1
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Godts S, Steiger M, Stahlbuhk A, Orr SA, Desarnaud J, De Clercq H, Cnudde V, De Kock T. Modeled versus Experimental Salt Mixture Behavior under Variable Humidity. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:20454-20466. [PMID: 38737035 PMCID: PMC11080023 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the kinetics of salt mixture crystallization under relative humidity (RH) conditions, varying between 15 and 95% (at 20 °C), to inform applications in built heritage preservation, geology, and environmental sciences. We focused on commonly found, sulfate-rich and calcium-rich salt mixtures containing five to six ions, Cl-, NO3-, Na+, and K+, including or excluding less common Mg2+, and including either an excess of SO42- or Ca2+, with respect to gypsum. Using time-lapse micrographs and dynamic vapor sorption, we explore how crystallization and dissolution behavior depend on RH and mixture composition under constant temperature. A range of RH change rates were studied to simulate realistic weather events. Microstructural analyses through environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) confirmed the crystal habit corresponding with RH transitions. Phases predicted from thermodynamic modeling (ECOS/RUNSALT) were confirmed using micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and elemental mapping via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). We identify a strong correlation between phase transition kinetics and RH change rates, with crystallization deviating by -15% and dissolution by +7% from modeled values under rapid (several seconds) and slow (several days) RH changes. These insights are important for preservation strategies in built heritage, salt deposition, and dissolution mechanisms in diverse geological and realistic environmental contexts, laboratory experiments, future modeling efforts, and the understanding of stone decay in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Godts
- Monuments
Lab, Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage
(KIK-IRPA), Brussels 1000, Belgium
- Antwerp
Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES), University
of Antwerp, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Department
of Geology (PProGRess), Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Michael Steiger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Amelie Stahlbuhk
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Scott Allan Orr
- Institute
for Sustainable Heritage, University College
London (UCL), London WC1E 6BT, United
Kingdom
| | - Julie Desarnaud
- Monuments
Lab, Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage
(KIK-IRPA), Brussels 1000, Belgium
| | - Hilde De Clercq
- Monuments
Lab, Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage
(KIK-IRPA), Brussels 1000, Belgium
| | - Veerle Cnudde
- Department
of Geology (PProGRess), Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Department
of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht3584 CS, The Netherlands
| | - Tim De Kock
- Antwerp
Cultural Heritage Sciences (ARCHES), University
of Antwerp, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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2
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Lin X, Zhang C, Hu S, Chen R. Heterogeneous ice nucleation of salt solution in porous media. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:094501. [PMID: 38426515 DOI: 10.1063/5.0190862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Water ubiquitously exists with dissolved salt in both natural and engineered porous media, such as soil, rock, concrete, and tissue; therefore, its freezing temperature depression behavior is of particular interest to various scientific communities tackling with mechanics and physics of porous media. To date, it remains elusive which physical mechanism accounts for its freezing temperature depression and how dissolved ions affect it. Herein, a series of pore-scale experiments were designated to investigate the freezing temperature of salt solutions in tubes with varying pore diameters, pore solution volumes, solid-liquid interfacial areas, ion concentrations, and ion types. The results reveal two main findings: (i) the freezing temperature depression of pore solutions is governed by the heterogeneous ice nucleation (HIN) at the water-solid interface, as evidenced by the observation that the freezing temperature decreases with the decreasing solid-liquid interfacial areas, regardless of pore diameter and pore solution volume; (ii) the dissolved salts alter HIN processes via changing the osmotic potential across the ice embryo-liquid water interface, as indicated by the observation that the freezing temperature is mainly determined by the salt concentration irrespective of salt types. Furthermore, the classical nucleation theory model is adapted for the freezing behavior of pore solutions by including an osmotic potential term. The model shows excellent performance in capturing experimental data with various pore solution concentrations, further substantiating the HIN as the physical mechanism governing pore solution freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lin
- College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Shaojie Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Renpeng Chen
- Research Center for Advanced Underground Space Technologies, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; and College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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3
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Cedeno R, Grossier R, Candoni N, Levernier N, Flood AE, Veesler S. CNT effective interfacial energy and pre-exponential kinetic factor from measured NaCl crystal nucleation time distributions in contracting microdroplets. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:2891367. [PMID: 37191406 DOI: 10.1063/5.0143704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleation, the birth of a stable cluster from a disorder, is inherently stochastic. Yet up to date, there are no quantitative studies on NaCl nucleation that accounts for its stochastic nature. Here, we report the first stochastic treatment of NaCl-water nucleation kinetics. Using a recently developed microfluidic system and evaporation model, our measured interfacial energies extracted from a modified Poisson distribution of nucleation time show an excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. Furthermore, analysis of nucleation parameters in 0.5, 1.5, and 5.5 pl microdroplets reveals an interesting interplay between confinement effects and shifting of nucleation mechanisms. Overall, our findings highlight the need to treat nucleation stochastically rather than deterministically to bridge the gap between theory and experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruel Cedeno
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, CINaM (Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanosciences de Marseille), Campus de Luminy, Case 913, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Romain Grossier
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, CINaM (Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanosciences de Marseille), Campus de Luminy, Case 913, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Nadine Candoni
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, CINaM (Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanosciences de Marseille), Campus de Luminy, Case 913, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Nicolas Levernier
- INMED, INSERM, Aix Marseille University, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, CPT (UMR 7332), Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Adrian E Flood
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Stéphane Veesler
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, CINaM (Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanosciences de Marseille), Campus de Luminy, Case 913, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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4
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Miller A, Chia S, Toprakcioglu Z, Hakala T, Schmid R, Feng Y, Kartanas T, Kamada A, Vendruscolo M, Ruggeri FS, Knowles TP. Enhanced surface nanoanalytics of transient biomolecular processes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq3151. [PMID: 36638180 PMCID: PMC9839325 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq3151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of biomolecules is key to understanding molecular processes in health and disease. Bulk and single-molecule analytical methods provide rich information about biomolecules but often require high concentrations and sample preparation away from physiologically relevant conditions. Here, we present the development and application of a lab-on-a-chip spray approach that combines rapid sample preparation, mixing, and deposition to integrate with a range of nanoanalytical methods in chemistry and biology, providing enhanced spectroscopic sensitivity and single-molecule spatial resolution. We demonstrate that this method enables multidimensional study of heterogeneous biomolecular systems over multiple length scales by nanoscopy and vibrational spectroscopy. We then illustrate the capabilities of this platform by capturing and analyzing the structural conformations of transient oligomeric species formed at the early stages of the self-assembly of α-synuclein, which are associated with the onset of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Miller
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Sean Chia
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Zenon Toprakcioglu
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Tuuli Hakala
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Roman Schmid
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Yaduo Feng
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Tadas Kartanas
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Ayaka Kamada
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Francesco Simone Ruggeri
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6703 WE, Netherlands
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen, 6703 WE, Netherlands
| | - Tuomas P. J. Knowles
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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5
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Feng S, Yao M, Guo S, Lin J, Ao Z, Yu C, Li K, Xun C, Yang L, He J, Chen M, Gong J. Morphology and microstructure regulation of inorganic salts in an additive-free water system via the self-organization of hierarchical crystal clusters: Mechanism, model, and applications. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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6
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Cedeno R, Grossier R, Tishkova V, Candoni N, Flood AE, Veesler S. Evaporation Dynamics of Sessile Saline Microdroplets in Oil. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:9686-9696. [PMID: 35901237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of concentration and temperature gradients in saline microdroplets evaporating directly in air makes them unsuitable for nucleation studies where homogeneous composition is required. This can be addressed by immersing the droplet in oil under regulated humidity and reducing the volume to the picoliter range. However, the evaporation dynamics of such a system is not well understood. In this work, we present evaporation models applicable for arrays of sessile microdroplets with dissolved solute submerged in a thin layer of oil. Our model accounts for the variable diffusion distance due to the presence of the oil film separating the droplet and air, the variation of the solution density and water activity due to the evolving solute concentration, and the diffusive interaction between neighboring droplets. Our model shows excellent agreement with experimental data for both pure water and NaCl solution. With this model, we demonstrate that assuming a constant evaporation rate and neglecting the diffusive interactions can lead to severe inaccuracies in the measurement of droplet concentration, particularly during nucleation experiments. Given the significance of droplet evaporation in a wide array of scientific and industrial applications, the models and insights presented herein would be of great value to many fields of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruel Cedeno
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, CINaM (Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanosciences de Marseille), Campus de Luminy, Case 913, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Romain Grossier
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, CINaM (Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanosciences de Marseille), Campus de Luminy, Case 913, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Victoria Tishkova
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, CINaM (Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanosciences de Marseille), Campus de Luminy, Case 913, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Nadine Candoni
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, CINaM (Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanosciences de Marseille), Campus de Luminy, Case 913, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Adrian E Flood
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Stéphane Veesler
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, CINaM (Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanosciences de Marseille), Campus de Luminy, Case 913, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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7
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Shchur Y, Beltramo G, Andrushchak AS, Vitusevich S, Huber P, Adamiv V, Teslyuk I, Boichuk N, Kityk AV. On the issue of textured crystallization of Ba(NO 3) 2 in mesoporous SiO 2: Raman spectroscopy and lattice dynamics analysis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 275:121157. [PMID: 35316625 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The lattice dynamics of preferentially aligned nanocrystals formed upon drying of aqueous Ba(NO3)2 solutions in a mesoporous silica glass traversed by tubular pores of approximately 12 nm are explored by Raman scattering. To interpret the experiments on the confined nanocrystals polarized Raman spectra of bulk single crystals and X-ray diffraction experiments are also performed. Since a cubic symmetry is inherent to Ba(NO3)2, a special Raman scattering geometry was utilized to separate the phonon modes of Ag and Eg species. Combining group-theory analysis and ab initio lattice dynamics calculations a full interpretation of all Raman lines of the bulk single crystal is achieved. Apart from a small confinement-induced line broadening, the peak positions and normalized peak intensities of the Raman spectra of the nanoconfined and macroscopic crystals are identical. Interestingly, the Raman scattering experiment indicates the existence of comparatively large,∼10-20 μm, single-crystalline regions of Ba(NO3)2 embedded in the porous host, near three orders of magnitude larger than the average size of single nanopores. This is contrast to the initial assumption of non-interconnected pores. It rather indicates an inter-pore propagation of the crystallization front, presumably via microporosity in the pore walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Shchur
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, 1 Svientsitskii str., 79011 Lviv, Ukraine.
| | - Guillermo Beltramo
- Institute of Biological Information Processing Mechanobiology (IBI-2), Forschungszentrum Juelich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
| | | | - Svetlana Vitusevich
- Institute of Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Juelich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Patrick Huber
- Institute for Materials and X-Ray Physics, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorferstr. 42, 21073 Hamburg, Germany; Center for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany; Center for Hybrid Nanostructures CHyN, Hamburg University, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Adamiv
- O.G. Vlokh Institute of Physical Optics, 23 Dragomanova str., 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Ihor Teslyuk
- O.G. Vlokh Institute of Physical Optics, 23 Dragomanova str., 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Nazarii Boichuk
- Institute of Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Juelich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Andriy V Kityk
- Faculty of the Electrical Engineering, Czestochowa University of Technology, Al. Armii Krajowej 17, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
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8
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Wang F, Tian S, Yuan Q. Evaporation-induced crystal self-assembly (EICSA) of salt drops regulated by trace of polyacrylamide. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Deka N, Saha S, Dash S. Evaporation-induced convective transport in confined saline droplets. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Bianco V, Conde MM, Lamas CP, Noya EG, Sanz E. Phase diagram of the NaCl–water system from computer simulations. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:064505. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0083371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V. Bianco
- Departamento de Química Física (Unidad de I+D+i asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. M. Conde
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. P. Lamas
- Departamento de Química Física (Unidad de I+D+i asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Calle Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. G. Noya
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Calle Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Sanz
- Departamento de Química Física (Unidad de I+D+i asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Cedeno R, Grossier R, Lagaize M, Nerini D, Candoni N, Flood A, Veesler S. Nucleation in Sessile Saline Microdroplets: Induction Time Measurement via Deliquescence-Recrystallization Cycling. Faraday Discuss 2022; 235:183-197. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00090j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Induction time, a measure of how long one will wait for nucleation to occur, is an important parameter in quantifying nucle-ation kinetics and its underlying mechanisms. Due to the stochastic...
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12
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P Lamas C, R Espinosa J, M Conde M, Ramírez J, Montero de Hijes P, G Noya E, Vega C, Sanz E. Homogeneous nucleation of NaCl in supersaturated solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26843-26852. [PMID: 34817484 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02093e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The seeding method is an approximate approach to investigate nucleation that combines molecular dynamics simulations with classical nucleation theory. Recently, this technique has been successfully implemented in a broad range of nucleation studies. However, its accuracy is subject to the arbitrary choice of the order parameter threshold used to distinguish liquid-like from solid-like molecules. We revisit here the crystallization of NaCl from a supersaturated brine solution and show that consistency between seeding and rigorous methods, like Forward Flux Sampling (from previous work) or spontaneous crystallization (from this work), is achieved by following a mislabelling criterion to select such threshold (i.e. equaling the fraction of the mislabelled particles in the bulk parent and nucleating phases). This work supports the use of seeding to obtain fast and reasonably accurate nucleation rate estimates and the mislabelling criterion as one giving the relevant cluster size for classical nucleation theory in crystallization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Lamas
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Calle Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J R Espinosa
- Maxwell Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0H3, UK
| | - M M Conde
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Ramírez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Montero de Hijes
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - E G Noya
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC, Calle Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Vega
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - E Sanz
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Mercury L, Hulin C, Lassin A. Solids fracturing by crystallization pressure through metastability-driven pathways. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Hardy DA, Archer J, Lemaitre P, Vehring R, Reid JP, Walker JS. High time resolution measurements of droplet evaporation kinetics and particle crystallisation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:18568-18579. [PMID: 34612393 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02840e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A refined technique for observing the complete evaporation behaviour of free-falling droplets, from droplet generation to complete solvent evaporation, with ultra-high time resolution is introduced and benchmarked. High-resolution phase-delay stroboscopic imaging is employed to simultaneously resolve the evolving droplet morphology, geometric and aerodynamic diameters, throughout the evaporative lifetime with a user-controlled < μs timescale. This allows rapid, complex morphological changes, such as crystallisation events, to be clearly observed and the corresponding mechanisms to be inferred. The dried particles are sampled for offline SEM analysis and the observed morphologies compared to the inflight imaging. Density changes can be calculated directly from the deviation between the geometric and aerodynamic diameters. The full capabilities of the new technique are demonstrated by examination of the different evaporation behaviours and crystallisation mechanisms for aqueous sodium chloride droplets evaporating under different ambient relative humidity (RH) conditions. The crystallisation window, defined as the time taken from initial to complete crystallisation, is shown to be RH dependent, extending from 0.03 s at 20% RH and 0.13 s at 40% RH. The different crystallisation mechanisms observed during the experiments are also clearly reflected in the final structure of the dry particles, with multi-crystal structures produced at low RH compared to single-crystal structures at higher RH. It is anticipated that this technique will unlock measurements which explore the evaporation behaviour and crystallisation mechanisms for rapid, complex droplet drying events, and with increasingly non-ideal solutions, relevant to industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Hardy
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
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15
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Shao X, Hou Y, Zhong X. Modulation of evaporation-affected crystal motion in a drying droplet by saline and surfactant concentrations. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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16
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Mauriaucourt M, Jiang S, Soare A, Zwijnenburg A, Shahidzadeh N. Multiscale Study on the Mechanism of a Bio-Based Anticaking Agent for NaCl Crystals. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:31575-31583. [PMID: 33344810 PMCID: PMC7745208 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Caking constitutes a major problem for the flowability, transport, packaging, and consumption of hygroscopic granular crystalline materials such as salt. Sodium chloride is the most abundant salt on the earth and known to form strong lumps, mainly due to cycles of water uptake and water evaporation. We report on a multiscale study of the anticaking effect of the bio-based additive Fe-mTA, a metal-organic complex of iron (III) and meso-tartrate. Drying-deliquescence cycling experiments are performed to reproduce the situation in which the salt undergoes repeated humidity fluctuations. Our results show that Fe-mTA acts as a nucleation promoter and growth inhibitor by inducing roughness on the surface of crystals. To directly study the effect of Fe-mTA down to the micrometer scale, we study liquid capillary bridges between two macroscopic salt crystals by applying droplets of salt solution with various levels of additives. Scanning electron microscopy and three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning confocal profilometry results show that Fe-mTA produces a surface roughness at the micron scale. This roughness decreases the effective contact area between crystals and promotes the spreading of the liquid bridge; consequently, the formation of a solid bridge between grains with water evaporation is avoided, thus preventing the caking phenomenon and, in addition, preventing adhesion of the crystals to solid substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Mauriaucourt
- University
of Amsterdam, Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Nouryon,
Research, Development & Innovation Salt, Industrial Chemicals, Zuthpenseweg 10, 7418 AJ Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Shanfeng Jiang
- Nouryon,
Research, Development & Innovation Salt, Industrial Chemicals, Zuthpenseweg 10, 7418 AJ Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Anamaria Soare
- Nouryon,
Research, Development & Innovation Salt, Industrial Chemicals, Zuthpenseweg 10, 7418 AJ Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Aalbert Zwijnenburg
- Nouryon,
Research, Development & Innovation Salt, Industrial Chemicals, Zuthpenseweg 10, 7418 AJ Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Noushine Shahidzadeh
- University
of Amsterdam, Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Meldrum FC, O'Shaughnessy C. Crystallization in Confinement. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001068. [PMID: 32583495 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Many crystallization processes of great importance, including frost heave, biomineralization, the synthesis of nanomaterials, and scale formation, occur in small volumes rather than bulk solution. Here, the influence of confinement on crystallization processes is described, drawing together information from fields as diverse as bioinspired mineralization, templating, pharmaceuticals, colloidal crystallization, and geochemistry. Experiments are principally conducted within confining systems that offer well-defined environments, varying from droplets in microfluidic devices, to cylindrical pores in filtration membranes, to nanoporous glasses and carbon nanotubes. Dramatic effects are observed, including a stabilization of metastable polymorphs, a depression of freezing points, and the formation of crystals with preferred orientations, modified morphologies, and even structures not seen in bulk. Confinement is also shown to influence crystallization processes over length scales ranging from the atomic to hundreds of micrometers, and to originate from a wide range of mechanisms. The development of an enhanced understanding of the influence of confinement on crystal nucleation and growth will not only provide superior insight into crystallization processes in many real-world environments, but will also enable this phenomenon to be used to control crystallization in applications including nanomaterial synthesis, heavy metal remediation, and the prevention of weathering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C Meldrum
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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18
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Efstratiou M, Christy J, Sefiane K. Crystallization-Driven Flows within Evaporating Aqueous Saline Droplets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4995-5002. [PMID: 32319295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Using micro-PIV (particle image velocimetry), we observe for the first time, the direct correlation between crystallization and hydrodynamics in evaporating microliter saline (1 M NaCl) sessile drops. The relationship is demonstrated by a remarkable jet of liquid along the base of the drops, induced by, and directed at the point of nucleation and subsequent crystal growth. Prior to nucleation, the flow is more uniformly outward with the magnitude of the velocity decreasing with time. From calculations and the flow measurements in the two observed stages of evaporation (prior to nucleation and during crystallization), this jet can be explained on the basis of competition between solutal Marangoni convection and mass conservation flow. The jet of fluid leads to vortices on either side of the crystal in which the salt concentration is reduced, providing a potential explanation as to why NaCl deposits as a sequence of discrete crystals rather than as a continuous ring for such drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Efstratiou
- Institute of Multiscale Thermofluids, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, U.K
| | - John Christy
- Institute of Multiscale Thermofluids, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, U.K
| | - Khellil Sefiane
- Institute of Multiscale Thermofluids, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, U.K
- Tianjin Key Lab of Refrigeration Technology, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin City 300134, PR China
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19
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Robinson JF, Gregson FKA, Miles REH, Reid JP, Royall CP. Drying kinetics and nucleation in evaporating sodium nitrate aerosols. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:074503. [PMID: 32087631 DOI: 10.1063/1.5139106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F. Robinson
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Florence K. A. Gregson
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael E. H. Miles
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Reid
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - C. Patrick Royall
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
- Centre for Nanoscience and Quantum Information, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1FD, United Kingdom
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20
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Comparison of sodium chloride hopper cubes grown under microgravity and terrestrial conditions. NPJ Microgravity 2019; 5:25. [PMID: 31728406 PMCID: PMC6848110 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium chloride (NaCl) grown in terrestrial conditions form hopper cubes under diffusion controlled mass transport (Péclet number: ≪ 1), high supersaturations (S > 1.45), and fast growth rates (10–110 µm/s) over periods only maintainable for seconds to minutes yielding hopper cubes typically <250 µm. Here we report on NaCl hopper cubes grown in microgravity on the International Space Station (ISS) by evaporation of brine. They grew under diffusion limited mass transport (Péclet number: ~4 × 10−4 − 4) at low supersaturation (S < 1.002) and slow growth rates (0.34–1 µm/min) over periods of days to weeks. Due to the lack of sedimentation, symmetrical hopper cubes, 2–8 mm were produced. The most striking differences between microgravity and terrestrial gravity hopper growth conditions are low supersaturation and slow growth rates over long periods of time. Large, 1–20 cm naturally occurring symmetrical NaCl hopper cubes are found suspended in brine soaked mud, hypothesized to be produced in a slow growth, diffusion dominated environment. We speculate these geologic conditions allow for hopper growth similar to that of microgravity.
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21
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Li X, Schmidt JR. Modeling the Nucleation of Weak Electrolytes via Hybrid GCMC/MD Simulation. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:5883-5893. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - J. R. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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22
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Naillon A, Joseph P, Prat M. Direct observation of pore collapse and tensile stress generation on pore walls due to salt crystallization in a PDMS channel. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:4562-4569. [PMID: 31123729 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02546k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The generation of stress on pore walls due to salt crystallization is generally analysed as a compressive stress generation mechanism using the concept of crystallization pressure. We report on a completely different stress generation mechanism. In contrast with the classical picture where the crystal pushes the pore wall, the crystal growth leads to the generation of a local tensile stress. This tensile stress occurs next to a region where a compressive stress is generated, thus inducing also shear stresses. These findings are obtained from direct optical observations in PDMS model pores where the tensile stress generation results in the collapse of the pore region located between the crystal and the pore dead-end. The experiments also reveal other interesting phenomena, such as hyperslow drying in PDMS channels or asymmetrical growth of the crystal during the collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Naillon
- Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
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23
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Jain P, Vincent O, Stroock AD. Adsorption, Desorption, and Crystallization of Aqueous Solutions in Nanopores. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:3949-3962. [PMID: 30786204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Probing nanoconfined solutions in tortuous, mesoporous media is challenging because of pore size, complex pore connectivity, and the coexistence of multiple components and phases. Here, we use optical reflectance to experimentally investigate the wetting and drying of a mesoporous medium with ∼3-nm-diameter pores containing aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and lithium chloride. We show that the vapor activities (i.e., relative humidities) that correspond to optical features in the isotherms for solutions can be used to deduce the thermodynamic state of a nanoscopic solution that undergoes evaporation and crystallization upon drying and condensation and deliquescence when increasing the relative humidity. We emphasize specific equilibrium states of the system: the onset of draining during desorption and the end of filling during adsorption as well as percolation-induced scattering and crystallization. We find that theoretical arguments involving classical thermodynamics (a modified Kelvin-Laplace equation and classical nucleation theory) explain quantitatively the evolution of the optical features and thereby the state of the solution as a function of imposed vapor activity and solute concentration.
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24
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Gregson FKA, Robinson JF, Miles REH, Royall CP, Reid JP. Drying Kinetics of Salt Solution Droplets: Water Evaporation Rates and Crystallization. J Phys Chem B 2018; 123:266-276. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b09584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Zimmermann NER, Vorselaars B, Espinosa JR, Quigley D, Smith WR, Sanz E, Vega C, Peters B. NaCl nucleation from brine in seeded simulations: Sources of uncertainty in rate estimates. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:222838. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5024009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nils. E. R. Zimmermann
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Bart Vorselaars
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge R. Espinosa
- Departmento de Quimica-Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Quigley
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - William R. Smith
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Eduardo Sanz
- Departmento de Quimica-Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Vega
- Departmento de Quimica-Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Baron Peters
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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26
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Desarnaud J, Derluyn H, Carmeliet J, Bonn D, Shahidzadeh N. Hopper Growth of Salt Crystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2961-2966. [PMID: 29767976 PMCID: PMC5994728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The growth of hopper crystals is observed for many substances, but the mechanism of their formation remains ill understood. Here we investigate their growth by performing evaporation experiments on small volumes of salt solutions. We show that sodium chloride crystals that grow very fast from a highly supersaturated solution form a peculiar form of hopper crystal consisting of a series of connected miniature versions of the original cubic crystal. The transition between cubic and such hopper growth happens at a well-defined supersaturation where the growth rate of the cubic crystal reaches a maximum (∼6.5 ± 1.8 μm/s). Above this threshold, the growth rate varies as the third power of supersaturation, showing that a new mechanism, controlled by the maximum speed of surface integration of new molecules, induces the hopper growth of cubic crystals in cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Desarnaud
- Van
der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hannelore Derluyn
- Laboratoire
des Fluides Complexes et leurs Réservoirs-IPRA, UMR5150, CNRS/TOTAL/Univ Pau & Pays Adour/E2S UPPA, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Jan Carmeliet
- Chair of Building
Physics, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5, 8093 Zürich Hönggerberg, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Building Science and Technology, EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Bonn
- Van
der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Noushine Shahidzadeh
- Van
der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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27
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Utoft A, Kinoshita K, Bitterfield DL, Needham D. Manipulating Single Microdroplets of NaCl Solutions: Solvent Dissolution, Microcrystallization, and Crystal Morphology. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:3626-3641. [PMID: 29510057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new "three-micropipette manipulation technique" for forming, dehydrating, crystallizing, and resolvating nanograms of salt material has been developed to study supersaturated single microdroplets and microcrystals. This is the first report of studies that have measured in situ both supersaturation (as homogeneous nucleation) and saturation (as microcrystal redissolution) for single microdroplets of NaCl solution using the micropipette technique. This work reports a measure of the critical supersaturation concentration for homogeneous nucleation of NaCl (10.3 ± 0.3 M) at a supersaturation fraction of S = 1.9, the saturation concentration of NaCl in aqueous solution as measured with nanograms of material (5.5 ± 0.1 M), the diffusion coefficient for water in octanol, D = (1.96 ± 0.10) × 10-6 cm2/s, and the effect of the solvent's activity on dissolution kinetics. It is further shown that the same Epstein-Plesset (EP) model, which was originally developed for diffusion-controlled dissolution and uptake of gas, and successfully applied to liquid-in-liquid dissolution, can now also be applied to describe the diffusion-controlled uptake of water from a water-saturated environment using the extended activity-based model of Bitterfield et al. This aspect of the EP model has not previously been tested using single microdroplets. Finally, it is also reported how the water dissolution rate, rate of NaCl concentration change, resulting crystal structure, and the time frame of initial crystal growth are affected by changing the bathing medium from octanol to decane. A much slower loss of water-solvent and concomitant slower up-concentration of the NaCl solute resulted in a lower tendency to nucleate and slower crystal growth because much less excess material was available at the onset of nucleation in the decane system as compared to the octanol system. Thus, the crystal structure is reported to be dendritic for NaCl solution microdroplets dissolving rapidly and nucleating violently in octanol, while they are formed as single cubic crystals in a gentler way for solution-dissolution in decane. These new techniques and analyses can now also be used for any other system where all relevant parameters are known. An example of this is control of drug/hydrogel/emulsion particle size change due to solvent uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Utoft
- Center for Single Particle Science and Engineering (SPSE), Health Sciences , University of Southern Denmark , Odense 5230 , Denmark
| | - Koji Kinoshita
- Center for Single Particle Science and Engineering (SPSE), Health Sciences , University of Southern Denmark , Odense 5230 , Denmark
| | | | - David Needham
- Center for Single Particle Science and Engineering (SPSE), Health Sciences , University of Southern Denmark , Odense 5230 , Denmark
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
- School of Pharmacy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
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28
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Jiang H, Haji-Akbari A, Debenedetti PG, Panagiotopoulos AZ. Forward flux sampling calculation of homogeneous nucleation rates from aqueous NaCl solutions. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:044505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5016554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Amir Haji-Akbari
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Pablo G. Debenedetti
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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29
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Naillon A, Joseph P, Prat M. Ion Transport and Precipitation Kinetics as Key Aspects of Stress Generation on Pore Walls Induced by Salt Crystallization. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:034502. [PMID: 29400491 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.034502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The stress generation on pore walls due to the growth of a sodium chloride crystal in a confined aqueous solution is studied from evaporation experiments in microfluidic channels in conjunction with numerical computations of crystal growth. The study indicates that the stress buildup on the pore walls is a highly transient process taking place over a very short period of time (in less than 1 s in our experiments). The analysis makes clear that what matters for the stress generation is not the maximum supersaturation at the onset of the crystal growth but the supersaturation at the interface between the solution and the crystal when the latter is about to be confined between the pore walls. The stress generation is summarized in a simple stress diagram involving the pore aspect ratio and the Damkhöler number characterizing the competition between the precipitation reaction kinetics and the ion transport towards the growing crystal. This opens up the route for a better understanding of the damage of porous materials induced by salt crystallization, an important issue in Earth sciences, reservoir engineering, and civil engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Naillon
- Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT)-Université de Toulouse, CNRS-INPT-UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31031 Toulouse, France
| | - P Joseph
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31031 Toulouse, France
| | - M Prat
- Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT)-Université de Toulouse, CNRS-INPT-UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
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30
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Lanaro G, Patey GN. The influence of ion hydration on nucleation and growth of LiF crystals in aqueous solution. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:024507. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5001521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G. Lanaro
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - G. N. Patey
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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31
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Pel L, Pishkari R, Casti M. A simplified model for the combined wicking and evaporation of a NaCl solution in limestone. MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 2018; 51:66. [PMID: 30996649 PMCID: PMC6435213 DOI: 10.1617/s11527-018-1187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Salt weathering is one of the major causes of the damage both in cultural heritage as well as in civil engineering constructions. A special case develops when there is a continuous wicking of a salt solution into a material in combination with evaporation of the moisture at its surface. In this study we are interested in the case where the absorption rate is much higher than the evaporation and as a result a salt concentration will build up at the drying surface resulting in crystallization. To this end we propose a simplified model to describe this mechanism. In order to check the model the NaCl concentration profiles were measured non-destructively by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance during a combined wicking and evaporation experiment with limestone. A good correlation was found between the model and the measured NaCl concentration profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Pel
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - R. Pishkari
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M. Casti
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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32
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Touil A, Broseta D, Hobeika N, Brown R. Roles of Wettability and Supercooling in the Spreading of Cyclopentane Hydrate over a Substrate. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:10965-10977. [PMID: 28910532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We use transmission optical microscopy to observe cyclopentane hydrate growth in sub-mm, open glass capillaries, mimicking cylindrical pores. The capillary is initially loaded with water and the guest fluid (cyclopentane) and thus possesses three menisci, that between water and cyclopentane (CP) in the middle and two menisci with the vapors at the ends. At temperatures T below the equilibrium temperature Teq ≈ 7 °C, the hydrate nucleates on the water-CP meniscus, rapidly coating it with an immobile, polycrystalline crust. Continued movement of the other two menisci provides insights into hydrate growth mechanisms, via the consumption and displacement of the fluids. On water-wet glass, the subsequent growth consists of a hydrate "halo" creeping with an underlying water layer on the glass on the CP side of the meniscus. Symmetrically, on CP-wet glass (silane-treated), a halo and a CP layer grow on the water side of the interface. No halo is observed on intermediate wet glass. The halo consists of an array of large monocrystals, over a thick water layer at low supercooling (ΔT = Teq - T below 5 K), and a finer, polycrystalline texture over a thinner water layer at higher ΔT. Furthermore, the velocity varies as ΔTα, with α ≈ 2.7, making the early stages of growth very similar to gas hydrate crusts growing over water-guest interfaces. Beyond a length in the millimeter range, the halo and its water layer abruptly decelerate and thin down to submicron thickness. The halo passes through the meniscus with the vapor without slowing down or change of texture. A model of the mass balance of the fluids helps rationalize all of these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhafid Touil
- Laboratoire des fluides complexes et de leurs réservoirs (LFCR), UMR CNRS 5150, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour , Av. de l'Université, B.P. 1155, 64013 Pau Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Broseta
- Laboratoire des fluides complexes et de leurs réservoirs (LFCR), UMR CNRS 5150, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour , Av. de l'Université, B.P. 1155, 64013 Pau Cedex, France
| | - Nelly Hobeika
- Laboratoire des fluides complexes et de leurs réservoirs (LFCR), UMR CNRS 5150, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour , Av. de l'Université, B.P. 1155, 64013 Pau Cedex, France
| | - Ross Brown
- Institut des sciences analytiques et de physico-chimie pour l'environnement et les matériaux (IPREM), UMR CNRS 5254, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour , Hélioparc, 2, Av. P. Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex, France
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33
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Zhong X, Ren J, Duan F. Wettability Effect on Evaporation Dynamics and Crystalline Patterns of Sessile Saline Droplets. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:7924-7933. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b03690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhong
- School of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Junheng Ren
- School of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Fei Duan
- School of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
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34
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Qazi M, Liefferink RW, Schlegel SJ, Backus EHG, Bonn D, Shahidzadeh N. Influence of Surfactants on Sodium Chloride Crystallization in Confinement. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:4260-4268. [PMID: 28425711 PMCID: PMC5418628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We study the influence of different surfactants on NaCl crystallization during evaporation of aqueous salt solutions. We found that at concentrations of sodium chloride close to saturation, only the cationic surfactant CTAB and the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 remain stable. For the nonionic surfactant, the high concentration of salt does not significantly change either the critical micellar concentration (CMC) or the surface tension at the CMC; for the cationic surfactant, the CMC is reduced by roughly 2 orders of magnitude upon adding the salt. The presence of both types of surfactants in the salt solution delays the crystallization of sodium chloride with evaporation. This, in turn, leads to high supersaturation which induces the rapid precipitation of a hopper crystal in the bulk. The crystallization inhibitor role of these surfactants is shown to be mainly due to the passivation of nucleation sites at both liquid/air and solid/liquid interfaces rather than a change in the evaporation rate which is found not to be affected by the presence of the surfactants. The adsorption of surfactants at the liquid/air interface prevents the crystallization at this location which is generally the place where the precipitation of sodium chloride is observed. Moreover, sum frequency generation spectroscopy measurements show that the surfactants are also present at the solid/liquid interface. The incorporation of the surfactants into the salt crystals is investigated using a novel, but simple, method based on surface tension measurements. Our results show that the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 is incorporated in the NaCl crystals but the cationic surfactant CTAB is not. Taken together, these results therefore allow us to establish the effect of the presence of surfactants on sodium chloride crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin
J. Qazi
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rinse W. Liefferink
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon J. Schlegel
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ellen H. G. Backus
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Bonn
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Noushine Shahidzadeh
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Granneman SJC, Shahidzadeh N, Lubelli B, van Hees RPJ. Effect of borax on the wetting properties and crystallization behavior of sodium sulfate. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce02163h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Multistep crystallization processes: How not to make perfect single crystals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13551-13553. [PMID: 27872305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616536113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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37
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Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the factors that influence the nucleation of NaCl crystals in a supersaturated aqueous solution. We describe a methodology for detecting solidlike NaCl clusters (potential nuclei) and following their evolution in time until they achieve nucleation (which is very rare) or dissolve back into solution. Through an analysis of cluster lifetimes and multiple nucleation events, we demonstrate that cluster size is not the only property that influences cluster stability and the probability of achieving nucleation. We introduce a parameter called cluster crystallinity, which is a measure of the solidlike order in a particular cluster. We show that cluster order (as measured by this parameter) has a strong influence on the lifetime and nucleation probability of clusters of equal sizes, with the lifetime and probability of nucleation increasing with increasing crystallinity. These observations remain true for clusters as small as six ions, showing that the structural factors are important even at the earliest stages of crystal birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lanaro
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - G N Patey
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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38
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Desarnaud J, Bonn D, Shahidzadeh N. The Pressure induced by salt crystallization in confinement. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30856. [PMID: 27493020 PMCID: PMC4974634 DOI: 10.1038/srep30856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt crystallization is a major cause of weathering of rocks, artworks and monuments. Damage can only occur if crystals continue to grow in confinement, i.e. within the pore space of these materials, thus generating mechanical stress. We report the direct measurement, at the microscale, of the force exerted by growing alkali halide salt crystals while visualizing their spontaneous nucleation and growth. The experiments reveal the crucial role of the wetting films between the growing crystal and the confining walls for the development of the pressure. Our results suggest that the measured force originates from repulsion between the similarly charged confining wall and the salt crystal separated by a ~1.5 nm liquid film. Indeed, if the walls are made hydrophobic, no film is observed and no repulsive forces are detected. We also show that the magnitude of the induced pressure is system specific explaining why different salts lead to different amounts of damage to porous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Desarnaud
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D. Bonn
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N. Shahidzadeh
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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39
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Sosso G, Chen J, Cox SJ, Fitzner M, Pedevilla P, Zen A, Michaelides A. Crystal Nucleation in Liquids: Open Questions and Future Challenges in Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Chem Rev 2016; 116:7078-116. [PMID: 27228560 PMCID: PMC4919765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nucleation of crystals in liquids is one of nature's most ubiquitous phenomena, playing an important role in areas such as climate change and the production of drugs. As the early stages of nucleation involve exceedingly small time and length scales, atomistic computer simulations can provide unique insights into the microscopic aspects of crystallization. In this review, we take stock of the numerous molecular dynamics simulations that, in the past few decades, have unraveled crucial aspects of crystal nucleation in liquids. We put into context the theoretical framework of classical nucleation theory and the state-of-the-art computational methods by reviewing simulations of such processes as ice nucleation and the crystallization of molecules in solutions. We shall see that molecular dynamics simulations have provided key insights into diverse nucleation scenarios, ranging from colloidal particles to natural gas hydrates, and that, as a result, the general applicability of classical nucleation theory has been repeatedly called into question. We have attempted to identify the most pressing open questions in the field. We believe that, by improving (i) existing interatomic potentials and (ii) currently available enhanced sampling methods, the community can move toward accurate investigations of realistic systems of practical interest, thus bringing simulations a step closer to experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele
C. Sosso
- Thomas Young Centre, London
Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street WC1E
6BT London, U.K.
| | - Ji Chen
- Thomas Young Centre, London
Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street WC1E
6BT London, U.K.
| | | | - Martin Fitzner
- Thomas Young Centre, London
Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street WC1E
6BT London, U.K.
| | - Philipp Pedevilla
- Thomas Young Centre, London
Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street WC1E
6BT London, U.K.
| | - Andrea Zen
- Thomas Young Centre, London
Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street WC1E
6BT London, U.K.
| | - Angelos Michaelides
- Thomas Young Centre, London
Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street WC1E
6BT London, U.K.
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40
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Yuk JM, Zhou Q, Chang J, Ercius P, Alivisatos AP, Zettl A. Real-Time Observation of Water-Soluble Mineral Precipitation in Aqueous Solution by In Situ High-Resolution Electron Microscopy. ACS NANO 2016; 10:88-92. [PMID: 26649494 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The precipitation and dissolution of water-soluble minerals in aqueous systems is a familiar process occurring commonly in nature. Understanding mineral nucleation and growth during its precipitation is highly desirable, but past in situ techniques have suffered from limited spatial and temporal resolution. Here, by using in situ graphene liquid cell electron microscopy, mineral nucleation and growth processes are demonstrated in high spatial and temporal resolution. We precipitate the mineral thenardite (Na2SO4) from aqueous solution with electron-beam-induced radiolysis of water. We demonstrate that minerals nucleate with a two-dimensional island structure on the graphene surfaces. We further reveal that mineral grains grow by grain boundary migration and grain rotation. Our findings provide a direct observation of the dynamics of crystal growth from ionic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Min Yuk
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Qin Zhou
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jiyoung Chang
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - A Paul Alivisatos
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alex Zettl
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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41
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Zimmermann NER, Vorselaars B, Quigley D, Peters B. Nucleation of NaCl from Aqueous Solution: Critical Sizes, Ion-Attachment Kinetics, and Rates. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13352-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bart Vorselaars
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - David Quigley
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
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42
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Rad MN, Shokri N, Keshmiri A, Withers PJ. Effects of Grain and Pore Size on Salt Precipitation During Evaporation from Porous Media. Transp Porous Media 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-015-0515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Abstract
The study of the behavior of sessile droplets on solid substrates is not only associated with common everyday phenomena, such as the coffee stain effect, limescale deposits on our bathroom walls , but also very important in many applications such as purification of pharmaceuticals, de-icing of airplanes, inkjet printing and coating applications. In many of these processes, a phase change happens within the drop because of solvent evaporation, temperature changes or chemical reactions, which consequently lead to liquid to solid transitions in the droplets. Here we show that crystallization patterns of evaporating of water drops containing dissolved salts are different from the stains reported for evaporating colloidal suspensions. This happens because during the solvent evaporation, the salts crystallize and grow during the drying. Our results show that the patterns of the resulting salt crystal stains are mainly governed by wetting properties of the emerging crystal as well as the pathway of nucleation and growth, and are independent of the evaporation rate and thermal conductivity of the substrates.
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44
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Sghaier N, Geoffroy S, Prat M, Eloukabi H, Ben Nasrallah S. Evaporation-driven growth of large crystallized salt structures in a porous medium. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:042402. [PMID: 25375505 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.042402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Subflorescence refers to crystallized salt structures that form inside a porous medium. We report a drying experiment revealing major development of subflorescence in the dry region of the porous medium away from the liquid zone. Using a combination of image analyses and numerical computations, we show that the growth is directly correlated to the evaporation flux distribution along the boundary of the growing salt structure. This indicates that the salt is transported into the domain occupied by the salt structure in the porous medium up to the structure periphery, where salt deposition takes place. This is confirmed when a growing salt structure encounters dry subflorescence formed earlier during the drying process. The dry subflorescence is reimbibed and resumes its growth. The analysis also suggests that the solution within the growing subflorescence is in equilibrium with the crystallized salt wall. These results shed light on the growth mechanisms of subflorescence, a phenomenon that can play a fundamental role in several important issues such as carbon dioxide sequestration or salt weathering.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sghaier
- Laboratoire d'Etudes des Systèmes Thermiques et Energétiques de Monastir, Tunisia
| | - S Geoffroy
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INSA, LMDC (Laboratoire Matériaux et Durabilité des Constructions), 135, Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - M Prat
- Université de Toulouse, INPT, UPS, IMFT, Avenue Camille Soula, F-31400 Toulouse, France and CNRS, IMFT, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - H Eloukabi
- Laboratoire d'Etudes des Systèmes Thermiques et Energétiques de Monastir, Tunisia
| | - S Ben Nasrallah
- Laboratoire d'Etudes des Systèmes Thermiques et Energétiques de Monastir, Tunisia
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