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Zhong F, Lu H, Meng R, Feng C, Jia H, Yang HF, Wang F. Effect of Penetration Enhancer on the Structure of Stratum Corneum: On-Site Study by Confocal Polarized Raman Imaging. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1300-1308. [PMID: 38294949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Keratin and lipid structures in the stratum corneum (SC) are closely related to the SC barrier function. The application of penetration enhancers (PEs) disrupts the structure of SC, thereby promoting infiltration. To quantify these PE-induced structural changes in SC, we used confocal Raman imaging (CRI) and polarized Raman imaging (PRI) to explore the integrity and continuity of keratin and lipid structures in SC. The results showed that water is the safest PE and that oleic acid (OA), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and low molecular weight protamine (LMWP) disrupted the ordered structure of keratin, while azone and liposomes had less of an effect on keratin. Azone, OA, and SDS also led to significant changes in lipid structure, while LMWP and liposomes had less of an effect. Establishing this non-invasive and efficient strategy will provide new insights into transdermal drug delivery and skin health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhong
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P.R. China
| | - Hangwei Lu
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P.R. China
- Hangzhou Shiguang Xinya Biotechnology Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, P.R. China
| | - Ru Meng
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P.R. China
| | - Chunbo Feng
- Shanghai Jahwa United Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Haidong Jia
- Shanghai Jahwa United Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Feng Yang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P.R. China
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Atef B, Ishak RA, Badawy SS, Osman R. Exploring the potential of oleic acid in nanotechnology-mediated dermal drug delivery: An up-to-date review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.103032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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3
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Collagen peptides and the related synthetic peptides: A review on improving skin health. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Imoto T, Goto M. Self-Assembled Palmitoyl-Glycine-Histidine as a Permeation Enhancer for Transdermal Delivery. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:8971-8977. [PMID: 34242506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The stratum corneum (SC) covers the outer surface of the skin and prevents the permeation of unwanted materials; however, the SC barrier also inhibits the desired permeation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Therefore, the development of a novel method to enhance the permeation of APIs through the skin has been the focus of significant attention. Palmitoyl-glycine-histidine (Pal-GH)-comprising palmitic acid, glycine, and histidine-can be co-assembled with various additives to form a thixotropic hydrogel. Self-assembled Pal-GH enhances the permeation of ivermectin through the skin; however, the permeation mechanism is unclear and has not yet been discussed in detail. In the present study, the self-assembled structure of Pal-GH was analyzed using X-rays and infrared, and its permeation enhancement effect was verified. There was a correlation between the amount of Pal-GH in the skin and permeation enhancement, suggesting the involvement of the Pal-GH molecule. The presence of Pal-GH in the skin was confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and fluorescence labeling (labeling with Thioflavin T, a fluorescent dye that responds to β-sheets). The self-assembled Pal-GH permeated the SC without disrupting its organization. However, the structure of the Pal-GH caused changes to the lipid organization of the SC. The findings indicated that self-assembled Pal-GH is an effective permeation enhancer for transdermal delivery and does not induce skin irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Imoto
- Nissan Chemical Corporation, Tokyo 103-6119, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masahiro Goto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Advanced Transdermal Drug Delivery System Center, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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5
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Sotiropoulou G, Zingkou E, Pampalakis G. Redirecting drug repositioning to discover innovative cosmeceuticals. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:628-644. [PMID: 33544970 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skin appearance is essential for self-esteem and quality of life; consequently, skin care products represent a huge market. In particular, cosmeceuticals constitute a hybrid category of skin care formulations, at the interphase of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, rationally designed to target (patho) physiological mechanisms aiming to enhance skin health and appearance. Cosmeceuticals are marketed as anti-ageing, anti-wrinkle, hair regrowth, skin whitening and wound healing agents with special emphasis on scar-free healing. An overview on recent cutting-edge advances concerning the discovery and development of enhanced performance cosmeceuticals by drug repositioning approaches is presented here. In this context, we propose "target repositioning," a new term, to highlight that druggable protein targets implicated in multiple diseases (hubs in the diseasome) can be exploited to accelerate the discovery of molecularly targeted cosmeceuticals that can promote skin health as an added benefit, which is a novel concept not described before. In this direction, emphasis is placed on the role of mouse models, for often untreatable skin diseases, as well as recent breakthroughs on monogenic rare skin syndromes, in promoting compound repositioning to innovative cosmeceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, Greece
| | - Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of Pharmacognosy-Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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6
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Lim SH, Sun Y, Thiruvallur Madanagopal T, Rosa V, Kang L. Enhanced Skin Permeation of Anti-wrinkle Peptides via Molecular Modification. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1596. [PMID: 29371611 PMCID: PMC5785486 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wrinkles can have a negative effect on quality of life and Botox is one of the most effective and common treatments. Argireline (Arg0), a mimetic of Botox, has been found to be safer than Botox and effective in reducing wrinkles, with efficacies up to 48% upon 4 weeks of twice daily treatment. However, the skin permeation of Arg0 is poor, due to its large molecular weight and hydrophilicity. Arg0 exists in zwitterionic form and this charged state hindered its skin permeation. Chemical modification of the peptide structure to reduce the formation of zwitterions may result in increased skin permeability. We investigated a total of 4 peptide analogues (Arg0, Arg1, Arg2, Arg3), in terms of skin permeation and wrinkle reduction. The 4 peptides were dissolved in various propylene glycol and water co-solvents. Enhanced human skin permeation was demonstrated by both Arg2 and Arg3 in vitro. On the other hand, the abilities of the 4 analogues to reduce wrinkle formation were also compared using primary human dental pulp stem cells derived neurons. By measuring the inhibition of glutamate release from the neurons in vitro, it was shown that Arg3 was the most effective, followed by Arg1, Arg0 and Arg2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seng Han Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | | | - Vinicius Rosa
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119083, Singapore
| | - Lifeng Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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7
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Citropin 1.1 Trifluoroacetate to Chloride Counter-Ion Exchange in HCl-Saturated Organic Solutions: An Alternative Approach. Int J Pept Res Ther 2017; 24:265-270. [PMID: 29720924 PMCID: PMC5918489 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In view of the increasing interest in peptides in various market sectors, a stronger emphasis on topics related to their production has been seen. Fmoc-based solid phase peptide synthesis, although being fast and efficient, provides final products with significant amounts of trifluoroacetate ions in the form of either a counter-ion or an unbound impurity. Because of the proven toxicity towards cells and peptide activity inhibition, ion exchange to more biocompatible one is purposeful. Additionally, as most of the currently used counter-ion exchange techniques are time-consuming and burdened by peptide yield reduction risk, development of a new approach is still a sensible solution. In this study, we examined the potential of peptide counter-ion exchange using non-aqueous organic solvents saturated with HCl. Counter-ion exchange of a model peptide, citropin 1.1 (GLFDVIKKVASVIGGL-NH2), for each solvent was conducted through incubation with subsequent evaporation under reduced pressure, dissolution in water and lyophilization. Each exchange was performed four times and compared to a reference method—lyophilization of the peptide from an 0.1 M HCl solution. The results showed superior counter-ion exchange efficiency for most of the organic solutions in relation to the reference method. Moreover, HCl-saturated acetonitrile and tert-butanol provided a satisfying exchange level after just one repetition. Thus, those two organic solvents can be potentially introduced into routine peptide counter-ion exchange.
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Lee CM. Fifty years of research and development of cosmeceuticals: a contemporary review. J Cosmet Dermatol 2016; 15:527-539. [PMID: 27496663 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Facial rejuvenation can be categorized into skincare and facial contouring. Research and development of cosmeceuticals is aimed at addressing the major signs of photoaging: wrinkles, dyschromia, and sallowness. Assessment of photoaging comes in clinical and photographic forms; a photonumeric scale developed by Griffiths et al. has been assured of its validity and reliability for the assessment of severity of photoaging in qualitative studies. Treatment of photoaging comes in two categories: preventive and reversal of signs; whilst sunfactors are the most efficient and essential in preventing photodamage, research and development of cosmeceuticals for facial rejuvenation has been robust, thanks to several landmark studies in the last fifty years, funded by some of the forerunners in contemporary cosmetic industry. Stem cell research remains the current forerunner in research concerning cosmeceuticals. Nevertheless, high-quality, randomized control trials remain scarce within the contemporary literature, and more research and trials without funding by the industry are required to give rise to impartial comparisons between various cosmeceutical products. The "perfect cream" for facial rejuvenation remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Man Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Frimley Park Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Frimley, UK
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9
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Foldvari M, Rafiee A. Perspectives on Using Nanoscale Delivery Systems in Dermatological Treatment. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-014-0092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Choi YL, Park EJ, Kim E, Na DH, Shin YH. Dermal Stability and In Vitro Skin Permeation of Collagen Pentapeptides (KTTKS and palmitoyl-KTTKS). Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:321-7. [PMID: 25143811 PMCID: PMC4131521 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen pentapeptide (Lys-Thr-Thr-Lys-Ser, KTTKS) and its palmitoylated derivative (pal-KTTKS) have received a great deal of attention as cosmeceutical ingredients for their anti-wrinkle effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate stability and permeability of KTTKS and pal-KTTKS in hairless mouse skin. In this study, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for the quantification of pal-KTTKS, and used for stability and permeability studies. Stability studies were performed using skin extracts and homogenates. Both KTTKS and pal-KTTKS were rapidly degraded, but pal-KTTKS was more stable than KTTKS. When protease inhibitors were added, the stability of both compounds (KTTKS and pal-KTTKS) improved significantly. In the skin permeation study, neither KTTKS nor pal-KTTKS was detected in the receptor solution, which indicates that neither compound could permeate through the full-thickness hairless mouse skin in the experimental conditions of this study. While KTTKS was not detected in any of the skin layers (the stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis), pal-KTTKS was observed in all skin layers: 4.2 ± 0.7 μg/cm(2) in the stratum corneum, 2.8 ± 0.5 μg/cm(2) in the epidermis, and 0.3 ± 0.1 μg/cm(2) in the dermis. In conclusion, this study indicated that pal-KTTKS had greater stability and permeability than that of un-modified KTTKS, and may be a useful anti-wrinkle and anti-aging cosmeceutical agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lim Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan 608-736
| | - Eun Ji Park
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunje Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan 608-736
| | - Dong Hee Na
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hee Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan 608-736
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11
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Moghadam SH, Saliaj E, Wettig SD, Dong C, Ivanova MV, Huzil JT, Foldvari M. Effect of Chemical Permeation Enhancers on Stratum Corneum Barrier Lipid Organizational Structure and Interferon Alpha Permeability. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2248-60. [PMID: 23587061 DOI: 10.1021/mp300441c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi H. Moghadam
- School of Pharmacy,
University of Waterloo, 200 University
Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Evi Saliaj
- School of Pharmacy,
University of Waterloo, 200 University
Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Shawn D. Wettig
- School of Pharmacy,
University of Waterloo, 200 University
Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Chilbert Dong
- School of Pharmacy,
University of Waterloo, 200 University
Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Marina V. Ivanova
- School of Pharmacy,
University of Waterloo, 200 University
Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - J. Torin Huzil
- School of Pharmacy,
University of Waterloo, 200 University
Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Marianna Foldvari
- School of Pharmacy,
University of Waterloo, 200 University
Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
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12
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Mazza M, Patel A, Pons R, Bussy C, Kostarelos K. Peptide nanofibres as molecular transporters: from self-assembly to in vivo degradation. Faraday Discuss 2013; 166:181-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00100h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Palladino P, Castelletto V, Dehsorkhi A, Stetsenko D, Hamley IW. Conformation and self-association of peptide amphiphiles based on the KTTKS collagen sequence. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:12209-12215. [PMID: 22834769 DOI: 10.1021/la302123h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Studying peptide amphiphiles (PAs), we investigate the influence of alkyl chain length on the aggregation behavior of the collagen-derived peptide KTTKS with applications ranging from antiwrinkle cosmetic creams to potential uses in regenerative medicine. We have studied synthetic peptides amphiphiles C(14)-KTTKS (myristoyl-Lys-Thr-Thr-Lys-Ser) and C(18)-KTTKS (stearoyl-Lys-Thr-Thr-Lys-Ser) to investigate in detail their physicochemical properties. It is presumed that the hydrophobic chain in these self-assembling peptide amphiphiles enhances peptide permeation across the skin compared to KTTKS alone. Subsequently C(n)-KTTKS should act as a prodrug and release the peptide by enzymatic cleavage. Our results should be useful in the further development of molecules with collagen-stimulating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Palladino
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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14
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Abstract
Skin ageing is an irreversible process that is caused by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The possibility of arresting or delaying skin ageing represents a large research area and has a big potential in the cosmetics sector. Recently, the polypeptide lysine-threonine-threonine-lysine-serine (KTTKS) has attracted a lot of attention and it features in numerous up-market cosmetic products where it has become erroneously associated with the term 'pentapeptide'. In this study, we review in detail KTTKS and its major derivatives, in terms of the limited information in the literature and an appraisal of its physicochemical and theoretical skin permeation properties. There appears to be a sound in vitro basis for its action on fibroblasts due to its stimulatory effect on extracellular matrix synthesis, where the stimulatory effect of KTTKS is specific to collagen types I and III and fibronectin expression. However, there is a surprising absence of in vitro skin penetration data in the literature, and there are relatively few clinical studies using these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Abu Samah
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
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15
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Robinson LR, Fitzgerald NC, Doughty DG, Dawes NC, Berge CA, Bissett DL. Topical palmitoyl pentapeptide provides improvement in photoaged human facial skin. Int J Cosmet Sci 2010; 27:155-60. [PMID: 18492182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2494.2005.00261.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The palmitoyl pentapeptide palmitoyl-lysine-threonine-threonine-lysine-serine (pal-KTTKS) is a synthetic material that was designed as a topical agent to stimulate collagen production and thus provide a skin anti-wrinkle benefit. To determine if pal-KTTKS is effective, the clinical study reported here was conducted. Caucasian female subjects (n = 93, aged 35-55) participated in a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, split-face, left-right randomized clinical study assessing two topical products: moisturizer control product vs. the same moisturizer product containing 3 ppm pal-KTTKS. Pal-KTTKS was well tolerated by the skin and provided significant improvement vs. placebo control for reduction in wrinkles/fine lines by both quantitative technical and expert grader image analysis. In self-assessments, subjects also reported significant fine line/wrinkle improvements and noted directional effects for other facial improvement parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Robinson
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Miami Valley Laboratories, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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16
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Abstract
In the cosmetic arena, many materials are used commercially and claim to provide skin effects (eg, antiaging effects) when used topically. Considering there are so many such materials and many skin appearance effects are encompassed, this short contribution must, by necessity, be selective in terms of the number of materials discussed and the depth with which any particular material is overviewed. This presentation, therefore, focuses on only 10 types of cosmeceutical agents: five vitamins (A, B(3), C, E, panthenol), peptides, hydroxyl acids, sugar amines, ceramides, and metals. In particular, this contribution concentrates on those materials for which there are available clinical data that support a reported skin appearance improvement effect.
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18
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Kocevar N, Obermajer N, Kreft S. Membrane Permeability of Acylated Cystatin Depends on the Fatty Acyl Chain Length. Chem Biol Drug Des 2008; 72:217-24. [PMID: 18702630 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kocevar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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19
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Wu Y, Henry DC, Heim K, Tomkins JP, Kuan CY. Straw blood cell count, growth, inhibition and comparison to apoptotic bodies. BMC Cell Biol 2008; 9:26. [PMID: 18492269 PMCID: PMC2397387 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-9-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mammalian cells transform into individual tubular straw cells naturally in tissues and in response to desiccation related stress in vitro. The transformation event is characterized by a dramatic cellular deformation process which includes: condensation of certain cellular materials into a much smaller tubular structure, synthesis of a tubular wall and growth of filamentous extensions. This study continues the characterization of straw cells in blood, as well as the mechanisms of tubular transformation in response to stress; with specific emphasis placed on investigating whether tubular transformation shares the same signaling pathway as apoptosis. Results There are approximately 100 billion, unconventional, tubular straw cells in human blood at any given time. The straw blood cell count (SBC) is 45 million/ml, which accounts for 6.9% of the bloods dry weight. Straw cells originating from the lungs, liver and lymphocytes have varying nodules, hairiness and dimensions. Lipid profiling reveals severe disruption of the plasma membrane in CACO cells during transformation. The growth rates for the elongation of filaments and enlargement of rabbit straw cells is 0.6~1.1 (μm/hr) and 3.8 (μm3/hr), respectively. Studies using apoptosis inhibitors and a tubular transformation inhibitor in CACO2 cells and in mice suggested apoptosis produced apoptotic bodies are mediated differently than tubular transformation produced straw cells. A single dose of 0.01 mg/kg/day of p38 MAPK inhibitor in wild type mice results in a 30% reduction in the SBC. In 9 domestic animals SBC appears to correlate inversely with an animal's average lifespan (R2 = 0.7). Conclusion Straw cells are observed residing in the mammalian blood with large quantities. Production of SBC appears to be constant for a given animal and may involve a stress-inducible protein kinase (P38 MAPK). Tubular transformation is a programmed cell survival process that diverges from apoptosis. SBCs may be an important indicator of intrinsic aging-related stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonnie Wu
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA.
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20
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Chakraborty T, Kumar SU, Mohan BK, Sarma GD, Kiran MU, Jagadeesh B. Synthesis and conformational studies of 3,4-di-O-acylated furanoid sugar amino acid-containing analogs of the receptor binding inhibitor of vasoactive intestinal peptide. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.07.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Kocevar N, Obermajer N, Strukelj B, Kos J, Kreft S. Improved Acylation Method Enables Efficient Delivery of Functional Palmitoylated Cystatin into Epithelial Cells. Chem Biol Drug Des 2007; 69:124-31. [PMID: 17381726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2007.00477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effective delivery of therapeutic proteins to the site of action is of great importance in achieving an effective therapy. Due to hydrophilicity, proteins are generally poorly transported across biological membranes. Chemical acylation represents one of the basic methods for improving their membrane permeability. A novel method for acylation is presented, based on the formation of palmitoylchloride dispersion in aqueous acetonitrile solution, using chicken cystatin as a model protein. We examined the effects of palmitoylchloride/cystatin molar ratio, reaction pH and introduction of successive palmitoylation cycles on the protein modification degree. The reaction products were analysed by capillary electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE, and the in vitro inhibitory activity was determined by N-benzoyl-D,L-arginine-beta-naphthylamide assay. Using cell culture-based assays, we examined the transport properties of unmodified and palmitoylated cystatin, its efficiency to inhibit intracellular enzymes, and its cytotoxicity. We demonstrated that palmitoylated cystatin rapidly internalized into the cell and caused a complete loss of cathepsin B activity. In contrast, the unmodified control cystatin was unable to inhibit the intracellular enzymes. These results strongly suggest protein palmitoylation to be a very effective strategy for improving cell internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kocevar
- The Chair of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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22
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Bakhtiar R, Guan Z. Electron Capture Dissociation Mass Spectrometry in Characterization of Peptides and Proteins. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 28:1047-59. [PMID: 16794768 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Electron capture dissociation (ECD) represents one of the most recent and significant advancements in tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the identification and characterization of polypeptides. In comparison with the conventional fragmentation techniques, such as collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), ECD provides more extensive sequence fragments, while allowing the labile modifications to remain intact during backbone fragmentation--an important attribute for characterizing post-translational modifications. Herein, we present a brief overview of the ECD technique as well as selected applications in characterization of peptides and proteins. Case studies including characterization and localization of amino acid glycosylation, methionine oxidation, acylation, and "top-down" protein mass spectrometry using ECD will be presented. A recent technique, coined as electron transfer dissociation (ETD), will be also discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Bakhtiar
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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23
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Schuetz YB, Naik A, Guy RH, Kalia YN. Emerging strategies for the transdermal delivery of peptide and protein drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2005; 2:533-48. [PMID: 16296773 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2.3.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal delivery has been at the forefront of research addressing the development of non-invasive methods for the systemic administration of peptide and protein therapeutics generated by the biotechnology revolution. Numerous approaches have been suggested for overcoming the skin's formidable barrier function; whereas certain strategies simply act on the drug formulation or transiently increase the skin permeability, others are designed to bypass or even remove the outermost skin layer. This article reviews the technologies currently under investigation, ranging from those in their early-stage of development, such as laser-assisted delivery to others, where feasibility has already been demonstrated, such as microneedle systems, and finally more mature techniques that have already led to commercialisation (e.g., velocity-based technologies). The principles, mechanisms involved, potential applications, limitations and safety considerations are discussed for each approach, and the most advanced devices in each field are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic B Schuetz
- Centre interuniversitaire de Recherche et d'Enseignement Site d'Archamps, F-74160 Archamps, France
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24
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Abstract
The increasing use of recombinantly expressed therapeutic proteins in the pharmaceutical industry has highlighted issues such as their stability during long-term storage and means of efficacious delivery that avoid adverse immunogenic side effects. Controlled chemical modifications, such as substitutions, acylation and PEGylation, have fulfilled some but not all of their promises, while hydrogels and lipid-based formulations could well be developed into generic delivery systems. Strategies to curb the aggregation and misfolding of proteins during storage are likely to benefit from the recent surge of interest in protein fibrillation. This might in turn lead to generally accepted guidelines and tests to avoid unforeseen adverse effects in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Frokjaer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
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25
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Chakraborty T, Krishna Mohan B, Uday Kumar S, Prabhakar A, Jagadeesh B. Synthesis of 3,4-di- O -acylated glucose-derived furanoid sugar amino acids (Gaa): conformational analysis of a Leu-enkephalin analog containing di- O -myristoylated Gaa. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.05.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Wan L, Chen YH, Chang TW. Improving pharmacokinetic properties of adrenocorticotropin by site-specific lipid modification. J Pharm Sci 2003; 92:1882-92. [PMID: 12950006 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although many peptides are potentially good therapeutic agents for treating various diseases, only a few have been developed for limited applications. A major shortcoming is that peptides have generally very short serum half lives. In the present study, we use adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) as a model and explore the potential of combining site-specific amino acid substitution and lipid modification to increase the circulating half-lives of peptides. Phe39 of ACTH was substituted by Cys, which has a free sulfhydryl group that can react specifically with iodoacetamide derivatives of lipophilic groups. The biological activities of lipophilized ACTH(F39C)s were higher than native ACTH. Lipophilized ACTH(F39C)s bound more tightly to human serum albumin and cell membranes in vitro and had longer serum half-lives in vivo than native ACTH. These results indicate that the pharmacokinetic properties of peptides can be improved by site-specific substitution with cysteine residues and subsequent conjugation with lipophilic moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wan
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300
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27
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Wan L, Chang TW. Site-specific lipophilic modification of interferon-alpha. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2002; 21:371-81. [PMID: 12492147 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021134131250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-alpha (IFNalpha), a cytokine with modulatory activities on many cell types, is useful for treating many types of cancer and infectious diseases. This study investigates whether modification of a protein, using IFNalpha as an example, with a lipophilic group can alter its distribution and kinetic properties in the body. Ser163 of IFNalpha2a was mutated to Cys to generate a free sulfhydryl group for site-specific chemical modification. IFNalpha2a(S163C) was conjugated by iodoacetamide derivatives of varying lengths, and the modified IFNalpha2a was purified by gel filtration chromatography. The biological activities of IFNalpha2a(S163C) and lipophilized IFNalpha2a(S163C) were similar to that of IFNalpha2a, as evidenced by their inhibitory effects on the growth of Daudi cells and on the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells. Lipophilized IFNalpha2a(S163C) bound to human serum albumin and cell membranes more readily than did IFNalpha2a. Future experiments will investigate whether lipophilized IFNalpha2a(S163C) has improved pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wan
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300
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28
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Pedersen TB, Frokjaer S, Mouritsen OG, Jørgensen K. A calorimetric study of phosphocholine membranes mixed with desmopressin and its diacylated prodrug derivative (DPP). Int J Pharm 2002; 233:199-206. [PMID: 11897424 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00946-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the water-soluble peptide, desmopressin (DDAVP) and its dipalmitoylated prodrug derivative (DPP) on the thermal behaviour of three different saturated phosphatidylcholine lipid membranes was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. For lipid membranes composed of dimyristoyl, dipalmitoyl and distearoyl phosphatidylcholines the addition of DDAVP at concentrations of up to 10 mol% resulted in an insignificant change in the thermodynamic phase behaviour. In contrast, the dipalmitoylated DPP prodrug caused major changes on the lipid membrane phase behaviour manifested as a drastic decrease in the heat capacity peak height and a concomitant broadening of the main phase transition as well as a decrease in the transition enthalpy. In addition, the main phase transition temperature was slightly decreased and the pre-transition of the three phosphatidylcholines was abolished when DPP was present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina B Pedersen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Córdoba-Díaz M, Nova M, Elorza B, Córdoba-Díaz D, Chantres JR, Córdoba-Borrego M. Validation protocol of an automated in-line flow-through diffusion equipment for in vitro permeation studies. J Control Release 2000; 69:357-67. [PMID: 11102676 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(00)00306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery experiments are often tedious and time consuming in terms of sampling, labor, etc. In this way, the automation of such experiments has increased in the last few years. A protocol suitable to validate an automated diffusion equipment with seven in-line flow-through cells is described. The proposed protocol was divided into two parts. First, validation of each component which makes up the whole equipment, including the study of the statistical variability of the internal volumes between the cells, the temperature into the different chambers, the time and sample volumes, etc. In the second part, a series of permeation studies were carried out comparing the performance of the system against a classical Franz-type diffusion cell. Ketoprofen was used as a model drug. It was proved the low variability of the replicates obtained with the automated flow-through diffusion cells. The best work conditions as flow rate into the receptor chamber, temperature, etc., as well as the best mathematical approach for the diffusion data, were determined. The advantages in terms of time saved and easiness of validation of the flow-through cell design in comparison to the Franz-type cell were evidenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Córdoba-Díaz
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Bonnet D, Bourel L, Gras-Masse H, Melnyk O. A novel lipophilic glyoxylic acid derivative for the lipidation of peptides using salt-free hydrazone ligation. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)01784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Babiuk S, Baca-Estrada M, Babiuk LA, Ewen C, Foldvari M. Cutaneous vaccination: the skin as an immunologically active tissue and the challenge of antigen delivery. J Control Release 2000; 66:199-214. [PMID: 10742580 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(99)00274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the major achievements of modern medicine. As a result of vaccination, diseases such as polio and measles have been controlled and small pox has been eradicated. However, despite these successes there are still many microbial diseases that cause tremendous suffering because there is no vaccine or the vaccines available are inadequate. In addition, even if vaccines were available for all infectious diseases there is no guarantee that people would use them routinely. One of the major impediments to ensuring vaccine efficacy and compliance is that of delivery. Presently most vaccines are given by intramuscular administration. Unfortunately this is often traumatic, especially in infants. Thus, if it was possible to replace intramuscular immunization by mucosal (oral/intranasal) or transdermal delivery it may be possible to both enhance mucosal immunity as well as improve overall compliance rates. The transdermal route has been used by the pharmaceutical industry for the delivery of various low molecular weight drugs. Some of the approaches used for smaller compounds may also have potential for delivery of either protein or polynucleotide vaccines. However, there is a greater challenge to delivering large molecular weight molecules through the skin due to size, charge and other physicochemical properties. This review will describe the recent advances that have been made in dermal and topical delivery as related to vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Babiuk
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Canada
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