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Batabyal M, Jaiswal S, Jha RK, Kumar S. Directing Group Strategy for the Isolation of Organoselenium(VI) Benzoselenonates: Metal-Free Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:57-61. [PMID: 38109785 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of fourth-period organoelements, particularly organoseleniums in their highest VI oxidation state, is limited owing to their stability and synthesis. Herein, the isolation of a new class of quinolinyl-embedded, hexavalent selenium(VI) benzoselenonates has been discussed and further evaluated for a metal-free electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The Se(VI) benzoselenonates exhibited high Faradaic efficiency (F.E.) of metal-free H2 gas production up to 86% with a very good turnover number (TON) up to 43 and moderate overpotential (η) of 500 mV; in the presence of mild acetic acid source in a less deprotonating DMF solvent. Taken together with various (NMR, UV-vis, and EPR) spectroscopic and DFT computation studies, a plausible HER pathway is proposed, which suggests that the electrochemical reduction of quinolinyl ring is the initiation step and Se(VI) acts as the reaction site by involving a hydridic type of intermediate for the electrochemical H2 gas generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monojit Batabyal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Svastik Jaiswal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Raushan Kumar Jha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sangit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Wilken M, Ortgies S, Breder A, Siewert I. Mechanistic Studies on the Anodic Functionalization of Alkenes Catalyzed by Diselenides. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Wilken
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Ortgies
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Breder
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inke Siewert
- Universität Göttingen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Danovich D, Foroutan-Nejad C, Hiberty PC, Shaik S. Nature of the Three-Electron Bond. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:1873-1885. [PMID: 29338261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We analyze the properties of 15 3-electron bonds, which include σ-3-electron-bonds, such as dihalide radical anions and di-noble gas radical cations, π-3-electron-bonds as in hydrazine radical cations, and doubly-π-(3e)-bonded species such as O2, FeO+, S2, etc. The primary analytical tool is the breathing-orbital valence-bond (BOVB) method, which enables us to quantify the charge shift resonance energy (RECS) of the three electrons, and the bond dissociation energies (De). BOVB is tested reliable against MRCI calculations. Our findings show that in all 3-electron bonds, none of the VB structures have by themselves any bonding. In fact, in each VB structure, the three electrons maintain Pauli repulsion, while the entire bonding energy arises from resonance due to the charge shift between the two or more constituent VB structures. Hence, 3e-bonds are charge shift bonds (CSBs). The CSB character is probed by calculating the Laplacian (L) of the 3e-bond. Thus, much like the CSBs in electron-pair bonds, such as F2 or the central bond in [1.1.1]propellane, here too L is positive, thus showing the excess kinetic energy of the shared density due to the Pauli repulsion in the 3-electron VB structures. The RECS values for 3-electron bonds are invariably larger than the corresponding bond energies. For the doubly-π-(3e)-bonded species, RECS is very large, exceeding 100 kcal mol-1. As such, it is fitting to conclude that σ- and π-3-electron-bonds find their natural place in the CSB family along with two-electron CSBs, with which they share identical energetic and topological characteristics. Experimental manifestations/tests of 3e-CSBs are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem , 9190401 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Cina Foroutan-Nejad
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5/A4, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Philippe C Hiberty
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, UMR CNRS 8000, Groupe Théosim, Université de Paris-Sud , 91405 Orsay Cédex, France
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem , 9190401 Jerusalem, Israel
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Codorniu-Hernández E, Hall KW, Boese AD, Ziemianowicz D, Carpendale S, Kusalik PG. Mechanism of O(3P) Formation from a Hydroxyl Radical Pair in Aqueous Solution. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:4740-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. Daniel Boese
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstraße 28/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Mallow O, Khanfar MA, Malischewski M, Finke P, Hesse M, Lork E, Augenstein T, Breher F, Harmer JR, Vasilieva NV, Zibarev A, Bogomyakov AS, Seppelt K, Beckmann J. Diaryldichalcogenide radical cations. Chem Sci 2015; 6:497-504. [PMID: 28936305 PMCID: PMC5588450 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02964j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
One-electron oxidation of two series of diaryldichalcogenides (C6F5E)2 (13a-c) and (2,6-Mes2C6H3E)2 (16a-c) was studied (E = S, Se, Te). The reaction of 13a and 13b with AsF5 and SbF5 gave rise to the formation of thermally unstable radical cations [(C6F5S)2]˙+ (14a) and [(C6F5Se)2]˙+ (14b) that were isolated as [Sb2F11]- and [As2F11]- salts, respectively. The reaction of 13c with AsF5 afforded only the product of a Te-C bond cleavage, namely the previously known dication [Te4]2+ that was isolated as [AsF6]- salt. The reaction of (2,6-Mes2C6H3E)2 (16a-c) with [NO][SbF6] provided the corresponding radical cations [(2,6-Mes2C6H3E)2]˙+ (17a-c; E = S, Se, Te) in the form of thermally stable [SbF6]- salts in nearly quantitative yields. The electronic and structural properties of these radical cations were probed by X-ray diffraction analysis, EPR spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations and other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Mallow
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
| | - Monther A Khanfar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Fabeckstraße 34/36 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Jordan , Amman 11942 , Jordan
| | - Moritz Malischewski
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Fabeckstraße 34/36 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Pamela Finke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
| | - Malte Hesse
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
| | - Enno Lork
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
| | - Timo Augenstein
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstr. 15 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstr. 15 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Jeffrey R Harmer
- Centre for Advanced Imaging , University of Queensland , St Lucia , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Nadezhda V Vasilieva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Andrey Zibarev
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Russian Academy of Sciences , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
- Department of Physics , National Research University - Novosibirsk State University , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Artem S Bogomyakov
- International Tomography Centre , Russian Academy of Sciences , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Konrad Seppelt
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Fabeckstraße 34/36 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jens Beckmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Bremen , Leobener Straße , 28359 Bremen , Germany .
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Isolation and reversible dimerization of a selenium-selenium three-electron σ-bond. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4127. [PMID: 24916712 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-electron σ-bonding that was proposed by Linus Pauling in 1931 has been recognized as important in intermediates encountered in many areas. A number of three-electron bonding systems have been spectroscopically investigated in the gas phase, solution and solid matrix. However, X-ray diffraction studies have only been possible on simple noble gas dimer Xe∴Xe and cyclic framework-constrained N∴N radical cations. Here, we show that a diselena species modified with a naphthalene scaffold can undergo one-electron oxidation using a large and weakly coordinating anion, to afford a room-temperature-stable radical cation containing a Se∴Se three-electron σ-bond. When a small anion is used, a reversible dimerization with phase and marked colour changes is observed: radical cation in solution (blue) but diamagnetic dimer in the solid state (brown). These findings suggest that more examples of three-electron σ-bonds may be stabilized and isolated by using naphthalene scaffolds together with large and weakly coordinating anions.
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Fourré I, Silvi B. What can we learn from two-center three-electron bonding with the topological analysis of ELF? HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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García H, Roth HD. Generation and reactions of organic radical cations in zeolites. Chem Rev 2002; 102:3947-4007. [PMID: 12428983 DOI: 10.1021/cr980026x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hermenegildo García
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, Apartado 22012, E-46071-Valencia, Spain
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Braïda B, Thogersen L, Wu W, Hiberty PC. Stability, Metastability, and Unstability of Three-Electron-Bonded Radical Anions. A Model ab Initio Theoretical Study. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:11781-90. [PMID: 12296746 DOI: 10.1021/ja026707y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The stability of O therefore O, N therefore N, S therefore S, P therefore P, and Si therefore Si three-electron bonds in anionic radicals isoelectronic to dihalogen radical anions is studied by means of ab initio calculations on model systems. The difficulty of generating the dissociation energy profiles of such anions and their rearrangement to neutral species is solved by a practical method which consists of calculating the neutral and anionic energy profiles separately and shifting the curves with respect to each other to match the experimental energy gap between the asymptotes. Here the neutral and anionic reaction profiles are calculated at the CASPT2 and MP2 levels, respectively. The calculations predict that the O therefore O bond is likely to be observed in anions of the type [RO therefore OR](*-), where R is any alkyl substituent or carbon chain. The anion Si(2)H(6)(*-) is found to be a metastable species, with a fair barrier to electron detachment. The barrier is much smaller for N(2)H(4)(*-) and P(2)H(4)(*-), thus precluding experimental observation. However, these species can be stabilized by electron-attractor substituents, the effect of which can be quantitatively estimated by means of the parent anion's diagrams and some fast complementary calculations. An example is given with the [CF(3)HN therefore NHCF(3)](*-) anionic complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Braïda
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Groupe de Chimie Théorique, Bat 490, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 ORSAY Cédex, France
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Braïda B, Hazebroucq S, Hiberty PC. Methyl substituent effects in [H(n)X...XH(n)](+) three-electron-bonded radical cations (X = F, O, N, Cl, S, P; n = 1 - 3). An ab initio theoretical study. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:2371-8. [PMID: 11878994 DOI: 10.1021/ja0165887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of methyl substitution on the geometries and bonding energies of a systematic series of three-electron-bonded radical cations of the type [H(n)X...XH(n)](+), covering all possible symmetrical three-electron bonds that may take place between atoms of the second and third rows of the periodic table, have been investigated at the level of Møller-Plesset perturbation theory. Methyl substitution leads to significant weakening and lengthening of the X...X bond when X is a second-row atom. The effects increase with the number of substitutions and are more and more important in the series X = N, O, F. By contrast, methyl substitution leaves the bonding energies between third-row atoms practically unchanged but leads to a surprising bond shortening in the S...S and P...P cases. These seemingly contradictory effects are rationalized through a qualitative analysis based on an elementary molecular orbital description of three-electron bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Braïda
- Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique, Groupe de Chimie Théorique, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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