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Krasnokutski S, Kuhn M, Kaiser A, Mauracher A, Renzler M, Bohme DK, Scheier P. Building Carbon Bridges on and between Fullerenes in Helium Nanodroplets. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1440-1445. [PMID: 27043313 PMCID: PMC4845062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of sequential encounters of fullerenes with C atoms in an extremely cold environment. Experiments were performed with helium droplets at 0.37 K doped with C60 molecules and C atoms derived from a novel, pure source of C atoms. Very high-resolution mass spectra revealed the formation of carbenes of the type C60(C:)n with n up to 6. Bridge-type bonding of the C adatoms to form the known dumbbell C60═C═C60 also was observed. Density functional theory calculations were performed that elucidated the carbene character of the C60(C:)n species and their structures. Mass spectra taken in the presence of water impurities and in separate experiments with added H2 also revealed the formation of the adducts C60C(n)(H2O)n and C60C(n)(H2)n probably by H-OH and H-H bond insertion, respectively, and nonreactivity for the dumbell. So C adatoms that form carbenes C60(C:)n can endow pristine C60 with a higher chemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge
A. Krasnokutski
- Laboratory
Astrophysics Group of the Max Planck Institute
for Astronomy at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Kuhn
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Kaiser
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Mauracher
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Renzler
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Diethard K. Bohme
- Department
of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto M3J 1P3, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Scheier
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Anafcheh M, Ghafouri R. Fullerene Dimers Connected through C 24and C 36Bridge Cages. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.4.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dabbagh HA, Zamani M, Mortaji H. Conformational stability and rotational energy barrier of RC60–C60R dimers: hyperconjugation versus steric effect. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-011-0042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ulas S, Strelnikov D, Weis P, Böttcher A, Kappes MM. Incorporating C2 into C60 films. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:014701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3673887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Shvartsburg AA, Mashkevich SV, Baker ES, Smith RD. Optimization of Algorithms for Ion Mobility Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:2002-10. [PMID: 17300182 DOI: 10.1021/jp066953m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is increasingly employed to probe the structures of gas-phase ions, particularly those of proteins and other biological macromolecules. This process involves comparing measured mobilities to those computed for potential geometries, which requires evaluation of orientationally averaged cross sections using some approximate treatment of ion-buffer gas collisions. Two common models are the projection approximation (PA) and exact hard-spheres scattering (EHSS) that represent ions as collections of hard spheres. Though calculations for large ions and/or conformer ensembles take significant time, no algorithmic optimization had been explored. Previous EHSS programs were dominated by ion rotation operations that allow orientational averaging. We have developed two new algorithms for PA and EHSS calculations: one simplifies those operations and greatly reduces their number, and the other disposes of them altogether by propagating trajectories from a random origin. The new algorithms were tested for a representative set of seven ion geometries including diverse sizes and shapes. While the best choice depends on the geometry in a nonobvious way, the difference between the two codes is generally modest. Both are much more efficient than the existing software, for example faster than the widely used Mobcal (implementing EHSS) approximately 10-30-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A Shvartsburg
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P. O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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Abstract
A theoretical investigation on the structure, stability, and thermal behaviors of the smallest polymeric units, the dimers, formed from substitutionally Si-doped fullerenes is presented. A density functional based nonorthogonal tight-binding model has been employed for describing the interatomic interactions. The study focuses on those polymeric structures which involve Si-Si or Si-C interfullerene bonds. The binding energy of the dimers increases with their Si content from about 0.25 eV in C(60)-C(60) to about 4.5 eV in C(58)Si(2)-C(58)Si(2). Moreover, the C(59)SiC(59) dimer, linked through the sharing of the Si atom between the two fullerenes, has been also considered. Upon heating, the dimers eventually fragment into their constituent fullerene units. The fragmentation temperature correlates with the strength of the interfullerene bonds. C(58)Si(2)-C(58)Si(2) exhibits a higher thermal stability (fragmentation temperature of approximately 500 K) than the pure carbon C(60)-C(60) dimer (with a fragmentation temperature of approximately 325 K). Given the higher structural and thermal stabilities of the Si-doped fullerene dimers, the authors propose the use of substitutionally Si-doped fullerenes as the basic units for constructing new fullerene-based polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Marcos
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
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Shvartsburg AA, Bryskiewicz T, Purves RW, Tang K, Guevremont R, Smith RD. Field Asymmetric Waveform Ion Mobility Spectrometry Studies of Proteins: Dipole Alignment in Ion Mobility Spectrometry? J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:21966-80. [PMID: 17064166 DOI: 10.1021/jp062573p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Approaches to separation and characterization of ions based on their mobilities in gases date back to the 1960s. Conventional ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) measures the absolute mobility, and field asymmetric waveform IMS (FAIMS) exploits the difference between mobilities at high and low electric fields. However, in all previous IMS and FAIMS experiments ions experienced an essentially free rotation; thus the separation was based on the orientationally averaged cross-sections Omega(avg) between ions and buffer gas molecules. Virtually all large ions are permanent electric dipoles that will be oriented by a sufficiently strong electric field. Under typical FAIMS conditions this will occur for dipole moments >400 D, found for many macroions including most proteins above approximately 30 kDa. Mobilities of aligned dipoles depend on directional cross-sections Omega(dir) (rather than Omega(avg)), which should have a major effect on FAIMS separation parameters. Here we report the FAIMS behavior of electrospray-ionization-generated ions for 10 proteins up to approximately 70 kDa. Those above 29 kDa exhibit a strong increase of mobility at high field, which is consistent with predicted ion dipole alignment. This effect expands the useful FAIMS separation power by an order of magnitude, allowing separation of up to approximately 10(2) distinct protein conformers and potentially revealing information about Omega(dir) and ion dipole moment that is of utility for structural characterization. Possible approaches to extending dipole alignment to smaller ions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A Shvartsburg
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
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Zheng Y, Zhang J, Gahungu G. Theoretical Study of Unsymmetrical Bisfullerene and Its Derivatives: C131, C129BN, and C130Si. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:9921-6. [PMID: 16898695 DOI: 10.1021/jp0570519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical bisfullerene C(131) and its derivatives such as C(129)BN and C(130)Si are systematically investigated by semiempirical and density functional theory approaches. In comparison with the experimental data, calculated IR and NMR results reveal that both C(131)(H) and C(131)(P) isomers are possible compounds to coexist in the synthesized product. The C/Si and CC/BN substitution can change the electronic properties and reactivities compared with the pristine C(131)(H) and C(131)(P), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Zheng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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Tang K, Shvartsburg AA, Lee HN, Prior DC, Buschbach MA, Li F, Tolmachev AV, Anderson GA, Smith RD. High-sensitivity ion mobility spectrometry/mass spectrometry using electrodynamic ion funnel interfaces. Anal Chem 2005; 77:3330-9. [PMID: 15889926 PMCID: PMC1829302 DOI: 10.1021/ac048315a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The utility of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) for separation of mixtures and structural characterization of ions has been demonstrated extensively, including in biological and nanoscience contexts. A major attraction of IMS is its speed, several orders of magnitude greater than that of condensed-phase separations. Nonetheless, IMS combined with mass spectrometry (MS) has remained a niche technique, substantially because of limited sensitivity resulting from ion losses at the IMS-MS junction. We have developed a new electrospray ionization (ESI)-IMS-QTOF MS instrument that incorporates electrodynamic ion funnels at both front ESI-IMS and rear IMS-QTOF interfaces. The front funnel is of the novel "hourglass" design that efficiently accumulates ions and pulses them into the IMS drift tube. Even for drift tubes of 2-m length, ion transmission through IMS and on to QTOF is essentially lossless across the range of ion masses relevant to most applications. The rf ion focusing at the IMS terminus does not degrade IMS resolving power, which exceeds 100 (for singly charged ions) and is close to the theoretical limit. The overall sensitivity of the present ESI-IMS-MS system is comparable to that of commercial ESI-MS, which should make IMS-MS suitable for analyses of complex mixtures with ultrahigh sensitivity and exceptional throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqi Tang
- Biological Sciences Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
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Pellarin M, Cottancin E, Lermé J, Vialle JL, Broyer M, Tournus F, Masenelli B, Mélinon P. Coating and polymerization of C60 with carbon: A gas phase photodissociation study. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1494780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Budyka M, Zyubina T, Ryabenko A, Muradyan V, Esipov S, Cherepanova N. Is C2 cluster ingested by fullerene C60? Chem Phys Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(02)00113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sugai T, Inakuma M, Hudgins R, Dugourd P, Fye JL, Jarrold MF, Shinohara H. Structural studies of Sc metallofullerenes by high-resolution ion mobility measurements. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:6427-8. [PMID: 11427074 DOI: 10.1021/ja0039031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dragoe N, Shimotani H, Wang J, Iwaya M, de Bettencourt-Dias A, Balch AL, Kitazawa K. First Unsymmetrical Bisfullerene, C121: Evidence for the Presence of Both Homofullerene and Methanofullerene Cages in One Molecule. J Am Chem Soc 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ja003350u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nita Dragoe
- Contribution from the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Tokyo and Japan Science and Technology Corporation, JST−CREST, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Shimotani
- Contribution from the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Tokyo and Japan Science and Technology Corporation, JST−CREST, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Jian Wang
- Contribution from the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Tokyo and Japan Science and Technology Corporation, JST−CREST, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Iwaya
- Contribution from the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Tokyo and Japan Science and Technology Corporation, JST−CREST, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ana de Bettencourt-Dias
- Contribution from the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Tokyo and Japan Science and Technology Corporation, JST−CREST, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Alan L. Balch
- Contribution from the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Tokyo and Japan Science and Technology Corporation, JST−CREST, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Koichi Kitazawa
- Contribution from the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Tokyo and Japan Science and Technology Corporation, JST−CREST, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Shvartsburg AA, Mashkevich SV, Siu KWM. Incorporation of Thermal Rotation of Drifting Ions into Mobility Calculations: Drastic Effect for Heavier Buffer Gases. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp001753a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A. Shvartsburg
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3, and Merrill Lynch Global Headquarters, World Financial Center, North Tower, 250 Vesey Street, New York, New York 10281
| | - Stefan V. Mashkevich
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3, and Merrill Lynch Global Headquarters, World Financial Center, North Tower, 250 Vesey Street, New York, New York 10281
| | - K. W. Michael Siu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3, and Merrill Lynch Global Headquarters, World Financial Center, North Tower, 250 Vesey Street, New York, New York 10281
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Shvartsburg AA, Liu B, Siu KWM, Ho KM. Evaluation of Ionic Mobilities by Coupling the Scattering on Atoms and on Electron Density. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0004765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A. Shvartsburg
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3, and Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3, and Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - K. W. Michael Siu
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3, and Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Kai-Ming Ho
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3, and Ames Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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Electronic interactions in a new fullerene dimer: C(122)H(4), with two methylene bridges. J Org Chem 2000; 65:3269-73. [PMID: 10843605 DOI: 10.1021/jo991676j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of a new fullerene dimer, C(122)H(4), and its structural characterization by (13)C NMR and (1)H NMR spectroscopy and by UV/vis and IR spectroscopy are reported. The structure of this dimer consists of two fullerene cages, which are directly connected through two C-C bonds and two methylene bridges. Consequently, adjacent hexagonal faces of the two fullerene cages are arranged in a face to face manner. Molecular orbital calculations indicate that the proximity of the fullerene cages results in significant through space overlap in both the HOMO and LUMO. As a consequence of this overlap, the electrochemistry of the dimer shows electronic communication with stepwise reduction of each cage.
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Shvartsburg AA, Hudgins RR, Dugourd P, Gutierrez R, Frauenheim T, Jarrold MF. Observation of "Stick" and "Handle" intermediates along the fullerene road. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 84:2421-2424. [PMID: 11018900 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.2421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/1999] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that fullerenes grow in a carbon plasma by the addition of C2 units (the "fullerene road") has been widely acclaimed as the most plausible mechanism for formation of larger fullerenes including C60 and C70. Calculations suggest that the association of C2 with fullerenes proceeds through two classes of intermediates, "sticks" and "handles." Here we report the observation of these species using high-resolution ion-mobility measurements for C(n) cations generated by laser vaporization of graphite and laser desorption of C60. Sticks with up to eight-atom chains have also been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- AA Shvartsburg
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Shvartsburg AA, Liu B, Jarrold MF, Ho KM. Modeling ionic mobilities by scattering on electronic density isosurfaces: Application to silicon cluster anions. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.481042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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