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Sun YL, Huang WJ, Lee SH. Formations of C6H from reactions C3 + C3H2 and C3H + C3H and of C8H from reactions C4 + C4H2 and C4H + C4H. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:044303. [PMID: 38258925 DOI: 10.1063/5.0184683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We interrogated C6H and C8H produced separately from the reactions C3 + C3H2/C3H + C3H/C3H2 + C3 → C6H + H and C4 + C4H2/C4H + C4H/C4H2 + C4 → C8H + H using product translational and photoionization spectroscopy. Individual contributions of the three reactions to the product C6H or C8H were evaluated with reactant concentrations. Translational-energy distributions, angular distributions, and photoionization efficiency curves of products C6H and C8H were unraveled. The product C6H (C8H) was recognized as the most stable linear isomer by comparing its photoionization efficiency curve with that of l-C6H (l-C8H), produced exclusively from the reaction C2 + C4H2 → l-C6H + H (C2 + C6H2 → l-C8H + H). The ionization threshold after deconvolution was determined to be 9.3 ± 0.1 eV for l-C6H and 8.9 ± 0.1 eV for l-C8H, which is in good agreement with theoretical values. Quantum-chemical calculations indicate that the reactions of C3 + C3H2 and C3H + C3H (C4 + C4H2 and C4H + C4H) incur no energy barriers that lie above the corresponding reactant and the most stable product l-C6H (l-C8H) with H on the lower-lying potential-energy surfaces. The theoretical calculation is in accord with the experimental observation. This work implies that the reactions of C3 + C3H2/C3H + C3H and C4 + C4H2/C4H + C4H need to be taken into account for the formation of interstellar C6H and C8H, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lun Sun
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC), 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 300092, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jian Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC), 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 300092, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Huang Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC), 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 300092, Taiwan
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Sun YL, Huang WJ, Lee SH. Study on Formation of Interstellar C 7H from Reactions C 4 + C 3H 2 and C 4H + C 3H. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:456-465. [PMID: 38181389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
We interrogated C7H produced from reactions C4 + C3H2/C4H + C3H → C7H + H using both translational and photoionization spectroscopy. Reactants C3H, C3H2, C4, and C4H were synthesized in two crossed beams of 1% C2H2/He ignited by pulsed high-voltage discharge. The individual contributions of reactions C4 + C3H2 and C4H + C3H to product C7H were evaluated as 17:83 from reactant concentrations in both molecular beams. The translational energy distribution, the angular distribution, and the photoionization efficiency curve of product C7H were unraveled. C7H was identified as the most stable linear isomer by its photoionization efficiency curve that features two ionization thresholds corresponding to separate transitions to singlet and triplet states of l-C7H+. The quantum-chemical calculations indicate that the associations of C4 with C3H2 and C4H with C3H incur no entrance barriers, and the most favorable exit channel leads to product l-C7H + H. It is the first time demonstrating that C7H is producible from reactions 1,3C4 + 1C3H2 and 2C4H + 2C3H on the lowest-lying singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces of 1,3C7H2. This work implies that the reactions of C4 + C3H2 and C4H + C3H might have contributions to interstellar C7H to some extent as compared with the C + C6H2 reaction commonly adopted in an astrochemical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lun Sun
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC), 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 300092, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jian Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC), 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 300092, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Huang Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC), 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 300092, Taiwan
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Gore JPP, Mahoney EJD, Smith JA, Ashfold MNR, Mankelevich YA. Imaging and Modeling C 2 Radical Emissions from Microwave Plasma-Activated Methane/Hydrogen Gas Mixtures: Contributions from Chemiluminescent Reactions and Investigations of Higher-Pressure Effects and Plasma Constriction. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4184-4199. [PMID: 33966382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Wavelength and spatially resolved imaging and 2D plasma chemical modeling methods have been used to study the emission from electronically excited C2 radicals in microwave-activated dilute methane/hydrogen gas mixtures under processing conditions relevant to the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of diamond. Obvious differences in the spatial distributions of the much-studied C2(d3Πg-a3Πu) Swan band emission and the little-studied, higher-energy C2(C1Πg-A1Πu) emission are rationalized by invoking a chemiluminescent (CL) reactive source, most probably involving collisions between H atoms and C2H radicals, that acts in tandem with the widely recognized electron impact excitation source term. The CL source is relatively much more important for forming C2(d) state radicals and is deduced to account for >40% of C2(d) production in the hot plasma core under base operating conditions, which should encourage caution when estimating electron or gas temperatures from C2 Swan band emission measurements. Studies at higher pressures (p ≈ 400 Torr) offer new insights into the plasma constriction that hampers efforts to achieve higher diamond CVD rates by using higher processing pressures. Plasma constriction is proposed as being inevitable in regions where the local electron density (ne) exceeds some critical value (nec) and electron-electron collisions enhance the rates of H2 dissociation, H-atom excitation, and related associative ionization processes relative to those prevailing in the neighboring nonconstricted plasma region. The 2D modeling identifies a further challenge to high-p operation. The radial uniformities of the CH3 radical and H-atom concentrations above the growing diamond surface both decline with increasing p, which are likely to manifest as less spatially uniform diamond growth (in terms of both rate and quality).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P P Gore
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. BS8 1TS
| | - Edward J D Mahoney
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. BS8 1TS.,Centre for Doctoral Training in Diamond Science and Technology, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, U.K. CV4 7AL
| | - James A Smith
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. BS8 1TS
| | | | - Yuri A Mankelevich
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Bourgalais J, Spencer M, Osborn DL, Goulay F, Le Picard SD. Reactions of Atomic Carbon with Butene Isomers: Implications for Molecular Growth in Carbon-Rich Environments. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9138-9150. [PMID: 27798961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b09785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Bourgalais
- Institut
de Physique de Rennes, Département de Physique Moléculaire, Astrophysique de Laboratoire, UMR CNRS 6251, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Michael Spencer
- Department
of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - David L. Osborn
- Combustion
Research Facility, Mail Stop 9055, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - F. Goulay
- Department
of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - S. D. Le Picard
- Institut
de Physique de Rennes, Département de Physique Moléculaire, Astrophysique de Laboratoire, UMR CNRS 6251, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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Vlasov PA, Garmash AA, Tereza AM. Ignition of cyclopropane in shock waves. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s199079311604014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Turowski M, Crépin C, Douin S, Kołos R. Formation and Spectroscopy of Dicyanotriacetylene (NC8N) in Solid Kr. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:2701-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp509908z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Turowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Claudine Crépin
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, UMR 8214 CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Stéphane Douin
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, UMR 8214 CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Robert Kołos
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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Theoretical mechanistic study of the reaction of the methylidyne radical with methylacetylene. J Mol Model 2011; 17:3173-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-0979-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Li Y, Liu HL, Zhou ZJ, Huang XR, Sun CC. Reaction Mechanism of CH + C3H6: A Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:9496-506. [DOI: 10.1021/jp102029w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui-ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu-ri Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chia-chung Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
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Goulay F, Nemes L, Schrader PE, Michelsen HA. Spontaneous emission from C2(d3Πg) and C3(A1Πu) during laser irradiation of soot particles. Mol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00268971003627824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Loison JC, Bergeat A. Rate constants and the H atom branching ratio of the reactions of the methylidyne CH(X2Π) radical with C2H2, C2H4, C3H4(methylacetylene and allene), C3H6(propene) and C4H8(trans-butene). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:655-64. [DOI: 10.1039/b812810c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Reactive formation of dicarbon from the reactions of electronically excited radicals, CH(A2Δ) and CCl(A2Δ). Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Romanzin C, Boyé-Péronne S, Gauyacq D, Bénilan Y, Gazeau MC, Douin S. CH radical production from 248nm photolysis or discharge-jet dissociation of CHBr3 probed by cavity ring-down absorption spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:114312. [PMID: 16999479 DOI: 10.1063/1.2333456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The A-X bands of the CH radical, produced in a 248 nm two-photon photolysis or in a supersonic jet discharge of CHBr(3), have been observed via cavity ring-down absorption spectroscopy. Bromoform is a well-known photolytic source of CH radicals, though no quantitative measurement of the CH production efficiency has yet been reported. The aim of the present work is to quantify the CH production from both photolysis and discharge of CHBr(3). In the case of photolysis, the range of pressure and laser fluences was carefully chosen to avoid postphotolysis reactions with the highly reactive CH radical. The CH production efficiency at 248 nm has been measured to be Phi=N(CH)N(CHBr(3))=(5.0+/-2.5)10(-4) for a photolysis laser fluence of 44 mJ cm(-2) per pulse corresponding to a two-photon process only. In addition, the internal energy distribution of CH(X (2)Pi) has been obtained, and thermalized population distributions have been simulated, leading to an average vibrational temperature T(vib)=1800+/-50 K and a rotational temperature T(rot)=300+/-20 K. An alternative technique for producing the CH radical has been tested using discharge-induced dissociation of CHBr(3) in a supersonic expansion. The CH product was analyzed using the same cavity ring-down spectroscopy setup. The production of CH by discharge appears to be as efficient as the photolysis technique and leads to rotationally relaxed radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Romanzin
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR 7583, Universités Paris VII et XII, 61 Avenue Gal de Gaulle, F-94010 Créteil Cedex, France
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McKee K, Blitz MA, Hughes KJ, Pilling MJ, Qian HB, Taylor A, Seakins PW. H Atom Branching Ratios from the Reactions of CH with C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, and neo-C5H12 at Room Temperature and 25 Torr. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp021613w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth McKee
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Mark A. Blitz
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Kevin J. Hughes
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | | | - Hai-Bo Qian
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Andrew Taylor
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Paul W. Seakins
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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Galland N, Caralp F, Hannachi Y, Bergeat A, Loison JC. Experimental and Theoretical Studies of the Methylidyne CH(X2Π) Radical Reaction with Ethane (C2H6): Overall Rate Constant and Product Channels. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027465r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Galland
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 5803, Université Bordeaux I, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Caralp
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 5803, Université Bordeaux I, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Yacine Hannachi
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 5803, Université Bordeaux I, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Astrid Bergeat
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 5803, Université Bordeaux I, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Loison
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 5803, Université Bordeaux I, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
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Kono M, Hoshina K, Yamanouchi K. Photofragment emission yield spectroscopy of acetylene in the D̃ 1Πu, Ẽ 1A, and F̃ 1Σu+ states by vacuum ultraviolet and infrared vacuum ultraviolet double-resonance laser excitations. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1485064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Reaction of methylidyne radical with CH4 and H2S: overall rate constant and absolute atomic hydrogen production. Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(02)00443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Boyé S, Campos A, Douin S, Fellows C, Gauyacq D, Shafizadeh N, Halvick P, Boggio-Pasqua M. Visible emission from the vibrationally hot C2H radical following vacuum-ultraviolet photolysis of acetylene: Experiment and theory. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1471239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Campos A, Boyé S, Bréchignac P, Douin S, Fellows C, Shafizadeh N, Gauyacq D. Vacuum–ultraviolet photodissociation of C2H2 via Rydberg states: a study of the fluorescent pathways. Chem Phys Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(99)01121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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