1
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Zhang Z, Wang W, Jiang Y, Wang YX, Wu Y, Lai JC, Niu S, Xu C, Shih CC, Wang C, Yan H, Galuska L, Prine N, Wu HC, Zhong D, Chen G, Matsuhisa N, Zheng Y, Yu Z, Wang Y, Dauskardt R, Gu X, Tok JBH, Bao Z. High-brightness all-polymer stretchable LED with charge-trapping dilution. Nature 2022; 603:624-630. [PMID: 35322250 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation light-emitting displays on skin should be soft, stretchable and bright1-7. Previously reported stretchable light-emitting devices were mostly based on inorganic nanomaterials, such as light-emitting capacitors, quantum dots or perovskites6-11. They either require high operating voltage or have limited stretchability and brightness, resolution or robustness under strain. On the other hand, intrinsically stretchable polymer materials hold the promise of good strain tolerance12,13. However, realizing high brightness remains a grand challenge for intrinsically stretchable light-emitting diodes. Here we report a material design strategy and fabrication processes to achieve stretchable all-polymer-based light-emitting diodes with high brightness (about 7,450 candela per square metre), current efficiency (about 5.3 candela per ampere) and stretchability (about 100 per cent strain). We fabricate stretchable all-polymer light-emitting diodes coloured red, green and blue, achieving both on-skin wireless powering and real-time displaying of pulse signals. This work signifies a considerable advancement towards high-performance stretchable displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Weichen Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuanwen Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Xuan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jian-Cheng Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Simiao Niu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chengyi Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chien-Chung Shih
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hongping Yan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Luke Galuska
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Nathaniel Prine
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Hung-Chin Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Donglai Zhong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gan Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Naoji Matsuhisa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhiao Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Reinhold Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Jeffrey B-H Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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2
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Weber F, Ren J, Petit T, Bande A. Theoretical X-ray absorption spectroscopy database analysis for oxidised 2D carbon nanomaterials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:6999-7008. [PMID: 30869667 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06620e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work we provide a proof of principle for a theoretical methodology to identify functionalisation patterns in oxidised carbon 2D nanomaterials. The methodology is based on calculating a large number of X-ray absorption spectra of individually excited carbon atoms in different chemical environments using density functional theory. Since each resulting spectrum gives a fingerprint of the local electronic structure surrounding the excited atom, we may relate each spectrum to the functionalisation pattern of that excited atom up to a desired neighbourhood radius. These functionalisation pattern-specific spectra are collected in a database, that allows fast composition of X-ray absorption spectra for arbitrary structures in density functional theory quality. Finally, we present an exemplary application of the database approach to estimate the relative amount of functional groups in two different experimental samples of carbon nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Weber
- Institute of Methods for Material Development, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Kosmela P, Kazimierski P, Formela K, Haponiuk J, Piszczyk Ł. Liquefaction of macroalgae Enteromorpha biomass for the preparation of biopolyols by using crude glycerol. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Li J, Liu J, Xu L, Chen J. Preparation of thermoresponsive fluorescent carbon dots for cellular imaging. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junzhi Li
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Liqun Xu
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Jiucun Chen
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies; Chongqing 400715 China
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5
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Gao M, Han S, Hu Y, Dynes JJ, Liu X, Wang D. A pH-driven molecular shuttle based on rotaxane-bridged periodic mesoporous organosilicas with responsive release of guests. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27955k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A pH-driven molecular shuttle was immobilized into the framework of the PMOs in which the β-CDs could shuttle mechanically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gao
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- P. R. China
| | - Shuhua Han
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- P. R. China
| | | | | | - Xiangguo Liu
- Division of Cell Biology
- School of Life Sciences
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- P. R. China
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6
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Kawatsuki N, Inada Y, Kondo M, Haruyama Y, Matsui S. Molecular Orientation at the Near-Surface of Photoaligned Films Determined by NEXAFS. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Kawatsuki
- Department
of Materials Science and Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Yonosuke Inada
- Department
of Materials Science and Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Mizuho Kondo
- Department
of Materials Science and Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Yuichi Haruyama
- Laboratory
of Advanced Science and Technology for Industry, University of Hyogo, 3-1-2 Koto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1205 Japan
| | - Shinji Matsui
- Laboratory
of Advanced Science and Technology for Industry, University of Hyogo, 3-1-2 Koto, Kamigori, Ako, Hyogo 678-1205 Japan
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7
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Behyan S, Hu Y, Urquhart SG. Chemical sensitivity of sulfur 1s NEXAFS spectroscopy I: Speciation of sulfoxides and sulfones. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Hu S, Tian R, Dong Y, Yang J, Liu J, Chang Q. Modulation and effects of surface groups on photoluminescence and photocatalytic activity of carbon dots. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:11665-11671. [PMID: 24101143 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03893a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To demonstrate the effects of surface atoms on photoluminescence (PL) and photocatalytic activities of luminescent carbon dots (CDs), we design and tailor the surface groups of CDs with heteroatoms by a facile and effective approach. The coexistence of O and N radicals in CDs results in strong PL while CDs containing O and Cl radicals show high photocatalytic activity. This is attributed to the different degrees and directions of energy band bending from inner to surface induced by O, N, and Cl radicals at the surface of CDs. The coexistence of both upward and downward band bending that are caused by the O and Cl radicals, respectively, in CDs is similar to an internal electronic field that facilitates the separation of electron-hole pairs and carrier migration, leading to high photocatalytic activity. These results may also be used for designing and tailoring optical-electronic properties of carbon nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengliang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, Science and Technology on Electronic Test and Measurement Laboratory, Taiyuan 030051, P.R. China.
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9
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Behyan S, Hu Y, Urquhart SG. Sulfur 1s near edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy of thiophenic and aromatic thioether compounds. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:214302. [PMID: 23758366 DOI: 10.1063/1.4807604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiophenic compounds are major constituents of fossil fuels and pose problems for fuel refinement. The quantification and speciation of these compounds is of great interest in different areas such as biology, fossil fuels studies, geology, and archaeology. Sulfur 1s Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy has emerged as a qualitative and quantitative method for sulfur speciation. A firm understanding of the sulfur 1s NEXAFS spectra of organosulfur species is required for these analytical studies. To support this development, the sulfur 1s NEXAFS spectra of simple thiols and thioethers were previously examined, and are now extended to studies of thiophenic and aromatic thioether compounds, in the gas and condensed phases. High-resolution spectra have been further analyzed with the aid of Improved Virtual Orbital (IVO) and Δ(self-consistent field) ab initio calculations. Experimental sulfur 1s NEXAFS spectra show fine features predicted by calculation, and the combination of experiment and calculation has been used to improve the assignment of spectroscopic features important for the speciation and quantification of sulfur compounds. Systematic differences between gas and condensed phases are also explored; these differences suggest a significant role for conformational effects in the NEXAFS spectra of condensed species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Behyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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10
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Knorr DB, Jaye C, Fischer DA, Shoch AB, Lenhart JL. Manipulation of interfacial amine density in epoxy-amine systems as studied by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:15294-15304. [PMID: 23013540 DOI: 10.1021/la3033786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the ability to tune the quantity of surface amine functional groups in the interfacial region of epoxy-diamine composites using NEXAFS, a technique that is extremely sensitive to surface composition. Thereby, we employ a model surface (silicon wafer with the native oxide present) and, after deposition of an epoxy functionalized silane, we immersed the wafers in various diamines, followed by reaction with a diepoxy acting as a molecular probe. These results show that the number of available surface amines depends on the diamine chosen, wherein smaller molecular weight diamines provide more reaction sites. Subsequent experiments with mixtures of diamines undergoing competitive adsorption show that the amine quantity can be tailored by choice of the diamine mixture. Further experiments of diamine treated 3-(glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane layers in a reacting epoxy/diamine showed that the surface reaction site density differences observed for adsorption experiments persisted in the reacting epoxy, implying that the surface reaction rate (and by extension, the surface amine concentration) dictate interfacial cross-link density up to the point of gelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Knorr
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States
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11
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Tang L, Ji R, Cao X, Lin J, Jiang H, Li X, Teng KS, Luk CM, Zeng S, Hao J, Lau SP. Deep ultraviolet photoluminescence of water-soluble self-passivated graphene quantum dots. ACS NANO 2012; 6:5102-10. [PMID: 22559247 DOI: 10.1021/nn300760g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 838] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-derived water-soluble crystalline graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with an average diameter as small as 1.65 nm (∼5 layers) were prepared by a facile microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. The GQDs exhibits deep ultraviolet (DUV) emission of 4.1 eV, which is the shortest emission wavelength among all the solution-based QDs. The GQDs exhibit typical excitation wavelength-dependent properties as expected in carbon-based quantum dots. However, the emission wavelength is independent of the size of the GQDs. The unique optical properties of the GQDs are attributed to the self-passivated layer on the surface of the GQDs as revealed by electron energy loss spectroscopy. The photoluminescence quantum yields of the GQDs were determined to be 7-11%. The GQDs are capable of converting blue light into white light when the GQDs are coated onto a blue light emitting diode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Tang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR
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12
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Shinohara H, Kitagawa F, Mizuno J, Shoji S, Ohara O, Takahashi Y, Nakahara A, Otsuka K. XPS and NEXAFS studies of VUV/O3-treated aromatic polyurea and its application to microchip electrophoresis. IET Nanobiotechnol 2011; 5:136-42. [DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2011.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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13
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Behyan S, Hu Y, Urquhart SG. Sulfur 1s near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) of thiol and thioether compounds. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:244304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3602218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Watts B, Swaraj S, Nordlund D, Lüning J, Ade H. Calibrated NEXAFS spectra of common conjugated polymers. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:024702. [PMID: 21241141 DOI: 10.1063/1.3506636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy has evolved into a powerful characterization tool for polymeric materials and is increasingly being used to elucidate composition and orientation in thin films of relevance to organic electronic devices. For accurate quantitative compositional analysis, insight into the electronic structure and the ability to assess molecular orientation, reliable reference spectra with known energy resolution and calibrated energy scale are required. We report a set of such NEXAFS spectra from 23 semiconducting polymers and some related materials that are frequently used in organic device research.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Watts
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
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15
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NEXAFS microscopy and resonant scattering: Composition and orientation probed in real and reciprocal space. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Zou Y, Araki T, Appel G, Kilcoyne A, Ade H. Solid state effects in the NEXAFS spectra of alkane-based van der Waals crystals: Breakdown of molecular model. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.08.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Urquhart SG, Gillies R. Matrix effects in the carbon 1s near edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectra of condensed alkanes. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:234704. [PMID: 16821938 DOI: 10.1063/1.2206589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbon 1s near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra of simple gaseous alkane molecules differ from the spectra of the same alkane molecules in the condensed phase. The origin of these large, systematic differences is poorly understood. The NEXAFS spectra of gaseous alkanes are interpreted as a progression of core-->Rydberg transitions with distinctive vibronic structure. The interpretation of the NEXAFS spectra of condensed phase alkanes is varied. Specifically, the degree of Rydberg character in the pre-edge core excited states of condensed alkanes is controversial. We determined the character of core excited states in condensed alkanes with a combination of experiment and computational study. From this, we have determined the nature of matrix effects for these species. The high-resolution carbon 1s NEXAFS spectrum of gaseous neopentane is dramatically different from its condensed phase spectrum, a striking illustration of the dramatic spectroscopic changes that occur upon condensation. High quality ab initio calculations of a cluster designed to model the solid phase environment provide definitive evidence for the reduction of Rydberg character and support the assignment of sigma*C-H) valence character in the pre-edge features in the NEXAFS spectra of condensed alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Urquhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada.
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18
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Schumacher M, Christl I, Scheinost AC, Jacobsen C, Kretzschmar R. Chemical heterogeneity of organic soil colloids investigated by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and C-1s NEXAFS microspectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:9094-100. [PMID: 16382929 DOI: 10.1021/es050099f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Colloid release and deposition in soils and sorption of inorganic and organic pollutants to soil colloids are strongly influenced by the composition and chemical heterogeneity of colloidal soil particles. To investigate the chemical heterogeneity of organic soil colloids at the particle scale, we used synchrotron scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and C-1s near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy on 49 individual particles isolated from the surface horizons of three forest soils. Stacks of 130 images of each particle were collected at different X-ray energies between 280 and 310 eV. From these image arrays, NEXAFS spectra were obtained for each pixel and analyzed by principle component analysis and cluster analysis (PCA-CA) to characterize the intraparticle heterogeneity of the organic components. The results demonstrate that the organic matter associated with water-dispersible soil colloids is chemically heterogeneous at the single-particle scale. PCA-CA identified at least two distinct regions within single particles. However, the spectral variations between these regions were much smaller than the variations of averaged NEXAFS spectra representing different particles from the same soil horizon, implying that interparticle heterogeneity is much larger than intraparticle heterogeneity. Especially the contents of aromatic and carboxyl carbon exhibited a large variability. Overall, the NEXAFS spectra of water-dispersible soil colloids were similar to the NEXAFS spectrum of the humic acid fraction, but differed clearly from the fulvic acid and dissolved organic matter fractions extracted from the same soil horizon using conventional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schumacher
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), ETH Zentrum, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Tulumello D, Cooper G, Koprinarov I, Hitchcock AP, Rightor EG, Mitchell GE, Rozeveld S, Meyers GF, Stokich TM. Inner-Shell Excitation Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoemission Electron Microscopy of Adhesion Promoters. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:6343-54. [PMID: 16851707 DOI: 10.1021/jp050201v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The C 1s, Si 2p, Si 2s, and O 1s inner-shell excitation spectra of vinyltriethoxysilane, trimethylethoxysilane, and vinyltriacetoxysilane have been recorded by electron energy loss spectroscopy under scattering conditions dominated by electric dipole transitions. The spectra are converted to absolute optical oscillator strength scales and interpreted with the aid of ab initio calculations of the inner-shell excitation spectra of model compounds. Electron energy loss spectra recorded in a transmission electron microscope on partly cured adhesion promoter, atomic force micrographs, and images and X-ray absorption spectra from X-ray photoemission electron microscopy of as-spun and cured vinyltriacetoxysilane-based adhesion promoter films on silicon are presented. The use of these measurements in assisting chemistry studies of adhesion promoters for electronics applications is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tulumello
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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20
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Cooney RR, Urquhart SG. Chemical Trends in the Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure of Monosubstituted and Para-Bisubstituted Benzenes. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp046868j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R. Cooney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Stephen G. Urquhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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21
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Hitchcock AP, Morin C, Heng YM, Cornelius RM, Brash JL. Towards practical soft X-ray spectromicroscopy of biomaterials. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2003; 13:919-37. [PMID: 12463511 DOI: 10.1163/156856202320401960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) is being developed as a new tool to study the surface chemical morphology and biointeractions of candidate biomaterials with emphasis on blood compatible polymers. STXM is a synchrotron based technique which provides quantitative chemical mapping at a spatial resolution of 50 nm. Chemical speciation is provided by the near edge X-ray absorption spectral (NEXAFS) signal. We show that STXM can detect proteins on soft X-ray transparent polymer thin films with monolayer sensitivity. Of great significance is the fact that measurements can be made in situ, i.e. in the presence of an overlayer of the protein solution. The strengths, limitations and future potential of STXM for studies of biomaterials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Hitchcock
- Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4MI.
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22
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Towards a detailed understanding of the NEXAFS spectra of bulk polyethylene copolymers and related alkanes. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(03)00215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Urquhart SG, Ade H. Trends in the Carbonyl Core (C 1S, O 1S) → π*C=O Transition in the Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectra of Organic Molecules. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0255379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. G. Urquhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada, and Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - H. Ade
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada, and Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
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24
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Rightor EG, Urquhart SG, Hitchcock AP, Ade H, Smith AP, Mitchell GE, Priester RD, Aneja A, Appel G, Wilkes G, Lidy WE. Identification and Quantitation of Urea Precipitates in Flexible Polyurethane Foam Formulations by X-ray Spectromicroscopy. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0122627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. G. Rightor
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667; Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1 Canada; Polyurethanes, Dow Chemical, Building B-1608, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., Freeport, Texas 77541; and Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - S. G. Urquhart
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667; Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1 Canada; Polyurethanes, Dow Chemical, Building B-1608, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., Freeport, Texas 77541; and Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - A. P. Hitchcock
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667; Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1 Canada; Polyurethanes, Dow Chemical, Building B-1608, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., Freeport, Texas 77541; and Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - H. Ade
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667; Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1 Canada; Polyurethanes, Dow Chemical, Building B-1608, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., Freeport, Texas 77541; and Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - A. P. Smith
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667; Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1 Canada; Polyurethanes, Dow Chemical, Building B-1608, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., Freeport, Texas 77541; and Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - G. E. Mitchell
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667; Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1 Canada; Polyurethanes, Dow Chemical, Building B-1608, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., Freeport, Texas 77541; and Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - R. D. Priester
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667; Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1 Canada; Polyurethanes, Dow Chemical, Building B-1608, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., Freeport, Texas 77541; and Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - A. Aneja
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667; Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1 Canada; Polyurethanes, Dow Chemical, Building B-1608, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., Freeport, Texas 77541; and Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - G. Appel
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667; Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1 Canada; Polyurethanes, Dow Chemical, Building B-1608, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., Freeport, Texas 77541; and Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - G. Wilkes
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667; Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1 Canada; Polyurethanes, Dow Chemical, Building B-1608, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., Freeport, Texas 77541; and Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - W. E. Lidy
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, 1897 Building, Midland, Michigan 48667; Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695; Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1 Canada; Polyurethanes, Dow Chemical, Building B-1608, 2301 N. Brazosport Blvd., Freeport, Texas 77541; and Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Bertsch
- Advanced Analytical Center for Environmental Sciences, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29802, USA.
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Hitchcock AP, Koprinarov I, Tyliszczak T, Rightor EG, Mitchell GE, Dineen MT, Hayes F, Lidy W, Priester RD, Urquhart SG, Smith AP, Ade H. Optimization of scanning transmission X-ray microscopy for the identification and quantitation of reinforcing particles in polyurethanes. Ultramicroscopy 2001; 88:33-49. [PMID: 11393450 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3991(00)00113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The morphology, size distributions, spatial distributions, and quantitative chemical compositions of co-polymer polyol-reinforcing particles in a polyurethane have been investigated with scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). A detailed discussion of microscope operating procedures is presented and ways to avoid potential artifacts are discussed. Images at selected photon energies in the C 1s, N 1s and O 1s regions allow unambiguous identification of styrene-acrylonitrile-based (SAN) copolymer and polyisocyanate polyaddition product-based (PIPA) reinforcing particles down to particle sizes at the limit of the spatial resolution (50 nm). Quantitative analysis of the chemical composition of individual reinforcing particles is achieved by fitting C 1s spectra to linear combinations of reference spectra. Regression analyses of sequences of images recorded through the chemically sensitive ranges of the C 1s, N 1s and O 1s spectra are used to generate quantitative compositional maps, which provide a fast and effective means of investigating compositional distributions over a large number of reinforcing particles. The size distribution of all particles determined by STXM is shown to be similar to that determined by TEM. The size distributions of each type of reinforcing particle, which differ considerably, were obtained by analysis of STXM images at chemically selective energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Hitchcock
- Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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