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Xu M, Wei C, Zhang Y, Chen J, Li H, Zhang J, Sun L, Liu B, Lin J, Yu M, Xie L, Huang W. Coplanar Conformational Structure of π-Conjugated Polymers for Optoelectronic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2301671. [PMID: 37364981 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical structure of conjugated polymers is critical to dominating their optoelectronic properties and applications. Compared to nonplanar conformational segments, coplanar conformational segments of conjugated polymers (CPs) demonstrate favorable properties for applications as a semiconductor. Herein, recent developments in the coplanar conformational structure of CPs for optoelectronic devices are summarized. First, this review comprehensively summarizes the unique properties of planar conformational structures. Second, the characteristics of the coplanar conformation in terms of optoelectrical properties and other polymer physics characteristics are emphasized. Five primary characterization methods for investigating the complanate backbone structures are illustrated, providing a systematical toolbox for studying this specific conformation. Third, internal and external conditions for inducing the coplanar conformational structure are presented, offering guidelines for designing this conformation. Fourth, the optoelectronic applications of this segment, such as light-emitting diodes, solar cells, and field-effect transistors, are briefly summarized. Finally, a conclusion and outlook for the coplanar conformational segment regarding molecular design and applications are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chuanxin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiefeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinyi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Mengna Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Linghai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
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Ultrafast photoexcitation dynamics behavior of hydrogen-bonded polyfluorenol. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Nelson TR, White AJ, Bjorgaard JA, Sifain AE, Zhang Y, Nebgen B, Fernandez-Alberti S, Mozyrsky D, Roitberg AE, Tretiak S. Non-adiabatic Excited-State Molecular Dynamics: Theory and Applications for Modeling Photophysics in Extended Molecular Materials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2215-2287. [PMID: 32040312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Optically active molecular materials, such as organic conjugated polymers and biological systems, are characterized by strong coupling between electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom. Typically, simulations must go beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation to account for non-adiabatic coupling between excited states. Indeed, non-adiabatic dynamics is commonly associated with exciton dynamics and photophysics involving charge and energy transfer, as well as exciton dissociation and charge recombination. Understanding the photoinduced dynamics in such materials is vital to providing an accurate description of exciton formation, evolution, and decay. This interdisciplinary field has matured significantly over the past decades. Formulation of new theoretical frameworks, development of more efficient and accurate computational algorithms, and evolution of high-performance computer hardware has extended these simulations to very large molecular systems with hundreds of atoms, including numerous studies of organic semiconductors and biomolecules. In this Review, we will describe recent theoretical advances including treatment of electronic decoherence in surface-hopping methods, the role of solvent effects, trivial unavoided crossings, analysis of data based on transition densities, and efficient computational implementations of these numerical methods. We also emphasize newly developed semiclassical approaches, based on the Gaussian approximation, which retain phase and width information to account for significant decoherence and interference effects while maintaining the high efficiency of surface-hopping approaches. The above developments have been employed to successfully describe photophysics in a variety of molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammie R Nelson
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Alexander J White
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Josiah A Bjorgaard
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Andrew E Sifain
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States.,U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland 21005 , United States
| | - Yu Zhang
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Benjamin Nebgen
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | | | - Dmitry Mozyrsky
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Adrian E Roitberg
- Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
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Ondarse-Alvarez D, Nelson T, Lupton JM, Tretiak S, Fernandez-Alberti S. Let Digons be Bygones: The Fate of Excitons in Curved π-Systems. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:7123-7129. [PMID: 30508376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We explore the diverse origins of unpolarized absorption and emission of molecular polygons consisting of π-conjugated oligomer chains held in a bent geometry by strain controlled at the vertex units. For this purpose, we make use of atomistic nonadiabatic excited-state molecular dynamics simulations of a bichromophore molecular polygon (digon) with bent chromophore chains. Both structural and photoexcited dynamics were found to affect polarization features. Bending strain induces exciton localization on individual chromophore units of the conjugated chains. The latter display different transition dipole moment orientations, a feature not present in the linear oligomer counterparts. In addition, bending makes exciton localization very sensitive to molecular distortions induced by thermal fluctuations. The excited-state dynamics reveals an ultrafast intramolecular energy redistribution that spreads the exciton equally among spatially separated chromophore fragments within the molecular system. As a result, digons become virtually unpolarized absorbers and emitters, in agreement with recent experimental studies on the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tammie Nelson
- Theoretical Division, Physics and Chemistry of Materials (T-1) , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - John M Lupton
- Institut für Angewandte und Experimentelle Physik , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstrasse 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division, Physics and Chemistry of Materials (T-1) , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
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Datko BD, Livshits MY, Zhang Z, Portlock D, Qin Y, Rack JJ, Grey JK. Unravelling the enigma of ultrafast excited state relaxation in non-emissive aggregating conjugated polymers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:22159-22167. [PMID: 30116824 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04061c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate a class of non-emissive conjugated polymers with very short excited state lifetimes believed to undergo singlet fission and relaxation to mid-gap forbidden excited states. Poly(3-decylthieneylenvinylene) (P3DTV) and its heavy atom analog, poly(3-decylseleneylenvinylene) (P3DSV), are strongly aggregating conjugated polymers that experience large excited state displacements along multiple vibrational modes. We demonstrate this Franck-Condon vibrational activity effectively disperses excitation energy into multiple non-radiative channels that can be explained using a simple, two-state potential energy surface model. Resonance Raman spectroscopy is sensitive to early Franck-Condon vibrational activity and we observe rich harmonic progressions involving multiple high frequency CC backbone symmetric stretching motions (∼1000-1600 cm-1) in both systems reflecting mode-specific excited state geometrical displacements. Transient absorption spectra confirm that efficient non-radiative processes dominate excited state relaxation dynamics which are confined to π-stacked aggregated chains. Surprisingly, we found little influence of the heteroatom consistent with efficient vibrational energy dissipation. Our results highlight the importance of aggregation and multi-dimensional Franck-Condon vibrational dynamics on the ability to harvest excitons, which are not usually considered in materials design and optimization schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Datko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Nelson T, Fernandez-Alberti S, Roitberg AE, Tretiak S. Electronic Delocalization, Vibrational Dynamics, and Energy Transfer in Organic Chromophores. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:3020-3031. [PMID: 28603994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of materials developed for solar energy and technological applications depends on the interplay between molecular architecture and light-induced electronic energy redistribution. The spatial localization of electronic excitations is very sensitive to molecular distortions. Vibrational nuclear motions can couple to electronic dynamics driving changes in localization. The electronic energy transfer among multiple chromophores arises from several distinct mechanisms that can give rise to experimentally measured signals. Atomistic simulations of coupled electron-vibrational dynamics can help uncover the nuclear motions directing energy flow. Through careful analysis of excited state wave function evolution and a useful fragmenting of multichromophore systems, through-bond transport and exciton hopping (through-space) mechanisms can be distinguished. Such insights are crucial in the interpretation of fluorescence anisotropy measurements and can aid materials design. This Perspective highlights the interconnected vibrational and electronic motions at the foundation of nonadiabatic dynamics where nuclear motions, including torsional rotations and bond vibrations, drive electronic transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammie Nelson
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | | | - Adrian E Roitberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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Exciton scattering approach for optical spectra calculations in branched conjugated macromolecules. Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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