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Lindinger B, Söhnholz H, Mettin R. Multibubble sonoluminescence in supercooled water. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:204504. [PMID: 38808745 DOI: 10.1063/5.0205894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Cavitation in supercooled water has been induced by the short ultrasound pulses of an ultrasonic horn driven at 20 kHz. The cavitation during the ultrasonic pulses and occasionally the crystallization events thereafter have been imaged by a high-speed camera. The probability of ice crystallization in dependence on the pulse duration and temperature showed a high chance for the water to remain liquid if sufficiently short bursts of moderate acoustic power were applied. This regime has been used for the assessment of sonoluminescence (SL) from the generated cavitation bubbles in the supercooled liquid state. To this end, light emitting events were summed up over a number of ultrasonic pulses by an image intensifier. SL appeared mostly directly under the tip of the ultrasonic horn and sometimes also a few millimeters below the tip. The intensity of SL events showed a slight rise for a decrease in temperature, i.e., for an increase in supercooling. This behavior is in accord with the SL dependence on temperature above the freezing point and might be attributed to a further lowering of vapor pressure. An increase in the bubble collapse peak temperature for increased supercooling is calculated on the basis of spherical bubble model calculations, which supports the findings. The simulations predict further that the peak temperature will fall off again beyond a certain supercooling level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Lindinger
- Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Söhnholz
- Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Mettin
- Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Pahk KJ, Gélat P, Kim H, Saffari N. Bubble dynamics in boiling histotripsy. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2018; 44:2673-2696. [PMID: 30228043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Boiling histotripsy is a non-invasive, cavitation-based ultrasonic technique which uses a number of millisecond pulses to mechanically fractionate tissue. Though a number of studies have demonstrated the efficacy of boiling histotripsy for fractionation of solid tumours, treatment monitoring by cavitation measurement is not well studied because of the limited understanding of the dynamics of bubbles induced by boiling histotripsy. The main objectives of this work are to (a) extract qualitative and quantitative features of bubbles excited by shockwaves and (b) distinguish between the different types of cavitation activity for either a thermally or a mechanically induced lesion in the liver. A numerical bubble model based on the Gilmore equation accounting for heat and mass transfer (gas and water vapour) was developed to investigate the dynamics of a single bubble in tissue exposed to different High Intensity Focused Ultrasound fields as a function of temperature variation in the fluid. Furthermore, ex vivo liver experiments were performed with a passive cavitation detection system to obtain acoustic emissions. The numerical simulations showed that the asymmetry in a shockwave and water vapour transport are the key parameters which lead the bubble to undergo rectified growth at a boiling temperature of 100°C. The onset of rectified radial bubble motion manifested itself as (a) an increase in the radiated pressure and (b) the sudden appearance of higher order multiple harmonics in the corresponding spectrogram. Examining the frequency spectra produced by the thermal ablation and the boiling histotripsy exposures, it was observed that higher order multiple harmonics as well as higher levels of broadband emissions occurred during the boiling histotripsy insonation. These unique features in the emitted acoustic signals were consistent with the experimental measurements. These features can, therefore, be used to monitor (a) the different types of acoustic cavitation activity for either a thermal ablation or a mechanical fractionation process and (b) the onset of the formation of a boiling bubble at the focus in the course of HIFU exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Joo Pahk
- Center for Bionics, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Pierre Gélat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Hyungmin Kim
- Center for Bionics, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Nader Saffari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
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Campbell T, Hoffmann MR. Sonochemical degradation of perfluorinated surfactants: Power and multiple frequency effects. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Godínez FA, Navarrete M, Sánchez-Ake C, Mejía-Uriarte EV, Villagrán-Muniz M. Spectroscopic and thermodynamic features of conical bubble luminescence. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2012; 19:668-681. [PMID: 21963140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The influence on luminescence from conical bubble collapse (CBL) with varying Ar gas content while perturbing the liquid 1,2-Propanediol (PD) has been investigated. The temporal, spatial, and spectral features were analysed with regards to the dynamics of collapse and liquid degradation. Sulphuric acid and sodium chloride were added to disturb the liquid. The following three cases were studied: PD/Ar, (I), (PD + H(2)SO(4))/Ar, (II), and (PD + H(2)SO(4) + NaCl)/Ar, (III). The intensities of those cases decrease as III > II > I. Temporally, single and multiple light emissions were found to occur. The pulse shape exhibited a large variety of profiles with a main maximum and up to two local maxima around the main maximum. These local maxima resembled those generated by laser cavitation. Spatially, no radial symmetry was detected in the light emissions. Spectrally, the Swan, CH and CN lines were observed at low volumes of gas and driving pressure. The ·OH radical and OH-Ar bands, as well as the Na and K lines, consistently appeared superimposed on an underlying continuum that almost disappeared in (III). The Na line was observed with two satellite diffuse bands representing Na-Ar complexes in (I) and (II), whereas in (III), only the line of sodium could be seen. Weak and diffuse emission lines from the Ar atom in the near-IR region were observed in (I) and (II). The proposed mechanism of bright CBL was based on the energy transfer from electron-excited homolytic cleavage products to the chromophore molecules generated during the collapse-rebound time line (~8200 K and ~1 ms of collapse time from model), which had accumulated inside the liquid and remained on the walls of cavity during the repetition of the collapse. A general mechanism for the bright CBL is broached.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Godínez
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av Universidad 3000, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CU Distrito Federal, 04510 México, Mexico
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Patidar R, Khanna S, Moholkar VS. Physical features of ultrasound assisted enzymatic degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2012; 19:104-118. [PMID: 21742538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This work has attempted to provide answer to the interaction of sonolysis and enzymatic treatment on degradation of recalcitrant dyes in a combined treatment. The model system comprises of two dyes, acid red and malachite green as model pollutants, along with horseradish peroxidase as a model enzyme and ultrasound of 20 kHz frequency. A dual approach of coupling experimental results with simulations of cavitation bubble dynamics has been adopted. Utilization of oxidation potential of horseradish peroxidase has been found to be a function of convection level in the medium. Cavitation phenomenon is found to have an adverse effect on enzyme action due to generation of high amplitude shock waves, which denature the enzyme. Degradation of dye at high static pressure increases due to absence of cavitation and high energy interaction (or collisions) between enzyme and dye molecules, which are beneficial towards enzymatic oxidation of the latter. High intensity convection generated by ultrasound also obviates need for an external shielding agent such as PEG that prevents attachment of the phenoxy radicals to enzyme that blocks the active sites of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Patidar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India.
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Fuster D, Hauke G, Dopazo C. Influence of the accommodation coefficient on nonlinear bubble oscillations. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2010; 128:5-10. [PMID: 20649195 DOI: 10.1121/1.3436520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper numerically investigates the effect of mass transfer processes on spherical single bubble dynamics using the Hertz-Langmuir-Knudsen approximation for the mass flux across the interface. Bubble behavior, with and without mass transfer, is studied for different values of pressure wave amplitude and frequency, as well as initial bubble radius. Whereas mass transfer processes do not seem to play a significant role on the bubble response for pressure amplitudes smaller than 0.9 atm, they appear to have an important effect when the amplitude is greater than or equal to 1 atm. For the later case, where the minimum liquid pressure reaches values around its vapor pressure, the importance of mass transfer depends on frequency. For frequencies in the 10(3)-10(5) Hz range and initial bubble radii of the order of tens of microns, bubble implosions with and with no mass transfer are significantly different; smaller radii display a lower sensitivity. In this regime, accurate model predictions must, therefore, carefully select the correct value of the accommodation coefficient. For frequencies greater than 10(5) Hz, as a first approximation mass transfer can be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fuster
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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Kanmuri S, Moholkar VS. Mechanistic aspects of sonochemical copolymerization of butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kuppa R, Moholkar VS. Physical features of ultrasound-enhanced heterogeneous permanganate oxidation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2010; 17:123-131. [PMID: 19502092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper addresses the matter of mechanistic features of ultrasound-assisted permanganate oxidation of organic compounds in aqueous phase. This reaction system is essentially a liquid-liquid heterogeneous one, which is limited by the mass transfer characteristics. Previous research has established that ultrasound irradiation of reaction mixture enhances the kinetics and yield of permanganate oxidation. The principal physical effect of ultrasonic cavitation is formation of fine emulsion between immiscible phases that eliminates the mass transfer resistance, while principal chemical effect is production of radicals through transient collapse of cavitation bubbles, which accelerate the reaction. In this paper, we have tried to discriminate between these physical and chemical effects by coupling experiments with different conditions (which alter the nature of cavitation phenomena in the medium) to simulations of cavitation bubble dynamics. It is revealed that in absence of radical conserving agent, the enhancement effect is merely physical. Diffusion of radicals towards interface between phases, where the oxidation reaction occurs is the limiting factor in contribution of chemical effect of ultrasonic cavitation towards enhancement of oxidation. Enhancement of total radical production in the aqueous phase (by degassing of the medium) increases the overall oxidation yield, but only marginally. On the other hand, addition of a radical conserver such as FeSO(4).7H(2)O results in marked enhancement in oxidation yield, as the conserver assists deeper penetration of radicals in the aqueous medium and diffusion towards interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kuppa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati - 781 039, Assam, India
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Sivasankar T, Moholkar VS. Physical insights into the sonochemical degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants with cavitation bubble dynamics. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2009; 16:769-81. [PMID: 19321374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper tries to discern the mechanistic features of sonochemical degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants using five model compounds, viz. phenol (Ph), chlorobenzene (CB), nitrobenzene (NB), p-nitrophenol (PNP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP). The sonochemical degradation of the pollutant can occur in three distinct pathways: hydroxylation by ()OH radicals produced from cavitation bubbles (either in the bubble-bulk interfacial region or in the bulk liquid medium), thermal decomposition in cavitation bubble and thermal decomposition at the bubble-liquid interfacial region. With the methodology of coupling experiments under different conditions (which alter the nature of the cavitation phenomena in the bulk liquid medium) with the simulations of radial motion of cavitation bubbles, we have tried to discern the relative contribution of each of the above pathway to overall degradation of the pollutant. Moreover, we have also tried to correlate the predominant degradation mechanism to the physico-chemical properties of the pollutant. The contribution of secondary factors such as probability of radical-pollutant interaction and extent of radical scavenging (or conservation) in the medium has also been identified. Simultaneous analysis of the trends in degradation with different experimental techniques and simulation results reveals interesting mechanistic features of sonochemical degradation of the model pollutants. The physical properties that determine the predominant degradation pathway are vapor pressure, solubility and hydrophobicity. Degradation of Ph occurs mainly by hydroxylation in bulk medium; degradation of CB occurs via thermal decomposition inside the bubble, degradation of PNP occurs via pyrolytic decomposition at bubble interface, while hydroxylation at bubble interface contributes to degradation of NB and 2,4-DCP.
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Xu H, Eddingsaas NC, Suslick KS. Spatial separation of cavitating bubble populations: the nanodroplet injection model. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:6060-1. [PMID: 19400590 DOI: 10.1021/ja900457v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intense Na* emission was observed from 0.1 M Na(2)SO(4) in 95% sulfuric acid during multibubble sonoluminescence (MBSL). As a function of acoustic intensity, three different morphologies are observed for the cloud of light emitting bubbles. Even more strikingly, there is a spatial separation between blue-white emitting bubbles and orange emitting bubbles, easily observed by the naked eye. Surprisingly, no Na* emission was observed on the top of a bubble cloud (blue-white emission) while strong Na* emission predominates at the bottom. This observation provides the first experimental evidence to distinguish between the two types of two-site models of acoustic cavitation and MBSL: spatial separation of emission from nonvolatiles (e.g., Na*) ought not to be observed for the heated-shell model but is predicted from the injected droplet model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangxun Xu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Kalva A, Sivasankar T, Moholkar VS. Physical Mechanism of Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Biodiesel. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ie800269g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kalva
- Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
| | | | - Vijayanand S. Moholkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati 781 039, Assam, India
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Sivasankar T, Moholkar VS. Mechanistic features of the sonochemical degradation of organic pollutants. AIChE J 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.11550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hauke G, Fuster D, Dopazo C. Dynamics of a single cavitating and reacting bubble. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2007; 75:066310. [PMID: 17677360 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.75.066310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Some of the studies on the dynamics of cavitating bubbles often consider simplified submodels assuming uniform fluid properties within the gas bubbles, ignoring chemical reactions, or suppressing fluid transport phenomena across the bubble interface. Another group of works, to which the present contribution belongs, includes the radial dependence of the fluid variables. Important fluid processes that occur inside the gas bubble, such as chemical reactions, and across the bubble interface, such as heat and mass transfer phenomena, are here considered also. As a consequence, this model should yield more realistic results. In particular, it is found that water evaporation and condensation are fundamental transport phenomena in estimating the dissociation reactions of water into OH. The thermal and mass boundary layers and the radial variation of the chemical concentrations also seem essential for accurate predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Hauke
- Departmento de Mecanica de Fluidos, Centro Politecnico Superior, C/Maria de Luna 3, 50.018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Sivasankar T, Paunikar AW, Moholkar VS. Mechanistic approach to enhancement of the yield of a sonochemical reaction. AIChE J 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.11170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Flannigan DJ, Suslick KS. Plasma Quenching by Air during Single-Bubble Sonoluminescence. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:9315-8. [PMID: 16869678 DOI: 10.1021/jp063023u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the observation of sudden and dramatic changes in single-bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) intensity (i.e., radiant power, phi(SL)) and spectral profiles at a critical acoustic pressure (P(c)) for solutions of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) containing mixtures of air and noble gas. Nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen (N2), and atomic oxygen emission lines are visible just below P(c). At P(c), very bright (factor of 7000 increase in phi(SL)) and featureless SBSL is observed when Ar is present. In addition, Ar lines are observed from a dimmed bubble that has been driven above P(c). These observations suggest that bright SBSL from H2SO4 is due to a plasma, and that molecular components of air suppress the onset of bright light emission through quenching mechanisms and endothermic processes. Determination of temperatures from simulations of the emission lines shows that air limits the heating during single-bubble cavitation. When He is present, phi(SL) increases by only a factor of 4 at P(c), and the SBSL spectrum is not featureless as for Ar, but instead arises from sulfur oxide (SO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) bands. These differences are attributed to the high thermal conductivity and ionization potential of He compared to Ar.
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Krishnan JS, Dwivedi P, Moholkar VS. Numerical Investigation into the Chemistry Induced by Hydrodynamic Cavitation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ie050839t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Sangeeth Krishnan
- Chemical Engineering Group, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Pilani−333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prashant Dwivedi
- Chemical Engineering Group, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Pilani−333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijayanand S. Moholkar
- Chemical Engineering Group, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Pilani−333 031, Rajasthan, India
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Storey BD, Szeri AJ. A reduced model of cavitation physics for use in sonochemistry. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2001.0784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Storey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1740, USA
| | - Andrew J. Szeri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1740, USA
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