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Nagae T, Fujita Y, Tsuchida T, Kamo T, Seto R, Hamada M, Aoyama H, Sato-Tomita A, Fujisawa T, Eki T, Miyanoiri Y, Ito Y, Soeta T, Ukaji Y, Unno M, Mishima M, Hirose Y. Green/red light-sensing mechanism in the chromatic acclimation photosensor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn8386. [PMID: 38865454 PMCID: PMC11168458 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn8386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Certain cyanobacteria alter their photosynthetic light absorption between green and red, a phenomenon called complementary chromatic acclimation. The acclimation is regulated by a cyanobacteriochrome-class photosensor that reversibly photoconverts between green-absorbing (Pg) and red-absorbing (Pr) states. Here, we elucidated the structural basis of the green/red photocycle. In the Pg state, the bilin chromophore adopted the extended C15-Z,anti structure within a hydrophobic pocket. Upon photoconversion to the Pr state, the bilin is isomerized to the cyclic C15-E,syn structure, forming a water channel in the pocket. The solvation/desolvation of the bilin causes changes in the protonation state and the stability of π-conjugation at the B ring, leading to a large absorption shift. These results advance our understanding of the enormous spectral diversity of the phytochrome superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nagae
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yuya Fujita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsuchida
- Division of Material Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takanari Kamo
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Ryoka Seto
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjomachi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Masako Hamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aoyama
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Ayana Sato-Tomita
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tomotsumi Fujisawa
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjomachi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Eki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyanoiri
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Takahiro Soeta
- Division of Material Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ukaji
- Division of Material Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masashi Unno
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjomachi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Masaki Mishima
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yuu Hirose
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
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Jenkins AJ, Gottlieb SM, Chang CW, Kim PW, Hayer RJ, Hanke SJ, Martin SS, Lagarias JC, Larsen DS. Conservation and Diversity in the Primary Reverse Photodynamics of the Canonical Red/Green Cyanobacteriochrome Family. Biochemistry 2020; 59:4015-4028. [PMID: 33021375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we compare the femtosecond to nanosecond primary reverse photodynamics (15EPg → 15ZPr) of eight tetrapyrrole binding photoswitching cyanobacteriochromes in the canonical red/green family from the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme. Three characteristic classes were identified on the basis of the diversity of excited-state and ground-state properties, including the lifetime, photocycle initiation quantum yield, photointermediate stability, spectra, and temporal properties. We observed a correlation between the excited-state lifetime and peak wavelength of the electronic absorption spectrum with higher-energy-absorbing representatives exhibiting both faster excited-state decay times and higher photoisomerization quantum yields. The latter was attributed to both an increased number of structural restraints and differences in H-bonding networks that facilitate photoisomerization. All three classes exhibited primary Lumi-Go intermediates, with class II and III representatives evolving to a secondary Meta-G photointermediate. Class II Meta-GR intermediates were orange absorbing, whereas class III Meta-G had structurally relaxed, red-absorbing chromophores that resemble their dark-adapted 15ZPr states. Differences in the reverse and forward reaction mechanisms are discussed within the context of structural constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sean Marc Gottlieb
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Che-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Peter W Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Randeep J Hayer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Samuel J Hanke
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Shelley S Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - J Clark Lagarias
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Delmar S Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Jenkins AJ, Gottlieb SM, Chang CW, Hayer RJ, Martin SS, Lagarias JC, Larsen DS. Conservation and diversity in the secondary forward photodynamics of red/green cyanobacteriochromes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2539-2552. [PMID: 31528964 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00295b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) are photosensitive proteins that are distantly related to the phytochrome family of photoreceptors and, like phytochromes, exhibit photoactivity initiated by the excited-state photoisomerization of a covalently bound bilin chromophore. The canonical red/green photoswitching sub-family is the most studied class of CBCRs studied to date. Recently, a comparative study of the ultrafast (100 fs-10 ns) forward photodynamics of nine red/green photoswitching CBCR domains isolated from Nostoc punctiforme were reported (S. M. Gottlieb, P. W. Kim, C.-W. Chang, S. J. Hanke, R. J. Hayer, N. C. Rockwell, S. S. Martin, J. C. Lagarias and D. S. Larsen, Conservation and Diversity in the Primary Forward Photodynamics of Red/Green Cyanobacteriochromes, Biochemistry, 2015, 54, 1028-1042). We extend this study by characterizing the secondary (10 ns-1 ms) forward photodynamics of eight red/green photoswitching CBCRs from N. punctiforme with broadband time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. We demonstrate that the dynamics of these representative red/green CBCRs can be separated into two coexisting pathways involving a photoactive pathway that is successful in generating the terminal light-adapted 15EPg population and an unsuccessful pathway that stalls after generating a meta-stable Lumi-Of intermediate. The photoactive pathway evolves through a similar mechanism from excitation of the dark-adapted 15ZPr state to generate a far-red absorbing Lumi-Rf and then via a succession of blue-shifting photointermediates to ultimately generate the 15EPg state. This suggests a steady deviation from planarity of the bilin chromophore during the dynamics. While, the general mechanism for this evolution is conserved among these CBCBs, the timescales of these dynamics deviate significantly. Only half of the characterized CBCRs exhibit the unproductive pathways due to photoexcitation of dark-adapted 15ZPo sub-population that upon photoexcitation generates a meta-stable Lumi-Of intermediate, which eventually decays back to the 15ZPo subpopulation. 15ZPo is ascribed the horizontal Asp657 configuration that disrupts H-bonding with the chromophore in the dark-adapted state; its presence can be identified via enhanced absorption of high-energy tail of the electronic absorption spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis One Shields Ave, Davis, 95616, USA.
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Sato T, Kikukawa T, Miyoshi R, Kajimoto K, Yonekawa C, Fujisawa T, Unno M, Eki T, Hirose Y. Protochromic absorption changes in the two-cysteine photocycle of a blue/orange cyanobacteriochrome. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18909-18922. [PMID: 31649035 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) are phytochrome-related photosensors with diverse spectral sensitivities spanning the entire visible spectrum. They covalently bind bilin chromophores via conserved cysteine residues and undergo 15Z/15E bilin photoisomerization upon light illumination. CBCR subfamilies absorbing violet-blue light use an additional cysteine residue to form a second bilin-thiol adduct in a two-Cys photocycle. However, the process of second thiol adduct formation is incompletely understood, especially the involvement of the bilin protonation state. Here, we focused on the Oscil6304_2705 protein from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria acuminata PCC 6304, which photoconverts between a blue-absorbing 15Z state ( 15Z Pb) and orange-absorbing 15E state ( 15E Po). pH titration analysis revealed that 15Z Pb was stable over a wide pH range, suggesting that bilin protonation is stabilized by a second thiol adduct. As revealed by resonance Raman spectroscopy, 15E Po harbored protonated bilin at both acidic and neutral pH, but readily converted to a deprotonated green-absorbing 15Z state ( 15Z Pg) at alkaline pH. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the conserved Asp-71 and His-102 residues are required for second thiol adduct formation in 15Z Pb and bilin protonation in 15E Po, respectively. An Oscil6304_2705 variant lacking the second cysteine residue, Cys-73, photoconverted between deprotonated 15Z Pg and protonated 15E Pr, similarly to the protochromic photocycle of the green/red CBCR subfamily. Time-resolved spectroscopy revealed 15Z Pg formation as an intermediate in the 15E Pr-to- 15Z Pg conversion with a significant solvent-isotope effect, suggesting the sequential occurrence of 15EP-to-15Z photoisomerization, deprotonation, and second thiol adduct formation. Our findings uncover the details of protochromic absorption changes underlying the two-Cys photocycle of violet-blue-absorbing CBCR subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikukawa
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Kita10 Nishi8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan; Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita10 Nishi8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Risako Miyoshi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Kousuke Kajimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Yonekawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Tomotsumi Fujisawa
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Masashi Unno
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Eki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Yuu Hirose
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8580, Japan.
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Kirpich JS, Gottlieb SM, Chang CW, Kim PW, Martin SS, Lagarias JC, Larsen DS. Reverse Photodynamics of the Noncanonical Red/Green NpR3784 Cyanobacteriochrome from Nostoc punctiforme. Biochemistry 2019; 58:2307-2317. [PMID: 30977638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the companion paper (10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01274), we examined the forward Pr photodynamics of NpR3784 (UniProtKB B2J457 ), a representative member of a noncanonical red/green (R/G) cyanobacteriochrome (CBCR) subfamily. Here the reverse Pg → Pr photodynamics of NpR3784 was studied by broadband transient absorption pump-probe spectroscopy. Primary (100 fs to 10 ns) and secondary (10 ns to 1 ms) photodynamics were characterized over nine decades of time, which also were complemented with temperature-jump cryokinetics measurements. In contrast with canonical R/G CBCRs, the NpR3784 reverse photoconversion yielded two spectrally distinct primary photoproducts, Lumi-Go and Lumi-Gr, which decay on different time scales. The two primary photoproducts of NpR3784 equilibrate on the 40 ns time scale and subsequently propagate as a single intermediate population into Pr. Such heterogeneity could arise from differences in the direction of D-ring rotation, in chromophore protonation or hydrogen bonding, or in the mobility of protein residues or of solvent water nearby the chromophore or some combination therein. We conclude that the atypical photodynamics of NpR3784 reflects chromophore-protein interactions that differ from those present in the canonical R/G CBCR family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Kirpich
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Sean M Gottlieb
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Che-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Peter W Kim
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Shelley S Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - J Clark Lagarias
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Delmar S Larsen
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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6
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Kirpich JS, Gottlieb SM, Chang CW, Kim PW, Martin SS, Lagarias JC, Larsen DS. Forward Photodynamics of the Noncanonical Red/Green NpR3784 Cyanobacteriochrome from Nostoc punctiforme. Biochemistry 2019; 58:2297-2306. [PMID: 30973006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteriochromes (CBCRs) make up a diverse family of cyanobacterial photoreceptors distantly related to the phytochrome photoreceptors of land plants. At least two lineages of CBCRs have reacquired red-absorbing dark states similar to the phytochrome Pr resting state but are coupled to green-absorbing light-adapted states rather than the canonical far-red-absorbing light-adapted state. One such lineage includes the canonical red/green (R/G) CBCRs that includes AnPixJg2 (UniProtKB Q8YXY7 ) and NpR6012g4 (UniProtKB B2IU14 ) that have been extensively characterized. Here we examine the forward Pr photodynamics of NpR3784 (UniProtKB B2J457 ), a representative member of the second R/G CBCR subfamily. Using broadband transient absorption pump-probe spectroscopy, we characterize both primary (100 fs to 10 ns) and secondary (10 ns to 1 ms) forward (Pr → Pg) photodynamics and compare the results to temperature-jump cryokinetics measurements. Our studies show that primary isomerization dynamics occur on an ∼10 ps timescale, yet remarkably, the red-shifted primary Lumi-Rf photoproduct found in all photoactive canonical R/G CBCRs examined to date is extremely short-lived in NpR3784. These results demonstrate that differences in reaction pathways reflect the evolutionary history of R/G CBCRs despite the convergent evolution of their photocycle end products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Kirpich
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Sean M Gottlieb
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Che-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Peter W Kim
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Shelley S Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - J Clark Lagarias
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Delmar S Larsen
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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Kirpich JS, Chang CW, Madsen D, Gottlieb SM, Martin SS, Rockwell NC, Lagarias JC, Larsen DS. Noncanonical Photodynamics of the Orange/Green Cyanobacteriochrome Power Sensor NpF2164g7 from the PtxD Phototaxis Regulator of Nostoc punctiforme. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2636-2648. [PMID: 29633829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Forward and reverse primary (<10 ns) and secondary (>10 ns) photodynamics of cyanobacteriochrome (CBCR) NpF2164g7 were characterized by global analysis of ultrafast broadband transient absorption measurements. NpF2164g7 is the most C-terminal bilin-binding GAF domain in the Nostoc punctiforme phototaxis sensor PtxD (locus Npun_F2164). Although a member of the canonical red/green CBCR subfamily phylogenetically, NpF2164g7 exhibits an orange-absorbing 15ZPo dark-adapted state instead of the typical red-absorbing 15ZPr dark-adapted state characteristic of this subfamily. The green-absorbing 15EPg photoproduct of NpF2164g7 is unstable, allowing this CBCR domain to function as a power sensor. Photoexcitation of the 15ZPo state triggers inhomogeneous excited-state dynamics with three spectrally and temporally distinguishable pathways to generate the light-adapted 15EPg state in high yield (estimated at 25-30%). Although observed in other CBCR domains, the inhomogeneity in NpF2164g7 extends far into secondary relaxation dynamics (10 ns -1 ms) through to formation of 15EPg. In the reverse direction, the primary dynamics after photoexcitation of 15EPg are qualitatively similar to those of other red/green CBCRs, but secondary dynamics involve a "pre-equilibrium" step before regenerating 15ZPo. The anomalous photodynamics of NpF2164g7 may reflect an evolutionary adaptation of CBCR sensors that function as broadband light intensity sensors.
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Bizimana LA, Epstein J, Brazard J, Turner DB. Conformational Homogeneity in the P r Isomer of Phytochrome Cph1. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:2622-2630. [PMID: 28282147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Numerous time-resolved studies of the Pr to Pfr photoisomerization in phytochrome Cph1 have revealed multiphasic excited-state decay kinetics. It remains unclear whether these kinetics arise from multiple ground-state conformational subpopulations or from a single ground-state conformation that undergoes an excited-state photoisomerization process-either branching on the excited state or relaxing through multiple sequential intermediates. Many studies have attempted to resolve this debate by fitting the measured dynamics to proposed kinetic models, arriving at different conclusions. Here we probe spectral signatures of ground-state heterogeneity of Pr. Two-dimensional electronic spectra display negligible inhomogeneous line broadening, and vibrational coherence spectra extracted from transient absorption measurements do not contain nodes and phase shifts at the fluorescence maximum. These spectroscopic results support the homogeneous model, in which the primary photochemical transformation of Pr to Lumi-R occurs adiabatically on the excited-state potential energy surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie A Bizimana
- Department of Chemistry, New York University , 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Jordan Epstein
- Department of Chemistry, New York University , 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Johanna Brazard
- Department of Chemistry, New York University , 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Daniel B Turner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University , 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
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Tracking the secondary photodynamics of the green/red cyanobacteriochrome RcaE from Fremyella diplosiphon. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Detailed insight into the ultrafast photoconversion of the cyanobacteriochrome Slr1393 from Synechocystis sp. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:1335-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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