nonlinear spectroscopy of the α-quartz/water interface. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13587. [PMID: 27958263 PMCID: PMC5159844 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Probing the polarization of water molecules at charged interfaces by second harmonic generation spectroscopy has been heretofore limited to isotropic materials. Here we report non-resonant nonlinear optical measurements at the interface of anisotropic z-cut α-quartz and water under conditions of dynamically changing ionic strength and bulk solution pH. We find that the product of the third-order susceptibility and the interfacial potential, χ(3) × Φ(0), is given by (χ1(3)-iχ2(3)) × Φ(0), and that the interference between this product and the second-order susceptibility of bulk quartz depends on the rotation angle of α-quartz around the z axis. Our experiments show that this newly identified term, iχ(3) × Φ(0), which is out of phase from the surface terms, is of bulk origin. The possibility of internally phase referencing the interfacial response for the interfacial orientation analysis of species or materials in contact with α-quartz is discussed along with the implications for conditions of resonance enhancement.
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16
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Kamegawa T, Imai H, Yamashita H. Design of Visible Light Sensitive Heterogeneous Photocatalyst by Utilization of Sulfocalixarene as a Linker of Zinc Porphyrin and Pt-TiO2. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20160080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Photocatalysis of titanium dioxide modified by catechol-type interfacial surface complexes (ISC) with different substituted groups. J Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Ooyama Y, Kanda M, Uenaka K, Ohshita J. Effect of Substituents in Catechol Dye Sensitizers on Photovoltaic Performance of Type II Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:3049-57. [PMID: 26296714 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In order to provide a direction in molecular design of catechol (Cat) dyes for type II dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), the dye-to-TiO2 charge-transfer (DTCT) characteristics of Cat dyes with various substituents and their photovoltaic performance in DSSCs are investigated. The Cat dyes with electron-donating or moderately electron-withdrawing substituents exhibit a broad absorption band corresponding to DTCT upon binding to TiO2 films, whereas those with strongly electron-withdrawing substituents exhibit weak DTCT. This study indicates that the introduction of a moderately electron-withdrawing substituent on the Cat moiety leads to not only an increase in the DTCT efficiency, but also the retardation of back electron transfer. This results in favorable conditions for the type II electron-injection pathway from the ground state of the Cat dye to the conduction band of the TiO2 electrode by the photoexcitation of DTCT bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Ooyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527 (Japan).
| | - Masahiro Kanda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527 (Japan)
| | - Koji Uenaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527 (Japan)
| | - Joji Ohshita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527 (Japan)
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19
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Wang S, Zhang C, Li Y, Li B, Yang Y. Chirality of Single-Handed Twisted Titania Tubular Nanoribbons Prepared Through Sol-gel Transcription. Chirality 2015; 27:543-50. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sibing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou P.R. China
| | - Chuanyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou P.R. China
| | - Baozong Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou P.R. China
| | - Yonggang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; Suzhou P.R. China
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20
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Ma W, Wang L, Zhang N, Han D, Dong X, Niu L. Biomolecule-free, selective detection of o-diphenol and its derivatives with WS2/TiO2-based photoelectrochemical platform. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4844-50. [PMID: 25844499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a novel photoelectrochemical platform with WS2/TiO2 composites as optoelectronic materials was designed for selective detection of o-diphenol and its derivatives without any biomolecule auxiliary. First, catechol was chosen as a model compound for the discrimination from resorcinol and hydroquinone; then several o-diphenol derivatives such as dopamine, caffeic acid, and catechin were also detected by employing this proposed photoelectrochemical sensor. Finally, the mechanism of such a selective detection has been elaborately explored. The excellent selectivity and high sensitivity should be attributed to two aspects: (i) chelate effect of adjacent double oxygen atoms in the o-diphenol with the Ti(IV) surface site to form a five/six-atom ring structure, which is considered as the key point for distinction and selective detection. (ii) This selected WS2/TiO2 composites with proper band level between WS2 and TiO2, which could make the photogenerated electron and hole easily separated and results in great improvement of sensitivity. By employing such a photoelectrochemical platform, practical samples including commercial clinic drugs and human urine samples have been successfully performed for dopamine detection. This biomolecule-free WS2/TiO2 based photoelectrochemical platform demonstrates excellent stability, reproducibility, remarkably convenient, and cost-effective advantages, as well as low detection limit (e.g., 0.32 μmol L(-1) for dopamine). It holds great promise to be applied for detection of o-diphenol kind species in environment and food fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Ma
- †State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, c/o Engineering Laboratory for Modern Analytical Techniques, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin China.,‡University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lingnan Wang
- †State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, c/o Engineering Laboratory for Modern Analytical Techniques, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin China.,‡University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- †State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, c/o Engineering Laboratory for Modern Analytical Techniques, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin China.,‡University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Dongxue Han
- †State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, c/o Engineering Laboratory for Modern Analytical Techniques, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin China
| | - Xiandui Dong
- †State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, c/o Engineering Laboratory for Modern Analytical Techniques, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin China
| | - Li Niu
- †State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, c/o Engineering Laboratory for Modern Analytical Techniques, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin China
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21
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Fujisawa JI, Nagata M. Efficient light-to-current conversion by organic–inorganic interfacial charge-transfer transitions in TiO2 chemically adsorbed with 2-anthroic acid. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Savić TD, Čomor MI, Nedeljković JM, Veljković DŽ, Zarić SD, Rakić VM, Janković IA. The effect of substituents on the surface modification of anatase nanoparticles with catecholate-type ligands: a combined DFT and experimental study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:20796-805. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02197e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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23
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Ai Q, Yang D, Li Y, Shi J, Wang X, Jiang Z. Highly efficient covalent immobilization of catalase on titanate nanotubes. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Savić TD, Šaponjić ZV, Čomor MI, Nedeljković JM, Dramićanin MD, Nikolić MG, Veljković DŽ, Zarić SD, Janković IA. Surface modification of anatase nanoparticles with fused ring salicylate-type ligands (3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acids): a combined DFT and experimental study of optical properties. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:7601-7612. [PMID: 23842592 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01277h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The surface modification of nanocrystalline TiO2 particles (45 Å) with salicylate-type ligands consisting of an extended aromatic ring system, specifically 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid and 3,7-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, was found to alter the optical properties of nanoparticles in a similar way to salicylic acid. The formation of the inner-sphere charge-transfer (CT) complexes results in a red shift of the semiconductor absorption compared to unmodified nanocrystallites and a reduction in the band gap upon the increase in the electron delocalization when including an additional ring. The investigated ligands have the optimal geometry for binding to surface Ti atoms, resulting in ring coordination complexes of a salicylate-type (binuclear bidentate binding-bridging) thus restoring the six-coordinated octahedral geometry of surface Ti atoms. From both absorption measurements in methanol/water = 90/10 solutions and steady-state quenching measurements of modifier fluorescence upon binding to TiO2 in aqueous solutions, stability constants in the order of 10(3) M(-1) have been determined at pH 2 and pH 3. Fluorescence lifetime measurements, in the presence and absence of colloidal TiO2 nanoparticles, indicated that the fluorescence quenching process is primarily static quenching, thus proving the formation of a nonfluorescent CT complex. The binding structures were investigated by using FTIR spectroscopy. Quantum chemical calculations on model systems using density functional theory (DFT) were performed to obtain the vibrational frequencies of charge transfer complexes, and the calculated values were then compared with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana D Savić
- University of Belgrade, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
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25
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Hu S, Li F, Fan Z. Preparation of Dihydroxy Naphthalene/TiO2Complex via Surface Modification and Their Photocatalytic H2Production Performances Under Visible Light. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.7.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Yu J, Wei W, Menyo MS, Masic A, Waite JH, Israelachvili JN. Adhesion of mussel foot protein-3 to TiO2 surfaces: the effect of pH. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1072-7. [PMID: 23452271 DOI: 10.1021/bm301908y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The underwater adhesion of marine mussels relies on mussel foot proteins (mfps) rich in the catecholic amino acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa). As a side chain, Dopa is capable of strong bidentate interactions with a variety of surfaces, including many minerals and metal oxides. Titanium is among the most widely used medical implant material and quickly forms a TiO2 passivation layer under physiological conditions. Understanding the binding mechanism of Dopa to TiO2 surfaces is therefore of considerable theoretical and practical interest. Using a surface forces apparatus, we explored the force-distance profiles and adhesion energies of mussel foot protein 3 (mfp-3) to TiO2 surfaces at three different pHs (pH 3, 5.5 and 7.5). At pH 3, mfp-3 showed the strongest adhesion force on TiO2, with an adhesion energy of ∼-7.0 mJ/m(2). Increasing the pH gives rise to two opposing effects: (1) increased oxidation of Dopa, thus, decreasing availability for the Dopa-mediated adhesion, and (2) increased bidentate Dopa-Ti coordination, leading to the further stabilization of the Dopa group and, thus, an increase in adhesion force. Both effects were reflected in the resonance-enhanced Raman spectra obtained at the three deposition pHs. The two competing effects give rise to a higher adhesion force of mfp-3 on the TiO2 surface at pH 7.5 than at pH 5.5. Our results suggest that Dopa-containing proteins and synthetic polymers have great potential as coating materials for medical implant materials, particularly if redox activity can be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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27
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Sedó J, Saiz-Poseu J, Busqué F, Ruiz-Molina D. Catechol-based biomimetic functional materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013. [PMID: 23180685 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201202343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Catechols are found in nature taking part in a remarkably broad scope of biochemical processes and functions. Though not exclusively, such versatility may be traced back to several properties uniquely found together in the o-dihydroxyaryl chemical function; namely, its ability to establish reversible equilibria at moderate redox potentials and pHs and to irreversibly cross-link through complex oxidation mechanisms; its excellent chelating properties, greatly exemplified by, but by no means exclusive, to the binding of Fe(3+); and the diverse modes of interaction of the vicinal hydroxyl groups with all kinds of surfaces of remarkably different chemical and physical nature. Thanks to this diversity, catechols can be found either as simple molecular systems, forming part of supramolacular structures, coordinated to different metal ions or as macromolecules mostly arising from polymerization mechanisms through covalent bonds. Such versatility has allowed catechols to participate in several natural processes and functions that range from the adhesive properties of marine organisms to the storage of some transition metal ions. As a result of such an astonishing range of functionalities, catechol-based systems have in recent years been subject to intense research, aimed at mimicking these natural systems in order to develop new functional materials and coatings. A comprehensive review of these studies is discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Sedó
- Centro de Investigación en Nanociencia y Nanotecnología, Campus UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Haber LH, Eisenthal KB. Molecular Excited-State Relaxation Dynamics at the Colloidal Microparticle Interface Monitored with Pump–Probe Second Harmonic Generation. J Phys Chem B 2012; 117:4249-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jp304242c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Louis H. Haber
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United
States
| | - Kenneth B. Eisenthal
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United
States
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29
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Kwolek P, Oszajca M, Szaciłowski K. Catecholate and 2,3-acenediolate complexes of d0 ions as prospective materials for molecular electronics and spintronics. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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30
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Ooyama Y, Harima Y. Photophysical and electrochemical properties, and molecular structures of organic dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:4032-80. [PMID: 22807392 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on organic dyes adsorbed on oxide semiconductor electrodes, such as TiO(2), ZnO, or NiO, which have emerged as a new generation of sustainable photovoltaic devices, have attracted much attention from chemists, physicists, and engineers because of enormous scientific interest in not only their construction and operational principles, but also in their high incident-solar-light-to-electricity conversion efficiency and low cost of production. To develop high-performance DSSCs, it is important to create efficient organic dye sensitizers, which should be optimized for the photophysical and electrochemical properties of the dyes themselves, with molecular structures that provide good light-harvesting features, good electron communication between the dye and semiconductor electrode and between the dye and electrolyte, and to control the molecular orientation and arrangement of the dyes on a semiconductor surface. The aim of this Review is not to make a list of a number of organic dye sensitizers developed so far, but to provide a new direction in the epoch-making molecular design of organic dyes for high photovoltaic performance and long-term stability of DSSCs, based on the accumulated knowledge of their photophysical and electrochemical properties, and molecular structures of the organic dye sensitizers developed so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Ooyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
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31
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Roke S, Gonella G. Nonlinear Light Scattering and Spectroscopy of Particles and Droplets in Liquids. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2012; 63:353-78. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-032511-143748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Roke
- Laboratory for fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Max-Planck Institute for Metals Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Grazia Gonella
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122;
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32
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Savić TD, Janković IA, Šaponjić ZV, Čomor MI, Veljković DŽ, Zarić SD, Nedeljković JM. Surface modification of anatase nanoparticles with fused ring catecholate type ligands: a combined DFT and experimental study of optical properties. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:1612-1619. [PMID: 22310856 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr11501h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification of nanocrystalline TiO(2) particles (45 Å) with catecholate-type ligands consisting of an extended aromatic ring system, i.e., 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene and anthrarobin, was found to alter the optical properties of the nanoparticles in a similar way to modification with catechol. The formation of inner-sphere charge-transfer (CT) complexes results in a red shift of the semiconductor absorption compared to unmodified nanocrystallites and the reduction of the band gap upon the increase of the electron delocalization on the inclusion of additional rings. The binding structures were investigated by FTIR spectroscopy. The investigated ligands have the optimal geometry for binding to surface Ti atoms, resulting in ring coordination complexes of catecholate type (binuclear bidentate binding-bridging) thus restoring the six-coordinated octahedral geometry of surface Ti atoms. From the Benesi-Hildebrand plot, stability constants in methanol/water = 90/10 solutions at pH 2 of the order 10(3) M(-1) have been determined. Quantum chemical calculations on model systems using density functional theory (DFT) were performed to obtain vibrational frequencies of charge transfer complexes, and the calculated values were compared with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana D Savić
- University of Belgrade, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, P.O. Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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34
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Sánchez-de-Armas R, San-Miguel M, Oviedo J, Sanz JF. Direct vs. indirect mechanisms for electron injection in DSSC: Catechol and alizarin. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Theoretical studies on a new pattern of laser-driven systems: towards elucidation of direct photo-injection in dye-sensitized solar cells. Theor Chem Acc 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-011-0963-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Haber LH, Kwok SJ, Semeraro M, Eisenthal KB. Probing the colloidal gold nanoparticle/aqueous interface with second harmonic generation. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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37
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Zhang L, Shi J, Jiang Z, Jiang Y, Meng R, Zhu Y, Liang Y, Zheng Y. Facile preparation of robust microcapsules by manipulating metal-coordination interaction between biomineral layer and bioadhesive layer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:597-605. [PMID: 21344913 DOI: 10.1021/am101184h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach combining biomimetic mineralization and bioadhesion is proposed to prepare robust and versatile organic-inorganic hybrid microcapsules. More specifically, these microcapsules are fabricated by sequential deposition of inorganic layer and organic layer on the surface of CaCO(3) microparticles, followed by the dissolution of CaCO(3) microparticles using EDTA. During the preparation process, protamine induces the hydrolysis and condensation of titania or silica precursor to form the inorganic layer or the biomineral layer. The organic layer or bioadhesive layer was formed through the rapid, spontaneous oxidative polymerization of dopamine into polydopamine (PDA) on the surface of the biomineral layer. There exist multiple interactions between the inorganic layer and the organic layer. Thus, the as-prepared organic-inorganic hybrid microcapsules acquire much higher mechanical stability and surface reactivity than pure titania or pure silica microcapsules. Furthermore, protamine/titania/polydopamine hybrid microcapsules display superior mechanical stability to protamine/silica/polydopamine hybrid microcapsules because of the formation of Ti(IV)-catechol coordination complex between the biomineral layer and the bioadhesive layer. As an example of application, three enzymes are respectively immobilized through physical encapsulation in the lumen, in situ entrapment within the wall and chemical attachment on the out surface of the hybrid microcapsules. The as-constructed multienzyme system displays higher catalytic activity and operational stability. Hopefully, the approach developed in this study will evolve as a generic platform for facile and controllable preparation of organic-inorganic hybrid materials with different compositions and shapes for a variety of applications in catalysis, sensor, drug/gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Du J, Zhang J, Kang DJ. Controlled synthesis of anatase TiO2 nano-octahedra and nanospheres: shape-dependent effects on the optical and electrochemical properties. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ce00464b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ye Q, Zhou F, Liu W. Bioinspired catecholic chemistry for surface modification. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4244-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15026j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 966] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Sánchez-de-Armas R, San-Miguel MA, Oviedo J, Márquez A, Sanz JF. Electronic structure and optical spectra of catechol on TiO2nanoparticles from real time TD-DFT simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:1506-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00906g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Macyk W, Szaciłowski K, Stochel G, Buchalska M, Kuncewicz J, Łabuz P. Titanium(IV) complexes as direct TiO2 photosensitizers. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hu S, Wang A, Li X, Wang Y, Löwe H. Hydrothermal synthesis of ionic liquid [Bmim]OH-modified TiO2 nanoparticles with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light. Chem Asian J 2010; 5:1171-7. [PMID: 20379993 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200900629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
TiO(2) nanocomposites modified with the ionic liquid [Bmim]OH are synthesized by a hydrothermal procedure. X-ray diffraction, Zeta-potential measurement, TEM, thermogravimetric analysis, photoluminescence, UV/Vis, FTIR, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are used to characterize the TiO(2) nanocomposites. The TiO(2) nanocomposites consist of pure anatase particles of about 10 nm. The modification of [Bmim]OH on the surface of the TiO(2) particles extends the TiO(2) absorption edge to the visible-light region. The electrochemical redox potentials indicated that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of [Bmim]OH match well with the valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) of the TiO(2) semiconductor. [Bmim]OH-modified TiO(2) is much more active than pristine TiO(2) under visible-light irradiation in the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution. [Bmim]OH is chemically bonded to the surface Ti-OH of TiO(2) particles rather than adsorbed on the surface. A possible mechanism for the photocatalysis is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Ząbek
- a Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstr. 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Horst Kisch
- a Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstr. 1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Janković IA, Šaponjić ZV, Džunuzović ES, Nedeljković JM. New Hybrid Properties of TiO(2) Nanoparticles Surface Modified With Catecholate Type Ligands. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2009; 5:81-88. [PMID: 20652142 PMCID: PMC2894057 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-009-9447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification of nanocrystalline TiO(2) particles (45 A) with bidentate benzene derivatives (catechol, pyrogallol, and gallic acid) was found to alter optical properties of nanoparticles. The formation of the inner-sphere charge-transfer complexes results in a red shift of the semiconductor absorption compared to unmodified nanocrystallites. The binding structures were investigated by using FTIR spectroscopy. The investigated ligands have the optimal geometry for chelating surface Ti atoms, resulting in ring coordination complexes (catecholate type of binuclear bidentate binding-bridging) thus restoring in six-coordinated octahedral geometry of surface Ti atoms. From the Benesi-Hildebrand plot, the stability constants at pH 2 of the order 10(3) M(-1) have been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana A Janković
- Laboratory for Radiation Chemistry and Physics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, P.O. Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran V Šaponjić
- Laboratory for Radiation Chemistry and Physics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, P.O. Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Enis S Džunuzović
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovan M Nedeljković
- Laboratory for Radiation Chemistry and Physics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, P.O. Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
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Nawrocka A, Zdyb A, Krawczyk S. Stark spectroscopy of charge-transfer transitions in catechol-sensitized TiO2 nanoparticles. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jen SH, Gonella G, Dai HL. The Effect of Particle Size in Second Harmonic Generation from the Surface of Spherical Colloidal Particles. I: Experimental Observations. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:4758-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9009959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hui Jen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122
| | - Grazia Gonella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122
| | - Hai-Lung Dai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122
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47
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Creutz C, Chou MH. Binding of catechols to mononuclear titanium(IV) and to 1- and 5-nm TiO2 nanoparticles. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:3509-14. [PMID: 18366179 DOI: 10.1021/ic701687k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The binding of catechol derivatives (LH 2 = catechol, 4-methyl catechol, 4-t-butyl catechol, and dopamine) to 1- and 4.7-nm TiO2 nanoparticles in aqueous, pH 3.5 suspensions has been characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy. The binding constants derived from Benesi-Hildebrand plots are (2-4) x 10(3) M(-1) for the 1-nm nanoparticles and (0.4-1) x 10(4)M(-1) for the 4.7-nm particles. Ti(IV)L3 complexes were prepared from the same catechols. The L = methyl catechol, and dopamine complexes are reported for the first time. The TiL3 reduction potentials are not very sensitive to the nature of the catechol nor evidently are the binding constants to TiO2 nanoparticles. The intense (epsilon > or = 10(3) M(-1)cm(-1)), about 400-nm, ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) absorptions of the nanoparticle complexes are compared with those of the TiL 3 complexes (epsilon approximately 10(4)M(-1) cm(-1)) which lie in the same spectral region. The nanoparticle colors are attributed (as are the colors of the Ti(IV)L3 complexes) to the tails of the about 400-nm LMCT bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Creutz
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA.
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Duncan WR, Craig CF, Prezhdo OV. Time-Domain ab Initio Study of Charge Relaxation and Recombination in Dye-Sensitized TiO2. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:8528-43. [PMID: 17579405 DOI: 10.1021/ja0707198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the electron dynamics at the alizarin/I2-/TiO2 interface this study uses a novel state-of-the-art quantum-classical approach that combines time-dependent density functional theory with surface hopping in the Kohn-Sham basis. Representing the dye-sensitized semiconductor Grätzel cell with the I-/I3- mediator, the system addresses the problems of an organic/inorganic, molecule/bulk interface that are commonly encountered in molecular electronics, photovoltaics, and photoelectrochemistry. The processes studied include the relaxation of the injected electron inside the TiO2 conduction band (CB), the back electron transfer (ET) from TiO2 to alizarin, the ET from the surface to the electrolyte, and the regeneration of the neutral chromophore by ET from the electrolyte to alizarin. Developing a theoretical understanding of these processes is crucial for improving solar cell design and optimizing photovoltaic current and voltage. The simulations carried out for the entire system that contains many electronic states reproduce the experimental time scales and provide detailed insights into the ET dynamics. In particular, they demonstrate the differences between the optimized geometric and electronic structure of the system at 0 K and the experimentally relevant structure at ambient temperature. The relaxation of the injected electron inside the TiO2 CB, which affects the solar cell voltage, is shown to occur on a 100 fs time scale and occurs simultaneously with the electron delocalization into the semiconductor bulk. The transfer of the electron trapped at the surface to the ground state of alizarin proceeds on a 1 ps time scale and is facilitated by vibrational modes localized on alizarin. If the electrolyte mediator is capable of approaching the semiconductor surface, it can form a stable complex and short-circuit the cell by accepting the photoexcited electron on a subpicosecond time scale. The ET from TiO2 to both alizarin and the electrolyte diminishes the solar cell current. Finally, the simulations show that the electrolyte can efficiently regenerate the neutral chromophore. This is true even though the two species do not form a chemical bond and, therefore, the electronic coupling between them is weaker than in the TiO2-chromophore and TiO2-electrolyte donor-acceptor pairs. The chromophore-electrolyte coupling can occur both directly through space and indirectly through bonding to the semiconductor surface. The ET events involving the electrolyte are promoted primarily by the electrolyte vibrational modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter R Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
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Duncan WR, Prezhdo OV. Theoretical Studies of Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Dye-Sensitized TiO2. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2007; 58:143-84. [PMID: 17059368 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.58.052306.144054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review describes recent research into the properties of the chromophore-TiO2 interface that forms the basis for photoinduced charge separation in dye-sensitized semiconductor solar cells. It focuses particularly on an atomistic picture of the electron-injection dynamics. The interface offers an excellent case study, pertinent as well to a variety of other photovoltaic systems, photo- and electrochemistry, molecular electronics, analytical detection, photography, and quantum confinement devices. The differences between chemists' and physicists' models for describing molecules and bulk materials, respectively, create challenges for the characterization of interfaces that include both of these components. We give an overall picture of the interface by starting with a description of the properties of the chromophores and semiconductor separately, and then by discussing the coupled system, including the chromophore-semiconductor binding, electronic structure, and electron-injection dynamics. Explicit time-dependent modeling is particularly valuable for an understanding of the ultrafast electron injection because it shows a variety of individual injection events with well-defined dynamical features that cannot be made apparent by an average reaction-rate description.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter R Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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