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Doak RB, Shoeman RL, Gorel A, Barends TRM, Marekha B, Haacke S, Nizinski S, Schlichting I. Dynamic catcher for stabilization of high-viscosity extrusion jets. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:903-907. [PMID: 37284264 PMCID: PMC10241051 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576723003795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A 'catcher' based on a revolving cylindrical collector is described. The simple and inexpensive device reduces free-jet instabilities inherent to high-viscosity extrusion injection, facilitating delivery of microcrystals for serial diffraction X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Bruce Doak
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert L. Shoeman
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Gorel
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas R. M. Barends
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bogdan Marekha
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg – CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stefan Haacke
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg – CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stanislaw Nizinski
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilme Schlichting
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Knowledge of the electronic structure of an aqueous solution is a prerequisite to understanding its chemical and biological reactivity and its response to light. One of the most direct ways of determining electronic structure is to use photoelectron spectroscopy to measure electron binding energies. Initially, photoelectron spectroscopy was restricted to the gas or solid phases due to the requirement for high vacuum to minimize inelastic scattering of the emitted electrons. The introduction of liquid-jets and their combination with intense X-ray sources at synchrotrons in the late 1990s expanded the scope of photoelectron spectroscopy to include liquids. Liquid-jet photoelectron spectroscopy is now an active research field involving a growing number of research groups. A limitation of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of aqueous solutions is the requirement to use solutes with reasonably high concentrations in order to obtain photoelectron spectra with adequate signal-to-noise after subtracting the spectrum of water. This has excluded most studies of organic molecules, which tend to be only weakly soluble. A solution to this problem is to use resonance-enhanced photoelectron spectroscopy with ultraviolet (UV) light pulses (hν ≲ 6 eV). However, the development of UV liquid-jet photoelectron spectroscopy has been hampered by a lack of quantitative understanding of inelastic scattering of low kinetic energy electrons (≲5 eV) and the impact on spectral lineshapes and positions.In this Account, we describe the key steps involved in the measurement of UV photoelectron spectra of aqueous solutions: photoionization/detachment, electron transport of low kinetic energy electrons through the conduction band, transmission through the water-vacuum interface, and transport through the spectrometer. We also explain the steps we take to record accurate UV photoelectron spectra of liquids with excellent signal-to-noise. We then describe how we have combined Monte Carlo simulations of electron scattering and spectral inversion with molecular dynamics simulations of depth profiles of organic solutes in aqueous solution to develop an efficient and widely applicable method for retrieving true UV photoelectron spectra of aqueous solutions. The huge potential of our experimental and spectral retrieval methods is illustrated using three examples. The first is a measurement of the vertical detachment energy of the green fluorescent protein chromophore, a sparingly soluble organic anion whose electronic structure underpins its fluorescence and photooxidation properties. The second is a measurement of the vertical ionization energy of liquid water, which has been the subject of discussion since the first X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement in 1997. The third is a UV photoelectron spectroscopy study of the vertical ionization energy of aqueous phenol which demonstrates the possibility of retrieving true photoelectron spectra from measurements with contributions from components with different concentration profiles.
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Kooij S, van Rijn C, Ribe N, Bonn D. Self-charging of sprays. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19296. [PMID: 36369251 PMCID: PMC9650671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The charging of poorly conducting liquids due to flows is a well-known phenomenon, yet the precise charging mechanism is not fully understood. This is especially relevant for sprays, where the spray plume dynamics and maximum distance travelled of a spray dramatically changes for different levels of charging: charging of the droplets makes them repel, thereby preventing drop coalescence and altering the shape of the spray plume. As the charging depends on many factors including the flow and the interactions between the liquid and the nozzle, many models and scaling laws exist in the literature. In this work we focus on perhaps the simplest flow regime, laminar jets created by ultra short channels, and quantify the charging as a function of the different parameters. We present a simple model that collapses all the data for over 4 orders of magnitude difference in streaming currents for various nozzle sizes, flow velocities and surface treatments. We further show that the charging polarity can even be reversed by applying an oppositely charged coating to the nozzle, an important step for any application.
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Perry C, Jordan I, Zhang P, von Conta A, Nunes FB, Wörner HJ. Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Liquid Water with Tunable Extreme-Ultraviolet Radiation: Effects of Electron Scattering. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2990-2996. [PMID: 33733779 PMCID: PMC8006141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the first systematic photoelectron measurements of the three outer-valence bands of liquid water as a function of the ionizing photon energy in the near-threshold region. We use extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) radiation tunable between ∼17.1 and 35.6 eV, obtained through monochromatization of a high-harmonic source. We show that the absolute values of the apparent vertical ionization energies and their respective peak widths show a decreasing trend of their magnitudes with increasing photon energy close to the ionization threshold. We find that the observed effects do not only depend on the electron kinetic energy but are also different for the various outer-valence bands. These observations are consistent with, but not fully explained by, the effects of inelastic electron scattering.
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Nishitani J, Karashima S, West CW, Suzuki T. Surface potential of liquid microjet investigated using extreme ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:144503. [PMID: 32295374 DOI: 10.1063/5.0005930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoelectron spectroscopy of a liquid microjet requires careful energy calibration against electrokinetic charging of the microjet. For minimizing the error from this calibration procedure, Kurahashi et al. previously suggested optimization of an electrolyte concentration in aqueous solutions [Kurahashi et al., J. Chem. Phys. 140, 174506 (2014)]. More recently, Olivieri et al. proposed an alternative method of applying a variable external voltage on the liquid microjet [Olivieri et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 29506 (2016)]. In this study, we examined these two methods of calibration using extreme ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy with a magnetic bottle time-of-flight photoelectron spectrometer. We confirmed that the latter method flattens the vacuum level potential around the microjet, similar to the former method, while we found that the applied voltage energy-shifts the entire spectrum. Thus, careful energy recalibration is indispensable after the application of an external voltage for accurate measurements. It is also pointed out that electric conductivity of liquid on the order of 1 mS/cm is required for stable application of an external voltage. Therefore, both methods need a similar concentration of an electrolyte. Using the calibration method proposed by Olivieri et al., Perry et al. have recently revised the vertical ionization energy of liquid water to be 11.67(15) eV [Perry et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11, 1789 (2020)], which is 0.4 eV higher than the previously estimated value. While the source of this discrepancy is still unclear, we estimate that their calibration method possibly leaves uncertainty on the order of 0.1 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Nishitani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shutaro Karashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Christopher W West
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Longetti L, Randulová M, Ojeda J, Mewes L, Miseikis L, Grilj J, Sanchez-Gonzalez A, Witting T, Siegel T, Diveki Z, van Mourik F, Chapman R, Cacho C, Yap S, Tisch JWG, Springate E, Marangos JP, Slavíček P, Arrell CA, Chergui M. Photoemission from non-polar aromatic molecules in the gas and liquid phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:3965-3974. [PMID: 32022040 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06799j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photoelectron spectra of both liquid and gas phase aromatic molecules are reported. The spectra were obtained using a 34.1 eV source produced by high harmonic generation and analysed with the help of high-level ab initio simulations using the reflection principle combined with path integral molecular dynamics simulations accounting for nuclear quantum effects for the gas phase. We demonstrate the suitability of three trimethylbenzenes (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene) as a solvent for liquid photoelectron spectroscopy of solute species. We also discuss the electrokinetic charging of a non-polar liquid jet.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Longetti
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - M Randulová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - J Ojeda
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - L Mewes
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - L Miseikis
- Department of Physics, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - J Grilj
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - A Sanchez-Gonzalez
- Department of Physics, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - T Witting
- Department of Physics, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - T Siegel
- Department of Physics, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Z Diveki
- Department of Physics, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - F van Mourik
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - R Chapman
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK
| | - C Cacho
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK
| | - S Yap
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK
| | - J W G Tisch
- Department of Physics, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - E Springate
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK
| | - J P Marangos
- Department of Physics, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - P Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - C A Arrell
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. and Laboratory for Advanced Photonics, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland.
| | - M Chergui
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502,
Japan
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8
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Riley JW, Wang B, Parkes MA, Fielding HH. Design and characterization of a recirculating liquid-microjet photoelectron spectrometer for multiphoton ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:083104. [PMID: 31472605 DOI: 10.1063/1.5099040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new recirculating liquid-microjet photoelectron spectrometer for multiphoton ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy is described. A recirculating system is essential for studying samples that are only available in relatively small quantities. The reduction in background pressure when using the recirculating system compared to a liquid-nitrogen cold-trap results in a significant improvement in the quality of the photoelectron spectra. Moreover, the recirculating system results in a negligible streaming potential. The instrument design, operation, and characterization are described in detail, and its performance is illustrated by comparing a photoelectron spectrum of aqueous phenol recorded using the recirculating system with one recorded using a liquid nitrogen cold-trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie W Riley
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bingxing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Parkes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Helen H Fielding
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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9
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Kurahashi N, Suzuki T. On the Relation between the Interfacial Charge of a Discharging Nozzle and Electrification of a Liquid Microjet. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Kurahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8502, Japan
| | - Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8502, Japan
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10
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Ojeda J, Arrell CA, Grilj J, Frassetto F, Mewes L, Zhang H, van Mourik F, Poletto L, Chergui M. Harmonium: A pulse preserving source of monochromatic extreme ultraviolet (30-110 eV) radiation for ultrafast photoelectron spectroscopy of liquids. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2016; 3:023602. [PMID: 26798833 PMCID: PMC4711517 DOI: 10.1063/1.4933008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A tuneable repetition rate extreme ultraviolet source (Harmonium) for time resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of liquids is presented. High harmonic generation produces 30-110 eV photons, with fluxes ranging from ∼2 × 10(11) photons/s at 36 eV to ∼2 × 10(8) photons/s at 100 eV. Four different gratings in a time-preserving grating monochromator provide either high energy resolution (0.2 eV) or high temporal resolution (40 fs) between 30 and 110 eV. Laser assisted photoemission was used to measure the temporal response of the system. Vibrational progressions in gas phase water were measured demonstrating the ∼0.2 eV energy resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ojeda
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C A Arrell
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Grilj
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Frassetto
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN) , via Trasea 7, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - L Mewes
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - H Zhang
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F van Mourik
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Poletto
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN) , via Trasea 7, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Chergui
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, ISIC, and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Nishizawa K, Ohshimo K, Suzuki T. Vacuum Ultraviolet and Soft X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Liquid Beams Using a Hemispherical Photoelectron Spectrometer with a Multistage Differential Pumping System. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201300513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Preissler N, Buchner F, Schultz T, Lübcke A. Electrokinetic Charging and Evidence for Charge Evaporation in Liquid Microjets of Aqueous Salt Solution. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:2422-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp304773n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Preissler
- Max-Born-Institut für nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2A,
12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Buchner
- Max-Born-Institut für nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2A,
12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schultz
- Max-Born-Institut für nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2A,
12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Lübcke
- Max-Born-Institut für nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2A,
12489 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Suzuki T. Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of non-adiabatic electronic dynamics in gas and liquid phases. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2012.699346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Kauffmann P, Nussbaumer J, Masse A, Jeandey C, Grateau H, Pham P, Reyne G, Haguet V. Self-arraying of charged levitating droplets. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4126-31. [PMID: 21500859 DOI: 10.1021/ac2002774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diamagnetic levitation of water droplets in air is a promising phenomenon to achieve contactless manipulation of chemical or biochemical samples. This noncontact handling technique prevents contaminations of samples as well as provides measurements of interaction forces between levitating reactors. Under a nonuniform magnetic field, diamagnetic bodies such as water droplets experience a repulsive force which may lead to diamagnetic levitation of a single or few micro-objects. The levitation of several repulsively charged picoliter droplets was successfully performed in a ~1 mm(2) adjustable flat magnetic well provided by a centimeter-sized cylindrical permanent magnet structure. Each droplet position results from the balance between the centripetal diamagnetic force and the repulsive Coulombian forces. Levitating water droplets self-organize into satellite patterns or thin clouds, according to their charge and size. Small triangular lattices of identical droplets reproduce magneto-Wigner crystals. Repulsive forces and inner charges can be measured in the piconewton and the femtocoulomb ranges, respectively. Evolution of interaction forces is accurately followed up over time during droplet evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kauffmann
- Grenoble Electrical Engineering Laboratory (G2Elab), UMR 5269 (Grenoble-INP, UJF, CNRS), BP 46, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères Cedex, France
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15
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Buchner F, Lübcke A, Heine N, Schultz T. Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of liquids. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:113107. [PMID: 21133461 DOI: 10.1063/1.3499240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel setup for the investigation of ultrafast dynamic processes in a liquid jet using time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. A magnetic-bottle type spectrometer with a high collection efficiency allows the very sensitive detection of photoelectrons emitted from a 10 μm thick liquid jet. This translates into good signal/noise ratio and rapid data acquisition making femtosecond time-resolved experiments feasible. We describe the experimental setup, a detailed spectrometer characterization based on the spectroscopy of nitric oxide in the gas phase, and results from femtosecond time-resolved experiments on sodium iodide solutions. The latter experiments reveal the formation and evolution of the solvated electron and we characterize two distinct spectral components corresponding to initially thermalized and unthermalized solvated electrons. The absence of dark states in photoionization, the direct measurement of electron binding energies, and the ability to resolve dynamic processes on the femtosecond time scale make time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy from the liquid jet a very promising method for the characterization of photochemical processes in liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Buchner
- Max-Born-Institut für nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Fievet P, Sbaï M, Szymczyk A, Magnenet C, Labbez C, Vidonne A. A New Tangential Streaming Potential Setup for the Electrokinetic Characterization of Tubular Membranes. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1081/ss-200028652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Fievet
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux et Interfaces, Besançon cedex, France
| | - M. Sbaï
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux et Interfaces, Besançon cedex, France
| | - A. Szymczyk
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux et Interfaces, Besançon cedex, France
| | - C. Magnenet
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux et Interfaces, Besançon cedex, France
| | - C. Labbez
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux et Interfaces, Besançon cedex, France
| | - A. Vidonne
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux et Interfaces, Besançon cedex, France
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19
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Charvat A, Bógehold A, Abel B. Time-Resolved Micro Liquid Desorption Mass Spectrometry: Mechanism, Features, and Kinetic Applications. Aust J Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1071/ch05249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Liquid water beam desorption mass spectrometry is an intriguing technique to isolate charged molecular aggregates directly from the liquid phase and to analyze them employing sensitive mass spectrometry. The liquid phase in this approach consists of a 10 µm diameter free liquid filament in vacuum which is irradiated by a focussed infrared laser pulse resonant with the OH-stretch vibration of bulk water. Depending upon the laser wavelength, charged (e.g. protonated) macromolecules are isolated from solution through a still poorly characterized mechanism. After the gentle liquid-to-vacuum transfer the low-charge-state aggregates are analyzed using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A recent variant of the technique uses high performance liquid chromatography valves for local liquid injections of samples in the liquid carrier beam, which enables very low sample consumption and high speed sample analysis. In this review we summarize recent work to characterize the ‘desorption’ or ion isolation mechanism in this type of experiment. A decisive and interesting feature of micro liquid beam desorption mass spectrometry is that — under certain conditions — the gas-phase mass signal for a large number of small as well as supramolecular systems displays a surprisingly linear response on the solution concentration over many orders of magnitude, even for mixtures and complex body fluids. This feature and the all-liquid state nature of the technique makes this technique a solution-type spectroscopy that enables real kinetic studies involving (bio)polymers in solution without the need for internal standards. Two applications of the technique monitoring enzyme digestion of proteins and protein aggregation of an amyloid model system are highlighted, both displaying its potential for monitoring biokinetics in solution.
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Maselli OJ, Gascooke JR, Kobelt SL, Metha GF, Buntine MA. Rotational Energy Distributions of Benzene Liberated from Aqueous Liquid Microjets: A Comparison between Evaporation and Infrared Desorption. Aust J Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1071/ch05319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have measured the rotational energy distribution of benzene molecules both evaporated and desorbed by an IR laser from a liquid microjet. Analysis of the 601 vibronic band of benzene has shown that the benzene molecules evaporating from the liquid microjet surface have a rotational temperature of 157 ± 7 K. In contrast, the rotational temperature of benzene molecules desorbed from the liquid microjet by a 1.9 μm laser pulse is 82 ± 5 K. However, in both cases careful inspection of the spectral profiles shows that the experimental rotational distributions are non-Boltzmann, displaying an underpopulation of high rotational states and a relative overpopulation of the low rotational states. The non-equilibrium evaporation and desorption spectral profiles are consistent with a model that involves transfer of internal energy into translation upon liberation from the condensed phase.
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Kohno JY, Mafuné F, Kondow T. Multiphoton Chemical Reactions on Liquid Beam Surfaces. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.78.957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Otten DE, Trevitt AJ, Nichols BD, Metha GF, Buntine MA. Infrared Laser Desorption of Hydroquinone from a Water−Ethanol Liquid Beam. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp022248b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dale E. Otten
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Adam J. Trevitt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Benjamin D. Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Gregory F. Metha
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Mark A. Buntine
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
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Kohno JY, Mafuné F, Kondow T. Mechanisms of Ion Ejection from Liquid Beam under Irradiation of Laser by Simultaneous Detection of Ions Produced inside a Liquid Beam and Ejected into a Vacuum. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp992364n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ya Kohno
- East Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute, Inc., and Cluster Research Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute, 717−86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272−0001, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Mafuné
- East Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute, Inc., and Cluster Research Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute, 717−86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272−0001, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Kondow
- East Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute, Inc., and Cluster Research Laboratory, Toyota Technological Institute, 717−86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272−0001, Japan
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