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Alabugin IV, Kuhn L, Krivoshchapov NV, Mehaffy P, Medvedev MG. Anomeric effect, hyperconjugation and electrostatics: lessons from complexity in a classic stereoelectronic phenomenon. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10212-10252. [PMID: 34542133 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00564b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the interplay of multiple components (steric, electrostatic, stereoelectronic, dispersive, etc.) that define the overall energy, structure, and reactivity of organic molecules can be a daunting task. The task becomes even more difficult when multiple approaches based on different physical premises disagree in their analysis of a multicomponent molecular system. Herein, we will use a classic conformational "oddity", the anomeric effect, to discuss the value of identifying the key contributors to reactivity that can guide chemical predictions. After providing the background related to the relevant types of hyperconjugation and a brief historic outline of the origins of the anomeric effect, we outline variations of its patterns and provide illustrative examples for the role of the anomeric effect in structure, stability, and spectroscopic properties. We show that the complete hyperconjugative model remains superior in explaining the interplay between structure and reactivity. We will use recent controversies regarding the origin of the anomeric effect to start a deeper discussion relevant to any electronic effect. Why are such questions inherently controversial? How to describe a complex quantum system using a model that is "as simple as possible, but no simpler"? What is a fair test for such a model? Perhaps, instead of asking "who is right and who is wrong?" one should ask "why do we disagree?". Stereoelectronic thinking can reconcile quantum complexity with chemical intuition and build the conceptual bridge between structure and reactivity. Even when many factors contribute to the observed structural and conformational trends, electron delocalization is a dominating force when the electronic demand is high (i.e., bonds are breaking as molecules distort from their equilibrium geometries). In these situations, the role of orbital interactions increases to the extent where they can define reactivity. For example, negative hyperconjugation can unleash the "underutilized" stereoelectronic power of unshared electrons (i.e., the lone pairs) to stabilize a developing positive charge at an anomeric carbon. This analysis paves the way for the broader discussion of the omnipresent importance of negative hyperconjugation in oxygen-containing functional groups. From that point of view, the stereoelectronic component of the anomeric effect plays a unique role in guiding reaction design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, USA.
| | - Leah Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, USA.
| | - Nikolai V Krivoshchapov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1 (3), Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Patricia Mehaffy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, USA.
| | - Michael G Medvedev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation. .,A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova St., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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Datta S, Limpanuparb T. Steric effects vs. electron delocalization: a new look into the stability of diastereomers, conformers and constitutional isomers. RSC Adv 2021; 11:20691-20700. [PMID: 35479364 PMCID: PMC9033979 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02877d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A quantum chemical investigation of the stability of compounds with identical formulas was carried out on 23 classes of compounds made of C, N, P, O and S atoms as core structures and halogens H, F, Cl, Br and I as substituents. All possible structures were generated and investigated by quantum mechanical methods. The prevalence of a formula in which its Z configuration, gauche conformation or meta isomer is the most stable form is calculated and discussed. Quantitative and qualitative models to explain the stability of the 23 classes of halogenated compounds were also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sopanant Datta
- Science Division, Mahidol University International College, Mahidol University Salaya Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Taweetham Limpanuparb
- Science Division, Mahidol University International College, Mahidol University Salaya Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
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Najjari Milani N, Ghiasi R, Forghaniha A. Theoretical investigation of vinylogous anomeric effect on 4-halo-4-H-pyran and 4-halo-4-H-thiopyran molecules. J Sulphur Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2018.1513523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Najjari Milani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Reza Ghiasi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Forghaniha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
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Kroeger AA, Karton A. A Computational Investigation of the Uncatalysed and Water-Catalysed Acyl Rearrangements in Ingenol Esters. Aust J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ingenol esters have been identified as potent anticancer and HIV latency reversing agents. Ingenol-3-angelate was recently approved as a topical treatment for precancerous actinic keratosis skin lesions. It was found, however, that ingenol esters can undergo a series of acyl rearrangements, which may affect their biological potency and the shelf-life of drug formulations. We use double-hybrid density functional theory to explore the mechanisms for the uncatalysed and water-catalysed acyl migrations in a model ingenol ester. The uncatalysed reaction may proceed either via a concerted mechanism or via a stepwise mechanism that involves a chiral orthoester intermediate. We find that the stepwise pathway is kinetically preferred by a significant amount of ΔΔH‡298 = 44.5 kJ mol−1. The uncatalysed 3-O-acyl to 5-O-acyl and 5-O-acyl to 20-O-acyl stepwise rearrangements involve cyclisation and ring-opening steps, both concomitant with a proton transfer. We find that the ring-opening step is the rate-determining step for both rearrangements, with reaction barrier heights of ΔH‡298 = 251.6 and 177.1 kJ mol−1 respectively. The proton transfers in the cyclisation and ring-opening steps may be catalysed by a water molecule. The water catalyst reduces the reaction barrier heights of these steps by over 90 kJ mol−1.
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Nekoei AR, Vatanparast M. Generalized anomeric effect of α-chloro-O-oxime ethers; influence of various substitutions by DFT, NBO and AIM studies. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Wang C, Ying F, Wu W, Mo Y. How solvent influences the anomeric effect: roles of hyperconjugative versus steric interactions on the conformational preference. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1571-81. [PMID: 24456135 DOI: 10.1021/jo402306e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The block-localized wave function (BLW) method, which can derive optimal electron-localized state with intramolecular electron delocalization completely deactivated, has been combined with the polarizable continuum model (PCM) to probe the variation of the anomeric effect in solution. Currently both the hyperconjugation and electrostatic models have been called to interpret the anomeric effect in carbohydrate molecules. Here we employed the BLW-PCM scheme to analyze the energy differences between α and β anomers of substituted tetrahydropyran C5OH9Y (Y = F, Cl, OH, NH2, and CH3) and tetrahydrothiopyran C5SH9Y (Y = F, Cl, OH, and CH3) in solvents including chloroform, acetone, and water. In accord with literature, our computations show that for anomeric systems the conformational preference is reduced in solution and the magnitude of reduction increases as the solvent polarity increases. Significantly, on one hand the solute-solvent interaction diminishes the intramolecular electron delocalization in β anomers more than in α anomers, thus destabilizing β anomers relatively. But on the other hand, it reduces the steric effect in β anomers much more than α anomers and thus stabilizes β anomers relatively more, leading to the overall reduction of the anomeric effect in anomeric systems in solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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Jiang L, Orimoto Y, Aoki Y. Stereoelectronic effects in Menshutkin-type S N
2 reactions: theoretical study based on through-space/bond orbital interaction analysis. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Material Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences; Kyushu University; Kasuga Fukuoka 816-8580 Japan
| | - Yuuichi Orimoto
- Department of Material Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Sciences; Kyushu University; Kasuga Fukuoka 816-8580 Japan
| | - Yuriko Aoki
- Department of Material Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Sciences; Kyushu University; Kasuga Fukuoka 816-8580 Japan
- CREST; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); Kawaguchi Center Building, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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Ferro-Costas D, Vila A, Mosquera RA. Anomeric Effect in Halogenated Methanols: A Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules Study. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:1641-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jp310534x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Ferro-Costas
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidade de Vigo, Facultade de Química,
Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Antonio Vila
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidade de Vigo, Facultade de Química,
Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Ricardo A. Mosquera
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidade de Vigo, Facultade de Química,
Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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Wang C, Chen Z, Wu W, Mo Y. How the Generalized Anomeric Effect Influences the Conformational Preference. Chemistry 2012; 19:1436-44. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Stevens ED, Dowd MK, Johnson GP, French AD. Experimental and theoretical electron density distribution of α,α-trehalose dihydrate. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1469-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Roohi H, Habibi SM. Generalized Anomeric Effect in CH4−nClnS. Energetic and NBO Analyses. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.80.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Werkema EL, Maron L, Eisenstein O, Andersen RA. Reactions of Monomeric [1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2CeH and CO with or without H2: An Experimental and Computational Study. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:2529-41. [PMID: 17286402 DOI: 10.1021/ja066482h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Addition of CO to [1,2,4-(Me3C)3C5H2]2CeH,Cp'2 CeH, in toluene yields the cis-(Cp'2Ce)2(mu-OCHCHO), in which the cis-enediolate group bridges the two metallocene fragments. The cis-enediolate quantitatively isomerizes intramolecularly to the trans-enediolate in C6D6 at 100 degrees C over 7 months. When the solvent is pentane, Cp'2Ce(OCH2)CeCp'2 forms, in which the oxomethylene group or the formaldehyde dianion bridges the two metallocene fragments. The cis-enediolate is suggested to form by insertion of CO into the Ce-C bond of Cp'2Ce(OCH2)CeCp'2, generating Cp'2CeOCH2COCeCp'2. The stereochemistry of the cis-enediolate is determined by a 1,2-hydrogen shift in the OCH2CO fragment that has the OC(H2) bond anti-periplanar relative to the carbene lone pair. The bridging oxomethylene complex reacts with H2, but not with CH4, to give Cp'2CeOMe, which is also the product of the reaction between Cp'2CeH and a mixture of CO and H2. The oxomethylene complex reacts with CO to give the cis-enediolate complex. DFT calculations on C5H5 model metallocenes show that the reaction of Cp2CeH with CO and H2 to give Cp2CeOMe is exoergic by 50 kcal mol-1. The net reaction proceeds by a series of elementary reactions that occur after the formyl complex, Cp2Ce(eta2-CHO), is formed by further reaction with H2. The key point that emerges from the calculated potential energy surface is the bifunctional nature of the metal formyl in which the carbon atom behaves as a donor and acceptor. Replacing H2 by CH4 increases the activation energy by 17 kcal mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan L Werkema
- Chemistry Department and Chemical Sciences Division of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Roohi H, Ebrahimi A, Habibi S, Jarahi E. NBO and AIM analyses of the anomeric effect in fluoromethanthiol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2006.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Density Functional Theory Demonstration of Anomeric Effect and Structure: Conformational and Configurational Analysis of N-2-(1,4-Dioxane)-N'-(4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)-O-(4-methylphenoxy) Isourea. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2005. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2005.26.8.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Takahashi K, Sugawara M, Yabushita S. Theoretical Analysis on the Fundamental and Overtone OH Stretching Spectra of Several Simple Acids and Alcohols. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0346965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522 Japan
| | - Michihiko Sugawara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522 Japan
| | - Satoshi Yabushita
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522 Japan
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Schnell M, Mühlhäuser M, Lesar A, Peyerimhoff SD. The Electronic Spectra of CH2XOH (X = F, Cl, Br): A Comparative Study. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp030466e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schnell
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie der Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany, Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie der Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 3-3a, 30167 Hannover, Germany, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie und Werkstoffkunde der Fachhochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, von-Liebig-Strasse 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany, and Department of Physical and Organic Chemistry, “Jozef Stefan” Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Max Mühlhäuser
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie der Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany, Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie der Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 3-3a, 30167 Hannover, Germany, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie und Werkstoffkunde der Fachhochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, von-Liebig-Strasse 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany, and Department of Physical and Organic Chemistry, “Jozef Stefan” Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Antonija Lesar
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie der Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany, Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie der Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 3-3a, 30167 Hannover, Germany, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie und Werkstoffkunde der Fachhochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, von-Liebig-Strasse 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany, and Department of Physical and Organic Chemistry, “Jozef Stefan” Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sigrid D. Peyerimhoff
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie der Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany, Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie der Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 3-3a, 30167 Hannover, Germany, Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie und Werkstoffkunde der Fachhochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, von-Liebig-Strasse 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany, and Department of Physical and Organic Chemistry, “Jozef Stefan” Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Experimental demonstration of anomeric effect and structure: X-ray conformational and configurational analysis of N-2-(1,4-dioxane)-N′-(p-methylbenzenesulfonyl)-O-(p-methylphenoxy) isourea. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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MÜHLHÄUSER MAX, SCHNELL MELANIE, PEYERIMHOFF SIGRIDD. The electronic spectrum of chloromethanol ClCH2OH in comparison with isomeric methylhypochlorite CH3OCl. Mol Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970110090539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Sun H, Bozzelli JW. Structures, Intramolecular Rotation Barriers, and Thermochemical Properties: Ethanol, α-Monoethanols, Dichloroethanols, and Corresponding Radicals Derived from H Atom Loss. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp011949q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Joseph W. Bozzelli
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
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22
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Ab initio MRD-CI study of excited states of chloromethanol ClCH2OH and photofragmentation along C–O and C–Cl cleavage. Chem Phys Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(01)00817-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sun H, Bozzelli JW. Structures, Intramolecular Rotation Barriers, and Thermochemical Properties of Radicals Derived from H Atom Loss in Mono-, Di-, and Trichloromethanol and Parent Chloromethanols. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp003877t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Joseph W. Bozzelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
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