1
|
Leifer N, Aurbach D, Greenbaum SG. NMR studies of lithium and sodium battery electrolytes. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 142-143:1-54. [PMID: 39237252 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
This review focuses on the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in the study of lithium and sodium battery electrolytes. Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electronic devices, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and low self-discharge rate. The sodium analog is still in the research phase, but has significant potential for future development. In both cases, the electrolyte plays a critical role in the performance and safety of these batteries. NMR spectroscopy provides a non-invasive and non-destructive method for investigating the structure, dynamics, and interactions of the electrolyte components, including the salts, solvents, and additives, at the molecular level. This work attempts to give a nearly comprehensive overview of the ways that NMR spectroscopy, both liquid and solid state, has been used in past and present studies of various electrolyte systems, including liquid, gel, and solid-state electrolytes, and highlights the insights gained from these studies into the fundamental mechanisms of ion transport, electrolyte stability, and electrode-electrolyte interfaces, including interphase formation and surface microstructure growth. Overviews of the NMR methods used and of the materials covered are presented in the first two chapters. The rest of the review is divided into chapters based on the types of electrolyte materials studied, and discusses representative examples of the types of insights that NMR can provide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Leifer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Doron Aurbach
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Steve G Greenbaum
- Department of Physics, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Luo J, Wu H, Yu X, Wu X, Li Z, Luo H, Zhang H, Hong Y, Zou Y, Cao S, Qiao Y, Sun SG. Visualizing and Regulating Dynamic Evolution of Interfacial Electrolyte Configuration during De-solvation Process on Lithium-Metal Anode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400254. [PMID: 38441399 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Acting as a passive protective layer, solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the Li-metal anode. Derived from the reductive decomposition of electrolytes (e.g., anion and solvent), the SEI construction presents as an interfacial process accompanied by the dynamic de-solvation process during Li-metal plating. However, typical electrolyte engineering and related SEI modification strategies always ignore the dynamic evolution of electrolyte configuration at the Li/electrolyte interface, which essentially determines the SEI architecture. Herein, by employing advanced electrochemical in situ FT-IR and MRI technologies, we directly visualize the dynamic variations of solvation environments involving Li+-solvent/anion. Remarkably, a weakened Li+-solvent interaction and anion-lean interfacial electrolyte configuration have been synchronously revealed, which is difficult for the fabrication of anion-derived SEI layer. Moreover, as a simple electrochemical regulation strategy, pulse protocol was introduced to effectively restore the interfacial anion concentration, resulting in an enhanced LiF-rich SEI layer and improved Li-metal plating/stripping reversibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Jing Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Haichuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, Institute of Advanced Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, 361024, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Zhengang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Haitang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Yuhao Hong
- Innovation Labratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), 361024, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Yeguo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
- Innovation Labratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), 361024, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Shuohui Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Yu Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
- Innovation Labratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), 361024, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Gang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dorai A, Kawamura J, Omata T. Visualization of polysulfide dissolution in lithium-sulfur batteries using in-situ NMR microimaging. Electrochem commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2022.107360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
4
|
Gunathilaka IE, Pringle JM, O'Dell LA. Operando magnetic resonance imaging for mapping of temperature and redox species in thermo-electrochemical cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6438. [PMID: 34750389 PMCID: PMC8575911 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26813-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-grade waste heat is an abundant and underutilised energy source. In this context, thermo-electrochemical cells (i.e., systems able to harvest heat to generate electricity) are being intensively studied to deliver the promises of efficient and cost-effective energy harvesting and electricity generation. However, despite the advances in performance disclosed in recent years, understanding the internal processes occurring within these devices is challenging. In order to shed light on these mechanisms, here we report an operando magnetic resonance imaging approach that can provide quantitative spatial maps of the electrolyte temperature and redox ion concentrations in functioning thermo-electrochemical cells. Time-resolved images are obtained from liquid and gel electrolytes, allowing the observation of the effects of redox reactions and competing mass transfer processes such as thermophoresis and diffusion. We also correlate the physicochemical properties of the system with the device performance via simultaneous electrochemical measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isuru E Gunathilaka
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Pringle
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | - Luke A O'Dell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Victoria, 3220, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
AlZahrani YM, Britton MM. Probing the influence of Zn and water on solvation and dynamics in ethaline and reline deep eutectic solvents by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:21913-21922. [PMID: 34559172 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03204f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A range of ethaline and reline deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been investigated in the absence and presence of Zn (0-0.3 M) and water (0-29 wt%) by one-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy, two-dimensional 1H-1H nuclear Overhauser effect and exchange spectroscopy, 1H T1 NMR relaxation times and 1H NMR diffusion. The role of zinc and water in controlling solvation and microstructure in reline and ethaline were investigated. We show that in ethaline there is proton exchange between hydroxyl groups in ethaline glycol and choline chloride. The rate of exchange between these protons is found to significantly increase in the presence of Zn, but decreases with increasing water content. In the case of reline, no proton exchange is observed between the amide protons in urea and hydroxyl protons in choline chloride. However, the addition of water decreases the viscosity of the system, as well as changes the distance between amide and hydroxyl protons in urea and choline chloride, respectively. The addition of Zn does not appear to change the interactions between urea and choline chloride species, but does reduce the rate of exchange between water and hydroxyl protons in reline formulations containing water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie M Britton
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jovanovic S, Schleker P, Streun M, Merz S, Jakes P, Schatz M, Eichel RA, Granwehr J. An electrochemical cell for in operando 13C nuclear magnetic resonance investigations of carbon dioxide/carbonate processes in aqueous solution. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2021; 2:265-280. [PMID: 37904775 PMCID: PMC10539767 DOI: 10.5194/mr-2-265-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
In operando nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one method for the online investigation of electrochemical systems and reactions. It allows for real-time observations of the formation of products and intermediates, and it grants insights into the interactions of substrates and catalysts. An in operando NMR setup for the investigation of the electrolytic reduction of CO 2 at silver electrodes has been developed. The electrolysis cell consists of a three-electrode setup using a working electrode of pristine silver, a chlorinated silver wire as the reference electrode, and a graphite counter electrode. The setup can be adjusted for the use of different electrode materials and fits inside a 5 mm NMR tube. Additionally, a shielding setup was employed to minimize noise caused by interference of external radio frequency (RF) waves with the conductive components of the setup. The electrochemical performance of the in operando electrolysis setup is compared with a standard CO 2 electrolysis cell. The small cell geometry impedes the release of gaseous products, and thus it is primarily suited for current densities below 1 mA cm- 2 . The effect of conductive components on 13 C NMR experiments was studied using a CO 2 -saturated solution of aqueous bicarbonate electrolyte. Despite the B 0 field distortions caused by the electrodes, a proper shimming could be attained, and line widths of ca. 1 Hz were achieved. This enables investigations in the sub-Hertz range by NMR spectroscopy. High-resolution 13 C NMR and relaxation time measurements proved to be sensitive to changes in the sample. It was found that the dynamics of the bicarbonate electrolyte varies not only due to interactions with the silver electrode, which leads to the formation of an electrical double layer and catalyzes the exchange reaction between CO 2 and HCO 3 - , but also due to interactions with the electrochemical setup. This highlights the necessity of a step-by-step experiment design for a mechanistic understanding of processes occurring during electrochemical CO 2 reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Jovanovic
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - P. Philipp M. Schleker
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Matthias Streun
- Central Institute of Engineering and Analytics, Electronic Systems (ZEA-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Steffen Merz
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Peter Jakes
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Schatz
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger-A. Eichel
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Josef Granwehr
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bray JM, Doswell CL, Pavlovskaya GE, Chen L, Kishore B, Au H, Alptekin H, Kendrick E, Titirici MM, Meersmann T, Britton MM. Operando visualisation of battery chemistry in a sodium-ion battery by 23Na magnetic resonance imaging. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2083. [PMID: 32350276 PMCID: PMC7190614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15938-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium-ion batteries are a promising battery technology for their cost and sustainability. This has led to increasing interest in the development of new sodium-ion batteries and new analytical methods to non-invasively, directly visualise battery chemistry. Here we report operando 1H and 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging experiments to observe the speciation and distribution of sodium in the electrode and electrolyte during sodiation and desodiation of hard carbon in a sodium metal cell and a sodium-ion full-cell configuration. The evolution of the hard carbon sodiation and subsequent formation and evolution of sodium dendrites, upon over-sodiation of the hard carbon, are observed and mapped by 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging, and their three-dimensional microstructure visualised by 1H magnetic resonance imaging. We also observe, for the first time, the formation of metallic sodium species on hard carbon upon first charge (formation) in a full-cell configuration. Na-ion batteries offer multiple advantages, but there is a critical need for improved materials and understanding of sodiation mechanisms. Here the authors deploy operando 23Na magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy to observe sodium battery chemistry and dendrite formation, enabling new insight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Bray
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Claire L Doswell
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Galina E Pavlovskaya
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Brij Kishore
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Heather Au
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Hande Alptekin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Emma Kendrick
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Maria-Magdalena Titirici
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Thomas Meersmann
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Melanie M Britton
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Krachkovskiy S, Trudeau ML, Zaghib K. Application of Magnetic Resonance Techniques to the In Situ Characterization of Li-Ion Batteries: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E1694. [PMID: 32260435 PMCID: PMC7178659 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In situ magnetic resonance (MR) techniques, such as nuclear MR and MR imaging, have recently gained significant attention in the battery community because of their ability to provide real-time quantitative information regarding material chemistry, ion distribution, mass transport, and microstructure formation inside an operating electrochemical cell. MR techniques are non-invasive and non-destructive, and they can be applied to both liquid and solid (crystalline, disordered, or amorphous) samples. Additionally, MR equipment is available at most universities and research and development centers, making MR techniques easily accessible for scientists worldwide. In this review, we will discuss recent research results in the field of in situ MR for the characterization of Li-ion batteries with a particular focus on experimental setups, such as pulse sequence programming and cell design, for overcoming the complications associated with the heterogeneous nature of energy storage devices. A comprehensive approach combining proper hardware and software will allow researchers to collect reliable high-quality data meeting industrial standards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karim Zaghib
- Center of Excellence in Transportation, Electrification and Energy Storage, Hydo-Québec, 1806 Bd. Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X 1S1, Canada; (S.K.); (M.L.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Benders S, Gomes BF, Carmo M, Colnago LA, Blümich B. In-situ MRI velocimetry of the magnetohydrodynamic effect in electrochemical cells. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 312:106692. [PMID: 32062585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical reactions have become increasingly important in a large number of processes and applications. The use of NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) techniques to follow in situ electrochemistry processes has been gaining increasing attention from the scientific community because they allow the identification and quantification of the products and reagents, whereas electrochemistry measurements alone are not able to do so. However, when an electrochemical reaction is performed in situ the reaction rate can be increased by action of the Lorentz force, which is equal to the cross product between the current density and the magnetic field applied. This phenomenon is called the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect. Although this process is beneficial because it accelerates the reaction, it needs to be well understood and taken into account during the in situ electrochemical measurements. The MHD effect is based on increased mass transfer, which is shown by in situ MRI velocimetry here. Images had to be acquired in a rapid manner since current was not pulsed. Significant velocities in a plane parallel to the electrodes alongside with complex flow patterns were detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Benders
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Worringerweg 2, 52064 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Bruna Ferreira Gomes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Quĩmica de São Carlos, Av. Trab. São Carlense, 400 - Parque Arnold Schimidt, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil; Universität Bayreuth, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Werkstoffverfahrenstechnik, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Marcelo Carmo
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Luiz Alberto Colnago
- Embrapa Instrumentação, Rua 15 de Novembro, 1452 - Centro, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Bernhard Blümich
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Worringerweg 2, 52064 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mohammadi M, Jerschow A. In situ and operando magnetic resonance imaging of electrochemical cells: A perspective. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 308:106600. [PMID: 31679639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.106600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of electrochemical devices have become powerful tools for the in situ investigation of electrochemical processes. The techniques often take advantage of NMR's nondestructive/noninvasive properties, its sensitivity to frequency shifts, internal interactions, and transport processes, as well as its ability to measure liquid phases and disordered materials. Here, we provide a perspective on recent work on in situ MRI of electrochemical devices, batteries and relevant model systems, and discuss their applications and promises in assessing device performance, and electrochemical processes in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddese Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Alexej Jerschow
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Benders S, Blümich B. Applications of magnetic resonance imaging in chemical engineering. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
While there are many techniques to study phenomena that occur in chemical engineering applications, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) receives increasing scientific interest. Its non-invasive nature and wealth of parameters with the ability to generate functional images and contrast favors the use of MRI for many purposes, in particular investigations of dynamic phenomena, since it is very sensitive to motion. Recent progress in flow-MRI has led to shorter acquisition times and enabled studies of transient phenomena. Reactive systems can easily be imaged if NMR parameters such as relaxation change along the reaction coordinate. Moreover, materials and devices can be examined, such as batteries by mapping the magnetic field around them.
Collapse
|
12
|
Fu J, Liang R, Liu G, Yu A, Bai Z, Yang L, Chen Z. Recent Progress in Electrically Rechargeable Zinc-Air Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805230. [PMID: 30536643 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the surging interest for higher-energy-density, cheaper, and safer battery technology has spurred tremendous research efforts in the development of improved rechargeable zinc-air batteries. Current zinc-air batteries suffer from poor energy efficiency and cycle life, owing mainly to the poor rechargeability of zinc and air electrodes. To achieve high utilization and cyclability in the zinc anode, construction of conductive porous framework through elegant optimization strategies and adaptation of alternate active material are employed. Equally, there is a need to design new and improved bifunctional oxygen catalysts with high activity and stability to increase battery energy efficiency and lifetime. Efforts to engineer catalyst materials to increase the reactivity and/or number of bifunctional active sites are effective for improving air electrode performance. Here, recent key advances in material development for rechargeable zinc-air batteries are described. By improving fundamental understanding of materials properties relevant to the rechargeable zinc and air electrodes, zinc-air batteries will be able to make a significant impact on the future energy storage for electric vehicle application. To conclude, a brief discussion on noteworthy concepts of advanced electrode and electrolyte systems that are beyond the current state-of-the-art zinc-air battery chemistry, is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ruilin Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Guihua Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aiping Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zhenyu Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Waterloo Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chandra Shekar S, Hallinan DT, Taylor DM, Chekmenev EY. Limits of Spatial Resolution of Phase Encoding Dimensions in MRI of Metals. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:375-379. [PMID: 30729789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Chandra Shekar
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics , The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19041 , United States
| | - Daniel T Hallinan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering , Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
- Aero-propulsion, Mechatronics and Energy Center , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , Florida State University , Tallahassee , Florida 32310 , United States
| | - Deanne M Taylor
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics , The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19041 , United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI) and Integrative Biosciences (Ibio) , Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
- Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninskiy Prospekt 14 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Serial M, Velasco MI, Maldonado Ochoa SA, Zanotto FM, Dassie SA, Acosta RH. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Situ Visualization of an Electrochemical Reaction under Forced Hydrodynamic Conditions. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:18630-18638. [PMID: 31458430 PMCID: PMC6643744 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has proven to be a powerful tool for the characterization and investigation of in situ chemical reactions. This is more relevant when dealing with complex systems, where the spatial distribution of the species, partition equilibrium, flow patterns, among other factors have a determining effect over mass transport and therefore over the reaction rate. The advantage of MRI is that it provides spatial information in a noninvasive way and does not require any molecular sensor or sample extraction. In this work, MRI is used to fully characterize an electrochemical reaction under forced hydrodynamic conditions. Reaction rates, flow patterns, and quantitative concentration of the chemical species involved are spatially monitored in situ in a complex system that involves metallic pieces and a heterogeneous cementation reaction. Experimental data are compared with numerical simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María
Raquel Serial
- Facultad
de Matemática, Física, Astronomía y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto
de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), CONICET, Medina Allende
s/n, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Manuel Isaac Velasco
- Facultad
de Matemática, Física, Astronomía y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto
de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), CONICET, Medina Allende
s/n, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Santiago Agustín Maldonado Ochoa
- Facultad
de Matemática, Física, Astronomía y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto
de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), CONICET, Medina Allende
s/n, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Franco Martín Zanotto
- Departamento
de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto
de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba
(INFIQC), CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sergio Alberto Dassie
- Departamento
de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto
de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba
(INFIQC), CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo Hector Acosta
- Facultad
de Matemática, Física, Astronomía y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto
de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), CONICET, Medina Allende
s/n, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ilott AJ, Mohammadi M, Schauerman CM, Ganter MJ, Jerschow A. Rechargeable lithium-ion cell state of charge and defect detection by in-situ inside-out magnetic resonance imaging. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1776. [PMID: 29725002 PMCID: PMC5934497 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
When and why does a rechargeable battery lose capacity or go bad? This is a question that is surprisingly difficult to answer; yet, it lies at the heart of progress in the fields of consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and electrical storage. The difficulty is related to the limited amount of information one can obtain from a cell without taking it apart and analyzing it destructively. Here, we demonstrate that the measurement of tiny induced magnetic field changes within a cell can be used to assess the level of lithium incorporation into the electrode materials, and diagnose certain cell flaws that could arise from assembly. The measurements are fast, can be performed on finished and unfinished cells, and most importantly, can be done nondestructively with cells that are compatible with commercial design requirements with conductive enclosures. The development of noninvasive methodology plays an important role in advancing lithium ion battery technology. Here the authors utilize the measurement of tiny magnetic field changes within a cell to assess the lithiation state of the active material, and detect defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ilott
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Mohaddese Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Christopher M Schauerman
- The Battery Prototyping Center, Rochester Institute of Technology, 156 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Matthew J Ganter
- The Battery Prototyping Center, Rochester Institute of Technology, 156 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Alexej Jerschow
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Britton MM. MRI of chemical reactions and processes. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 101:51-70. [PMID: 28844221 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can spatially resolve a wealth of molecular information available from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), it is able to non-invasively visualise the composition, properties and reactions of a broad range of spatially-heterogeneous molecular systems. Hence, MRI is increasingly finding applications in the study of chemical reactions and processes in a diverse range of environments and technologies. This article will explain the basic principles of MRI and how it can be used to visualise chemical composition and molecular properties, providing an overview of the variety of information available. Examples are drawn from the disciplines of chemistry, chemical engineering, environmental science, physics, electrochemistry and materials science. The review introduces a range of techniques used to produce image contrast, along with the chemical and molecular insight accessible through them. Methods for mapping the distribution of chemical species, using chemical shift imaging or spatially-resolved spectroscopy, are reviewed, as well as methods for visualising physical state, temperature, current density, flow velocities and molecular diffusion. Strategies for imaging materials with low signal intensity, such as those containing gases or low sensitivity nuclei, using compressed sensing, para-hydrogen or polarisation transfer, are discussed. Systems are presented which encapsulate the diversity of chemical and physical parameters observable by MRI, including one- and two-phase flow in porous media, chemical pattern formation, phase transformations and hydrodynamic (fingering) instabilities. Lastly, the emerging area of electrochemical MRI is discussed, with studies presented on the visualisation of electrochemical deposition and dissolution processes during corrosion and the operation of batteries, supercapacitors and fuel cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Britton
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Super-resolution Surface Microscopy of Conductors using Magnetic Resonance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5425. [PMID: 28710421 PMCID: PMC5511221 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05429-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial resolution of traditional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques is typically dictated by the strength of the applied magnetic field gradients, resulting in hard resolution limits of the order of 20-50 μm in favorable circumstances. We demonstrate here a technique which is suitable for the interrogation of regions at specified distances below the surface of conducting objects with a resolution well below these limiting values. This approach does not rely on magnetic field gradients, but rather on the spatial variation of the radiofrequency field within a conductor. Samples of aluminium and lithium metal with different sizes and morphologies are examined with this technique using 27Al and 7Li NMR. In this implementation, the slice selectivity depends on the conductivity of the material, as well as on the frequency of operation, although in the most general case, the technique could also be used to provide spatial selectivity with arbitrary B 1 field distributions in non-conductors.
Collapse
|
18
|
Vega Mercado F, Ovejero J, Zanotto F, Serial M, Velasco M, Fernández R, Acosta R, Dassie S. Facilitated proton transfer across liquid | liquid interfaces under forced hydrodynamic conditions. Determination of partition coefficients of neutral weak bases. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
19
|
Taiwo OO, Finegan DP, Paz-Garcia JM, Eastwood DS, Bodey AJ, Rau C, Hall SA, Brett DJL, Lee PD, Shearing PR. Investigating the evolving microstructure of lithium metal electrodes in 3D using X-ray computed tomography. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:22111-22120. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02872e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The growth of dendritic and mossy deposits through the separator of lithium batteries can result in battery short circuiting and failure. In situ X-ray CT provides insight into evolution of lithium-metal electrodes during battery operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O. O. Taiwo
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University College London
- London WC1E 7JE
- UK
| | - D. P. Finegan
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University College London
- London WC1E 7JE
- UK
| | - J. M. Paz-Garcia
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Malaga
- Spain
| | - D. S. Eastwood
- Manchester X-Ray Imaging Facility
- Research Complex at Harwell
- Didcot
- UK
- School of Materials
| | | | - C. Rau
- Diamond Light Source
- Oxfordshire
- UK
| | - S. A. Hall
- Division of Solid Mechanics
- Lund University
- Lund
- Sweden
| | - D. J. L. Brett
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University College London
- London WC1E 7JE
- UK
| | - P. D. Lee
- Manchester X-Ray Imaging Facility
- Research Complex at Harwell
- Didcot
- UK
- School of Materials
| | - P. R. Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University College London
- London WC1E 7JE
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Evidence is presented that binding isotherms, simple or biphasic, can be extracted directly from noninterpreted, complex 2D NMR spectra using principal component analysis (PCA) to reveal the largest trend(s) across the series. This approach renders peak picking unnecessary for tracking population changes. In 1:1 binding, the first principal component captures the binding isotherm from NMR-detected titrations in fast, slow, and even intermediate and mixed exchange regimes, as illustrated for phospholigand associations with proteins. Although the sigmoidal shifts and line broadening of intermediate exchange distorts binding isotherms constructed conventionally, applying PCA directly to these spectra along with Pareto scaling overcomes the distortion. Applying PCA to time-domain NMR data also yields binding isotherms from titrations in fast or slow exchange. The algorithm readily extracts from magnetic resonance imaging movie time courses such as breathing and heart rate in chest imaging. Similarly, two-step binding processes detected by NMR are easily captured by principal components 1 and 2. PCA obviates the customary focus on specific peaks or regions of images. Applying it directly to a series of complex data will easily delineate binding isotherms, equilibrium shifts, and time courses of reactions or fluctuations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri , 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Steven R Van Doren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri , 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bray JM, Davenport AJ, Ryder KS, Britton MM. Quantitative, In Situ Visualization of Metal-Ion Dissolution and Transport Using (1) H Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9394-7. [PMID: 27329307 PMCID: PMC5094501 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative mapping of metal ions freely diffusing in solution is important across a diverse range of disciplines and is particularly significant for dissolution processes in batteries, metal corrosion, and electroplating/polishing of manufactured components. However, most current techniques are invasive, requiring sample extraction, insertion of an electrode, application of an electric potential or the inclusion of a molecular sensor. Thus, there is a need for techniques to visualize the distribution of metal ions non-invasively, in situ, quantitatively, in three dimensions (3D) and in real time. Here we have used (1) H magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to make quantitative 3D maps showing evolution of the distribution of Cu(2+) ions, not directly visible by MRI, during the electrodissolution of copper, with high sensitivity and spatial resolution. The images are sensitive to the speciation of copper, the depletion of dissolved O2 in the electrolyte and show the dissolution of Cu(2+) ions is not uniform across the anode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Bray
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alison J Davenport
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Karl S Ryder
- Materials Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Melanie M Britton
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bray JM, Davenport AJ, Ryder KS, Britton MM. Quantitative, In Situ Visualization of Metal‐Ion Dissolution and Transport Using
1
H Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Bray
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Alison J. Davenport
- School of Metallurgy and MaterialsUniversity of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Karl S. Ryder
- Materials CentreDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Leicester Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Feindel KW. Spatially resolved chemical reaction monitoring using magnetic resonance imaging. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2016; 54:429-436. [PMID: 25589470 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the previous three decades, the use of MRI for studying dynamic physical and chemical processes of materials systems has grown significantly. This mini-review provides a brief introduction to relevant principles of MRI, including methods of spatial localization, factors contributing to image contrast, and chemical shift imaging. A few historical examples of (1) H MRI for reaction monitoring will be presented, followed by a review of recent research including (1) H MRI studies of gelation and biofilms, (1) H, (7) Li, and (11) B MRI studies of electrochemical systems, in vivo glucose metabolism monitored with (19) F MRI, and in situ temperature monitoring with (27) Al MRI. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirk W Feindel
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chang HJ, Ilott AJ, Trease NM, Mohammadi M, Jerschow A, Grey CP. Correlating Microstructural Lithium Metal Growth with Electrolyte Salt Depletion in Lithium Batteries Using 7Li MRI. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15209-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Chang
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Andrew J. Ilott
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Nicole M. Trease
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Mohaddese Mohammadi
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Alexej Jerschow
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vashaee S, Goora F, Britton MM, Newling B, Balcom BJ. Mapping B(1)-induced eddy current effects near metallic structures in MR images: a comparison of simulation and experiment. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2015; 250:17-24. [PMID: 25459883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the presence of metallic structures is very common in medical and non-medical fields. Metallic structures cause MRI image distortions by three mechanisms: (1) static field distortion through magnetic susceptibility mismatch, (2) eddy currents induced by switched magnetic field gradients and (3) radio frequency (RF) induced eddy currents. Single point ramped imaging with T1 enhancement (SPRITE) MRI measurements are largely immune to susceptibility and gradient induced eddy current artifacts. As a result, one can isolate the effects of metal objects on the RF field. The RF field affects both the excitation and detection of the magnetic resonance (MR) signal. This is challenging with conventional MRI methods, which cannot readily separate the three effects. RF induced MRI artifacts were investigated experimentally at 2.4 T by analyzing image distortions surrounding two geometrically identical metallic strips of aluminum and lead. The strips were immersed in agar gel doped with contrast agent and imaged employing the conical SPRITE sequence. B1 mapping with pure phase encode SPRITE was employed to measure the B1 field around the strips of metal. The strip geometry was chosen to mimic metal electrodes employed in electrochemistry studies. Simulations are employed to investigate the RF field induced eddy currents in the two metallic strips. The RF simulation results are in good agreement with experimental results. Experimental and simulation results show that the metal has a pronounced effect on the B1 distribution and B1 amplitude in the surrounding space. The electrical conductivity of the metal has a minimal effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Vashaee
- UNB MRI Centre, Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - F Goora
- UNB MRI Centre, Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - M M Britton
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - B Newling
- UNB MRI Centre, Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - B J Balcom
- UNB MRI Centre, Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Eastwood DS, Bayley PM, Chang HJ, Taiwo OO, Vila-Comamala J, Brett DJL, Rau C, Withers PJ, Shearing PR, Grey CP, Lee PD. Three-dimensional characterization of electrodeposited lithium microstructures using synchrotron X-ray phase contrast imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:266-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03187c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The morphology of electrodeposited high surface area lithium microstructures was imaged in 3D using synchrotron X-ray phase contrast tomography.
Collapse
|
27
|
Romanenko K, Forsyth M, O'Dell LA. New opportunities for quantitative and time efficient 3D MRI of liquid and solid electrochemical cell components: Sectoral Fast Spin Echo and SPRITE. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2014; 248:96-104. [PMID: 25442778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to image electrochemical processes in situ using nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers exciting possibilities for understanding and optimizing materials in batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors. In these applications, however, the quality of the MRI measurement is inherently limited by the presence of conductive elements in the cell or device. To overcome related difficulties, optimal methodologies have to be employed. We show that time-efficient three dimensional (3D) imaging of liquid and solid lithium battery components can be performed by Sectoral Fast Spin Echo and Single Point Imaging with T1 Enhancement (SPRITE), respectively. The former method is based on the generalized phase encoding concept employed in clinical MRI, which we have adapted and optimized for materials science and electrochemistry applications. Hard radio frequency pulses, short echo spacing and centrically ordered sectoral phase encoding ensure accurate and time-efficient full volume imaging. Mapping of density, diffusivity and relaxation time constants in metal-containing liquid electrolytes is demonstrated. 1, 2 and 3D SPRITE approaches show strong potential for rapid high resolution (7)Li MRI of lithium electrode components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Romanenko
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
| | - Maria Forsyth
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Luke A O'Dell
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nunes LM, Moraes TB, Barbosa LL, Mazo LH, Colnago LA. Monitoring electrochemical reactions in situ using steady-state free precession 13C NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 850:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
29
|
Ilott AJ, Chandrashekar S, Klöckner A, Chang HJ, Trease NM, Grey CP, Greengard L, Jerschow A. Visualizing skin effects in conductors with MRI: (7)Li MRI experiments and calculations. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2014; 245:143-9. [PMID: 25036296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
While experiments on metals have been performed since the early days of NMR (and DNP), the use of bulk metal is normally avoided. Instead, often powders have been used in combination with low fields, so that skin depth effects could be neglected. Another complicating factor of acquiring NMR spectra or MRI images of bulk metal is the strong signal dependence on the orientation between the sample and the radio frequency (rf) coil, leading to non-intuitive image distortions and inaccurate quantification. Such factors are particularly important for NMR and MRI of batteries and other electrochemical devices. Here, we show results from a systematic study combining rf field calculations with experimental MRI of (7)Li metal to visualize skin depth effects directly and to analyze the rf field orientation effect on MRI of bulk metal. It is shown that a certain degree of selectivity can be achieved for particular faces of the metal, simply based on the orientation of the sample. By combining rf field calculations with bulk magnetic susceptibility calculations accurate NMR spectra can be obtained from first principles. Such analyses will become valuable in many applications involving battery systems, but also metals, in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ilott
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - S Chandrashekar
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Florida State University, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Andreas Klöckner
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hee Jung Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Nicole M Trease
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Leslie Greengard
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Alexej Jerschow
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Britton MM. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Electrochemical Cells Containing Bulk Metal. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:1731-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201400083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
31
|
Analyzing transport paths in the air electrode of a zinc air battery using X-ray tomography. Electrochem commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
32
|
Arlt T, Schröder D, Krewer U, Manke I. In operando monitoring of the state of charge and species distribution in zinc air batteries using X-ray tomography and model-based simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:22273-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02878c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel combination of in operando X-ray tomography and model-based analysis of zinc air batteries is introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Arlt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
- 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Schröder
- Institute of Energy and Process Systems Engineering
- TU Braunschweig
- 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Krewer
- Institute of Energy and Process Systems Engineering
- TU Braunschweig
- 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ingo Manke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
- 14109 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|