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Shen Q. Advances in surface properties characterization and modification for lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126806. [PMID: 37703980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Renewed interests on lignin and its derivatives have led to increasingly more investigations due to the problems in environmental impact while with the great reuse possibilities for producing them-based new and advanced materials to reduce the petroleum achieving sustainable development. The related studies have shown more integrated database on the surface properties characterization and modification of those renewable materials. Based on numerous works did at our group and others reported elsewhere, this review covers the surface properties of lignin and its derivatives in relation to various methods and theories. In this work, the progress on the recent developments of advanced methods for lignin surface characterization and modification are also documented. Of this review, a perspective is finally presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymers, Polymer Department of Donghua University, 2999 Renmin Rd., 201600 Songjiang, Shanghai, PR China.
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2
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Liu Y, Wang P, Tian J, Seidi F, Guo J, Zhu W, Xiao H, Song J. Carbohydrate-Binding Modules of Potential Resources: Occurrence in Nature, Function, and Application in Fiber Recognition and Treatment. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091806. [PMID: 35566977 PMCID: PMC9100146 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Great interests have recently been aroused in the independent associative domain of glycoside hydrolases that utilize insoluble polysaccharides-carbohydrate-binding module (CBM), which responds to binding while the catalytic domain reacts with the substrate. In this mini-review, we first provide a brief introduction on CBM and its subtypes including the classifications, potential sources, structures, and functions. Afterward, the applications of CBMs in substrate recognition based on different types of CBMs have been reviewed. Additionally, the progress of CBMs in paper industry as a new type of environmentally friendly auxiliary agent for fiber treatment is summarized. At last, other applications of CBMs and the future outlook have prospected. Due to the specificity in substrate recognition and diversity in structures, CBM can be a prosperous and promising ‘tool’ for wood and fiber processing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yena Liu
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (J.T.); (F.S.); (J.G.); (W.Z.)
| | - Peipei Wang
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (J.T.); (F.S.); (J.G.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jing Tian
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (J.T.); (F.S.); (J.G.); (W.Z.)
| | - Farzad Seidi
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (J.T.); (F.S.); (J.G.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (J.T.); (F.S.); (J.G.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenyuan Zhu
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (J.T.); (F.S.); (J.G.); (W.Z.)
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada;
| | - Junlong Song
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (J.T.); (F.S.); (J.G.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-8542-8163; Fax: +86-25-8542-8689
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Geem KR, Song Y, Hwang I, Bae HJ, Lee DW. Production of Gloeophyllum trabeum Endoglucanase Cel12A in Nicotiana benthamiana for Cellulose Degradation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:696199. [PMID: 34262588 PMCID: PMC8273430 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.696199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass from plants has been used as a biofuel source and the potent acidic endoglucanase GtCel12A has been isolated from Gloeophyllum trabeum, a filamentous fungus. In this study, we established a plant-based platform for the production of active GtCel12A fused to family 3 cellulose-binding module (CBM3). We used the signal sequence of binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal for the accumulation of the produced GtCel12A in the ER. To achieve enhanced enzyme expression, we incorporated the M-domain of the human receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C into the construct. In addition, to enable the removal of N-terminal domains that are not necessary after protein expression, we further incorporated the cleavage site of Brachypodium distachyon small ubiquitin-like modifier. The GtCel12A-CBM3 fusion protein produced in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana exhibited not only high solubility but also efficient endoglucanase activity on the carboxymethyl cellulose substrate as determined by 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid assay. The endoglucanase activity of GtCel12A-CBM3 was maintained even when immobilized on microcrystalline cellulose beads. Taken together, these results indicate that GtCel12A endoglucanase produced in plants might be used to provide monomeric sugars from lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Rok Geem
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Younho Song
- Bio-Energy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Hyeun-Jong Bae
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Bio-Energy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Lee
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Bio-Energy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Dong Wook Lee
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Islam MR, Kwak J, Lee J, Hong S, Khan MRI, Lee Y, Lee Y, Lee S, Hwang I. Cost-effective production of tag-less recombinant protein in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1094-1105. [PMID: 30468023 PMCID: PMC6523591 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants have recently received a great deal of attention as a means of producing recombinant proteins. Despite this, a limited number of recombinant proteins are currently on the market and, if plants are to be more widely used, a cost-effective and efficient purification method is urgently needed. Although affinity tags are convenient tools for protein purification, the presence of a tag on the recombinant protein is undesirable for many applications. A cost-effective method of purification using an affinity tag and the removal of the tag after purification has been developed. The family 3 cellulose-binding domain (CBM3), which binds to microcrystalline cellulose, served as the affinity tag and the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) and SUMO-specific protease were used to remove it. This method, together with size-exclusion chromatography, enabled purification of human interleukin-6 (hIL6) with a yield of 18.49 mg/kg fresh weight from leaf extracts of Nicotiana benthamiana following Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression. Plant-produced hIL6 (P-hIL6) contained less than 0.2 EU/μg (0.02 ng/mL) endotoxin. P-hIL6 activated the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcriptional pathways in human LNCaP cells, and induced expression of IL-21 in activated mouse CD4+ T cells. This approach is thus a powerful method for producing recombinant proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Reyazul Islam
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and BiotechnologyPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Ju‐Won Kwak
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and BiotechnologyPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Jeon‐soo Lee
- Department of Life SciencePohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Sung‐Wook Hong
- Department of Life SciencePohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Md Rezaul Islam Khan
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and BiotechnologyPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Yongjik Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and BiotechnologyPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Yoontae Lee
- Department of Life SciencePohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Seung‐Woo Lee
- Department of Life SciencePohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and BiotechnologyPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
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Carbohydrate binding modules enhance cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis by increasing access of cellulases to the substrate. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 211:57-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Zhang L, dos Santos ACF, Ximenes E, Ladisch M. Proteins at heterogeneous (lignocellulose) interfaces. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Johns MA, Bernardes A, De Azevêdo ER, Guimarães FEG, Lowe JP, Gale EM, Polikarpov I, Scott JL, Sharma RI. On the subtle tuneability of cellulose hydrogels: implications for binding of biomolecules demonstrated for CBM 1. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:3879-3887. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00176b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Choice of molecular probe for determining porosity, surface area, or binding in never-dried cellulose hydrogels is critical to discern differences in structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Johns
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies
- University of Bath
- UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Bath
| | - A. Bernardes
- São Carlos Institute of Physics
- University of São Paulo
- Brazil
| | | | | | - J. P. Lowe
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- UK
| | - E. M. Gale
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies
- University of Bath
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
| | - I. Polikarpov
- São Carlos Institute of Physics
- University of São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - J. L. Scott
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies
- University of Bath
- UK
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
| | - R. I. Sharma
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies
- University of Bath
- UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Bath
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Pinheiro GL, de Azevedo-Martins AC, Albano RM, de Souza W, Frases S. Comprehensive analysis of the cellulolytic system reveals its potential for deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass in a novel Streptomyces sp. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:301-319. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7851-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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9
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Karita S. Carbohydrate-Binding Modules in Plant Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2016. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1403.1j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhang L, Sun Y, Yao W, Dai G, Wang P. Fabrication of cotton fabrics using family III cellulose-binding domain for enhanced surface properties. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20139c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton fabric surface functionalization by physical adsorption of CBDIII through a sample soaking process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Biomedical Nanotechnology Center
- School of Biotechnology
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Yaofei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Biomedical Nanotechnology Center
- School of Biotechnology
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Wenji Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Biomedical Nanotechnology Center
- School of Biotechnology
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Guoying Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Biomedical Nanotechnology Center
- School of Biotechnology
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Biomedical Nanotechnology Center
- School of Biotechnology
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
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Hamid SBA, Islam MM, Das R. Cellulase biocatalysis: key influencing factors and mode of action. CELLULOSE 2015; 22:2157-2182. [DOI: 10.1007/s10570-015-0672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Recombinant CBM-fusion technology - Applications overview. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:358-69. [PMID: 25689072 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are small components of several enzymes, which present an independent fold and function, and specific carbohydrate-binding activity. Their major function is to bind the enzyme to the substrate enhancing its catalytic activity, especially in the case of insoluble substrates. The immense diversity of CBMs, together with their unique properties, has long raised their attention for many biotechnological applications. Recombinant DNA technology has been used for cloning and characterizing new CBMs. In addition, it has been employed to improve the purity and availability of many CBMs, but mainly, to construct bi-functional CBM-fused proteins for specific applications. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the uses of CBMs recombinantly produced from heterologous organisms, or by the original host, along with the latest advances. Emphasis is given particularly to the applications of recombinant CBM-fusions in: (a) modification of fibers, (b) production, purification and immobilization of recombinant proteins, (c) functionalization of biomaterials and (d) development of microarrays and probes.
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Greene ER, Himmel ME, Beckham GT, Tan Z. Glycosylation of Cellulases: Engineering Better Enzymes for Biofuels. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2015; 72:63-112. [PMID: 26613815 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose in plant cell walls is the largest reservoir of renewable carbon on Earth. The saccharification of cellulose from plant biomass into soluble sugars can be achieved using fungal and bacterial cellulolytic enzymes, cellulases, and further converted into fuels and chemicals. Most fungal cellulases are both N- and O-glycosylated in their native form, yet the consequences of glycosylation on activity and structure are not fully understood. Studying protein glycosylation is challenging as glycans are extremely heterogeneous, stereochemically complex, and glycosylation is not under direct genetic control. Despite these limitations, many studies have begun to unveil the role of cellulase glycosylation, especially in the industrially relevant cellobiohydrolase from Trichoderma reesei, Cel7A. Glycosylation confers many beneficial properties to cellulases including enhanced activity, thermal and proteolytic stability, and structural stabilization. However, glycosylation must be controlled carefully as such positive effects can be dampened or reversed. Encouragingly, methods for the manipulation of glycan structures have been recently reported that employ genetic tuning of glycan-active enzymes expressed from homogeneous and heterologous fungal hosts. Taken together, these studies have enabled new strategies for the exploitation of protein glycosylation for the production of enhanced cellulases for biofuel production.
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Pellegrini VOA, Lei N, Kyasaram M, Olsen JP, Badino SF, Windahl MS, Colussi F, Cruys-Bagger N, Borch K, Westh P. Reversibility of substrate adsorption for the cellulases Cel7A, Cel6A, and Cel7B from Hypocrea jecorina. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:12602-12609. [PMID: 25322452 DOI: 10.1021/la5024423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption of cellulases on the cellulose surface is an integral part of the catalytic mechanism, and a detailed description of the adsorption process is therefore required for a fundamental understanding of this industrially important class of enzymes. However, the mode of adsorption has proven intricate, and several key questions remain open. Perhaps most notably it is not clear whether the adsorbed enzyme is in dynamic equilibrium with the free population or irreversibly associated with no or slow dissociation. To address this, we have systematically investigated adsorption reversibility for two cellobiohydrolases (Cel7A and Cel6A) and one endoglucanase (Cel7B) on four types of pure cellulose substrates. Specifically, we monitored dilution-induced release of adsorbed enzyme in samples that had previously been brought to a steady state (constant concentration of free enzyme). In simple dilution experiments (without centrifugation), the results consistently showed full reversibility. In contrast to this, resuspension of enzyme-substrate pellets separated by centrifugation showed extensive irreversibility. We conclude that these enzymes are in a dynamic equilibrium between free and adsorbed states but suggest that changes in the physical properties of cellulose caused by compaction of the pellet hampers subsequent release of adsorbed enzyme. This latter effect may be pertinent to both previous controversies in the literature on adsorption reversibility and the development of enzyme recycling protocols in the biomass industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa O A Pellegrini
- Research Unit for Functional Biomaterials, NSM, Roskilde University , 1 Universitetsvej, Build. 18.1, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Ghatge SS, Telke AA, Waghmode TR, Lee Y, Lee KW, Oh DB, Shin HD, Kim SW. Multifunctional cellulolytic auxiliary activity protein HcAA10-2 from Hahella chejuensis enhances enzymatic hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:3041-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mello BL, Polikarpov I. Family 1 carbohydrate binding-modules enhance saccharification rates. AMB Express 2014; 4:36. [PMID: 24949270 PMCID: PMC4052752 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-014-0036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose degrading enzymes usually have a two-domain structure consisting of a catalytic domain and a non-catalytic carbohydrate-binding module. Although it is well known the importance of those modules in cell wall degrading process, their function is not yet fully understood. Here, we analyze the cellulose-hydrolysis activity enhancement promoted by the cellobiohydrolase I carbohydrate-binding module from Trichoderma harzianum. It was cloned, expressed, purified and used in combination with either a commercial cellulase preparation, T. reesei cellobiohydrolase I or its separate catalytic domain to hydrolyze filter paper. In all cases the amount of glucose released was increased, reaching up to 30% gain when the carbohydrate-binding module was added to the reaction. We also show that this effect seems to be mediated by a decrease in the recalcitrance of the cellulosic substrate. This effect was observed both for crystalline cellulose samples which underwent incubation with the CBM prior to application of cellulases and for the ones incubated simultaneously. Our studies demonstrate that family 1 carbohydrate-binding modules are able to potentiate the enzymatic degradation of the polysaccharides and their application might contribute to diminishing the currently prohibitive costs of the lignocellulose saccharification process.
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Gourlay K, Arantes V, Saddler JN. Use of substructure-specific carbohydrate binding modules to track changes in cellulose accessibility and surface morphology during the amorphogenesis step of enzymatic hydrolysis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2012; 5:51. [PMID: 22828270 PMCID: PMC3432595 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-5-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulose amorphogenesis, described as the non-hydrolytic "opening up" or disruption of a cellulosic substrate, is becoming increasingly recognized as one of the key steps in the enzymatic deconstruction of cellulosic biomass when used as a feedstock for fuels and chemicals production. Although this process is thought to play a major role in facilitating hydrolysis, the lack of quantitative techniques capable of accurately describing the molecular-level changes occurring in the substrate during amorphogenesis has hindered our understanding of this process. RESULTS In this work, techniques for measuring changes in cellulose accessibility are reviewed and a new quantitative assay method is described. Carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) with specific affinities for crystalline (CBM2a) or amorphous (CBM44) cellulose were used to track specific changes in the surface morphology of cotton fibres during amorphogenesis. The extents of phosphoric acid-induced and Swollenin-induced changes to cellulose accessibility were successfully quantified using this technique. CONCLUSIONS The adsorption of substructure-specific CBMs can be used to accurately quantify the extent of changes to cellulose accessibility induced by non-hydrolytic disruptive proteins. The technique provided a quick, accurate and quantitative measure of the accessibility of cellulosic substrates. Expanding the range of CBMs used for adsorption studies to include those specific for such compounds as xylan or mannan should also allow for the accurate quantitative tracking of the accessibility of these and other polymers within the lignocellulosic biomass matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Gourlay
- Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Valdeir Arantes
- Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jack N Saddler
- Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Kim DM, Umetsu M, Takai K, Matsuyama T, Ishida N, Takahashi H, Asano R, Kumagai I. Enhancement of cellulolytic enzyme activity by clustering cellulose binding domains on nanoscaffolds. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:656-64. [PMID: 21290602 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201002114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose, one of the most abundant carbon resources, is degraded by cellulolytic enzymes called cellulases. Cellulases are generally modular proteins with independent catalytic and cellulose-binding domain (CBD) modules and, in some bacteria, catalytic modules are noncovalently assembled on a scaffold protein with CBD to form a giant protein complex called a cellulosome, which efficiently degrades water-insoluble hard materials. In this study, a catalytic module and CBD are independently prepared by recombinant means, and are heterogeneously clustered on streptavidin and on inorganic nanoparticles for the construction of artificial cellulosomes. Heteroclustering of the catalytic module with CBD results in significant improvements in the enzyme's degradation activity for water-insoluble substrates. In particular, the increase of CBD valency in the cluster structure critically enhances the catalytic activity by improving the affinity for substrates, and clustering with multiple CBDs on CdSe nanoparticles generates a 7.2-fold increase in the production of reducing sugars relative to that of the native free enzyme. The multivalent design of substrate-binding domain on clustered cellulases is important for the construction of the artificial cellulosome, and the nanoparticles are an effective scaffold for increasing the valence of CBD in clustered cellulases. A new design is proposed for artificial cellulosomes with multiple CBDs on noncellulosome-derived scaffold structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Myoung Kim
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-11, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
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Ciolacu D, Kovac J, Kokol V. The effect of the cellulose-binding domain from Clostridium cellulovorans on the supramolecular structure of cellulose fibers. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:621-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Arantes V, Saddler JN. Access to cellulose limits the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis: the role of amorphogenesis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2010; 3:4. [PMID: 20178562 PMCID: PMC2844368 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The efficient enzymatic saccharification of cellulose at low cellulase (protein) loadings continues to be a challenge for commercialization of a process for bioconversion of lignocellulose to ethanol. Currently, effective pretreatment followed by high enzyme loading is needed to overcome several substrate and enzyme factors that limit rapid and complete hydrolysis of the cellulosic fraction of biomass substrates. One of the major barriers faced by cellulase enzymes is their limited access to much of the cellulose that is buried within the highly ordered and tightly packed fibrillar architecture of the cellulose microfibrils. Rather than a sequential 'shaving' or 'planing' of the cellulose fibrils from the outside, it has been suggested that these inaccessible regions are disrupted or loosened by non-hydrolytic proteins, thereby increasing the cellulose surface area and making it more accessible to the cellulase enzyme complex. This initial stage in enzymatic saccharification of cellulose has been termed amorphogenesis. In this review, we describe the various amorphogenesis-inducing agents that have been suggested, and their possible role in enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdeir Arantes
- Forestry Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jack N Saddler
- Forestry Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Ramos R, Pinto R, Mota M, Sampaio L, Gama F. Textile depilling: Superior finishing using cellulose-binding domains with residual enzymatic activity. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420600794728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Saravanan D, Vasanthi N, Ramachandran T. A review on influential behaviour of biopolishing on dyeability and certain physico-mechanical properties of cotton fabrics. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ye L, Filipe CDM, Kavoosi M, Haynes CA, Pelton R, Brook MA. Immobilization of TiO2 nanoparticles onto paper modification through bioconjugation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b818410k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shoseyov O, Shani Z, Levy I. Carbohydrate binding modules: biochemical properties and novel applications. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2006; 70:283-95. [PMID: 16760304 PMCID: PMC1489539 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00028-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide-degrading microorganisms express a repertoire of hydrolytic enzymes that act in synergy on plant cell wall and other natural polysaccharides to elicit the degradation of often-recalcitrant substrates. These enzymes, particularly those that hydrolyze cellulose and hemicellulose, have a complex molecular architecture comprising discrete modules which are normally joined by relatively unstructured linker sequences. This structure is typically comprised of a catalytic module and one or more carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) that bind to the polysaccharide. CBMs, by bringing the biocatalyst into intimate and prolonged association with its substrate, allow and promote catalysis. Based on their properties, CBMs are grouped into 43 families that display substantial variation in substrate specificity, along with other properties that make them a gold mine for biotechnologists who seek natural molecular "Velcro" for diverse and unusual applications. In this article, we review recent progress in the field of CBMs and provide an up-to-date summary of the latest developments in CBM applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Shoseyov
- The Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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