A study of the relationship between the structure and physicochemical parameters of a homologous series of oxprenolol esters at various pH values and temperatures

Synthesis, hydrolysis, and intraocular pressure lowering effects of fadolmidine prodrugs

The objective of this study was to synthesize and evaluate various esters of fadolmidine, a novel alpha2-adrenergic agonist, as potential ophthalmic prodrugs. All studied prodrugs released the parent drug (i.e., fadolmidine) quantitatively via enzymatic hydrolysis in 80% human serum. The pivalyl ester was considered to be the most promising prodrug in this series, due to its good chemical stability (pH 5.0; 37 degrees C; t(1/2)=310 days) and optimal lipophilicity (logP(app)=1.8; 1-octanol/phosphate buffer, pH 5.0), and was selected for further evaluation of its intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effects in normotensive rabbits. The pivalyl ester showed increased IOP lowering ability when compared to an equimolar dose of fadolmidine, which was probably due to its increased lipophilicity and subsequent enhanced corneal penetration. The duration of action for the pivalyl ester was also longer than that of fadolmidine.