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Lei J, Chen X, Liu X, Feng W, Zhang J, Li H, Zhang Y. Under-brine superaerophobic perfluorinated ion exchange membrane with re-entrant superficial microstructures for high energy efficiency of NaCl aqueous solution electrolysis. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ding M, Ling X, Yuan D, Cheng Y, Wu C, Chao ZS, Sun L, Yan C, Jia C. SPEEK Membrane of Ultrahigh Stability Enhanced by Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery. Front Chem 2018; 6:286. [PMID: 30140669 PMCID: PMC6094973 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane is the key factor of vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) as their stability largely determine the lifetime of the VRB. In this study, a SPEEK/MWCNTs-OH composite membrane with ultrahigh stability is constructed by blending sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) with multi-walled carbon nanotubes toward VRB application. The carbon nanotubes disperse homogeneously in the SPEEK matrix with the assistance of hydroxyl group. The blended membrane exhibits 94.2 and 73.0% capacity retention after 100 and 500 cycles, respectively in a VRB single cell with coulombic efficiency of over 99.4% at 60 mA cm−2 indicating outstanding capability of reducing the permeability of vanadium ions and enhancing the transport of protons. The ultrahigh stability and low cost of the composite membrane make it a competent candidate for the next generation larger-scale vanadium redox flow battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Ling
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Du Yuan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuanhang Cheng
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Chun Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zi-Sheng Chao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Lidong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuanwei Yan
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuankun Jia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China.,Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Abstract
In this comprehensive review, recent progress and developments on perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes have been summarized on many key topics. Although quite well investigated for decades, PFSA ionomers' complex behavior, along with their key role in many emerging technologies, have presented significant scientific challenges but also helped create a unique cross-disciplinary research field to overcome such challenges. Research and progress on PFSAs, especially when considered with their applications, are at the forefront of bridging electrochemistry and polymer (physics), which have also opened up development of state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques as well as multiphysics computation models. Topics reviewed stem from correlating the various physical (e.g., mechanical) and transport properties with morphology and structure across time and length scales. In addition, topics of recent interest such as structure/transport correlations and modeling, composite PFSA membranes, degradation phenomena, and PFSA thin films are presented. Throughout, the impact of PFSA chemistry and side-chain is also discussed to present a broader perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kusoglu
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Adam Z Weber
- Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Jia C, Pan F, Zhu YG, Huang Q, Lu L, Wang Q. High-energy density nonaqueous all redox flow lithium battery enabled with a polymeric membrane. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500886. [PMID: 26702440 PMCID: PMC4681342 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are considered one of the most promising large-scale energy storage technologies. However, conventional RFBs suffer from low energy density due to the low solubility of the active materials in electrolyte. On the basis of the redox targeting reactions of battery materials, the redox flow lithium battery (RFLB) demonstrated in this report presents a disruptive approach to drastically enhancing the energy density of flow batteries. With LiFePO4 and TiO2 as the cathodic and anodic Li storage materials, respectively, the tank energy density of RFLB could reach ~500 watt-hours per liter (50% porosity), which is 10 times higher than that of a vanadium redox flow battery. The cell exhibits good electrochemical performance under a prolonged cycling test. Our prototype RFLB full cell paves the way toward the development of a new generation of flow batteries for large-scale energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuankun Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Feng Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Yun Guang Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Qizhao Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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Economou NJ, Barnes AM, Wheat AJ, Schaberg MS, Hamrock SJ, Buratto SK. Investigation of Humidity Dependent Surface Morphology and Proton Conduction in Multi-Acid Side Chain Membranes by Conductive Probe Atomic Force Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:14280-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b07255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Economou
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Austin M. Barnes
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Andrew J. Wheat
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Mark S. Schaberg
- 3M Energy Components Program, St.
Paul, Minnesota 5514, United States
| | - Steven J. Hamrock
- 3M Energy Components Program, St.
Paul, Minnesota 5514, United States
| | - Steven K. Buratto
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
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6
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Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone)/Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Composite Membrane for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Applications. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.11.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Singhal N, Datta A. Reversible Tuning of Chemical Structure of Nafion Cast Film by Heat and Acid Treatment. J Phys Chem B 2014; 119:2395-403. [DOI: 10.1021/jp506911w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Singhal
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Anindya Datta
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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8
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Kim YG, Bae YC. A particle dynamic simulation for morphological aspects of proton exchange membranes. Macromol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-013-1042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Li X, Feng F, Zhang K, Ye S, Kwok DY, Birss V. Wettability of Nafion and Nafion/Vulcan carbon composite films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:6698-6705. [PMID: 22475507 DOI: 10.1021/la300388x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The wettability of the Pt/carbon/Nafion catalyst layer in proton exchange membrane fuel cells is critical to their performance and durability, especially the cathode, as water is needed for the transport of protons to the active sites and is also involved in deleterious Pt nanoparticle dissolution and carbon corrosion. Therefore, the focus of this work has been on the first-time use of the water droplet impacting method to determine the wettability of 100% Nafion films, as a benchmark, and then of Vulcan carbon (VC)/Nafion composite films, both deposited by spin-coating in the Pt-free state. Pure Nafion films, shown by SEM analysis to have a nanochanneled structure, are initially hydrophobic but become hydrophilic as the water droplet spreads, likely due to reorientation of the sulfonic acid groups toward water. The wettability of VC/Nafion composite films depends significantly on the VC/Nafion mass ratios, even though Nafion is believed to be preferentially oriented (sulfonate groups toward VC) in all cases. At low VC contents, a significant water droplet contact angle hysteresis is seen, similar to pure Nafion films, while at higher VC contents (>30%), the films become hydrophobic, also exhibiting superhydrophobicity, with surface roughness playing a significant role. At >80% VC, the surfaces become wettable again as there is insufficient Nafion loading present to fully cover the carbon surface, allowing the calculation of the Nafion:carbon ratio required for a full coverage of carbon by Nafion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoan Li
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Kusoglu A, Weber AZ. Water Transport and Sorption in Nafion Membrane. POLYMERS FOR ENERGY STORAGE AND DELIVERY: POLYELECTROLYTES FOR BATTERIES AND FUEL CELLS 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1096.ch011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kusoglu
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Adam Z. Weber
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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11
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Bass M, Berman A, Singh A, Konovalov O, Freger V. Surface Structure of Nafion in Vapor and Liquid. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:3784-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9113128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bass
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Unit of Environmental Engineering, and Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 635, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel, and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID10B, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, BP-220, 38043 Grenoble CEDEX, France
| | - Amir Berman
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Unit of Environmental Engineering, and Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 635, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel, and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID10B, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, BP-220, 38043 Grenoble CEDEX, France
| | - Amarjeet Singh
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Unit of Environmental Engineering, and Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 635, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel, and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID10B, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, BP-220, 38043 Grenoble CEDEX, France
| | - Oleg Konovalov
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Unit of Environmental Engineering, and Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 635, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel, and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID10B, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, BP-220, 38043 Grenoble CEDEX, France
| | - Viatcheslav Freger
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Unit of Environmental Engineering, and Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 635, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel, and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID10B, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, BP-220, 38043 Grenoble CEDEX, France
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12
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Kishi A, Umeda M. Preparation of a crosslinked polyelectrolyte membrane for fuel cells with an allyl methacrylate based two-step reaction. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Lawton JS, Smotkin ES, Budil DE. Electron Spin Resonance Investigation of Microscopic Viscosity, Ordering, and Polarity in Nafion Membranes Containing Methanol−Water Mixtures. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:8549-57. [DOI: 10.1021/jp800222c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie S. Lawton
- Northeastern University Center for Renewable Energy Technology (NUCRET), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Eugene S. Smotkin
- Northeastern University Center for Renewable Energy Technology (NUCRET), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - David E. Budil
- Northeastern University Center for Renewable Energy Technology (NUCRET), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Maeda Y, Gao Y, Nagai M, Nakayama Y, Ichinose T, Kuroda R, Umemura K. Study of the nanoscopic deformation of an annealed nafion film by using atomic force microscopy and a patterned substrate. Ultramicroscopy 2008; 108:529-35. [PMID: 17897784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated the repetitive imaging of the same area of a nafion film before and after annealing by using atomic force microscopy (AFM). In order to find the exact same area of the same sample after changing the cantilever and reattaching the sample, a micropatterned substrate was developed. A micropattern with a 250-500 microm pitch was prepared on the backside of a transparent glass substrate. This pattern includes various signs such as colored letters and numbers at the center of each lattice of the pattern. The nanostructures fabricated by AFM nanolithography on a nafion film using this new method were successfully characterized before and after annealing (over 100 degrees C). The AFM images clearly showed that the nanostructures on a nafion film were dramatically changed by annealing. The data indicated an evidence to understand why the nafion fuel cell does not work well at high temperatures. Our method is probably effective for the study of nanoscopic dynamics in various surface structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Maeda
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Nuclear Engineering, Musashi Institute of Technology, 1-28-1 Tamazutsumi, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8557, Japan
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15
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Liang Z, Zhao T, Prabhuram J. A glue method for fabricating membrane electrode assemblies for direct methanol fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Umeda M, Uchida I. Electric-field oriented polymer blend film for proton conduction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:4476-9. [PMID: 16649751 DOI: 10.1021/la0528551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel proton conductor has been realized by employing a ternary polymer blend system in combination with an electric-field orientation technique. A polymer film recast from a solution containing poly(acrylic acid), poly(vinyl butyral), and fluoroalkyl graft polymer under 2 kV.cm(-1) exhibited 10 times higher proton conductivity than that prepared without the external electric field. However, when the film was prepared under a field higher than 4 kV.cm(-1), proton conductivity decreased. The membranous character has been investigated by SEM and AFM observations. As a result, it has been proven that an electric-field treatment of 2 kV.cm(-1) forms the largest hydrophilic domains for proton conduction in the film. The alteration of the phase separation morphology induced by the electric field well explains the proton conductivity change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Umeda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Kamitomioka 1603-1, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan.
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Paredes JI, Villar-Rodil S, Tamargo-Martínez K, Martínez-Alonso A, Tascón JMD. Real-time monitoring of polymer swelling on the nanometer scale by atomic force microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:4728-33. [PMID: 16649788 DOI: 10.1021/la052428n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The swelling of a polymer surface has been monitored in real time on the nanometer scale by atomic force microscopy (AFM). After modification by oxygen plasma treatment, poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) displays a characteristic nanostructured surface morphology consisting of high-lying features alternating with topographically depressed areas. Selective swelling of the least cross-linked, depressed areas after the adsorption of ambient water or water from saturated humid atmospheres was observed by tapping mode AFM operated in the attractive interaction regime. The swollen areas could be distinguished from the nonswollen ones by local variations in the sample indentation made by the AFM tip when imaging in the tapping mode repulsive interaction regime. Monitoring the swelling of the plasma-treated polymer surface provided a means to reveal the nanometer-scale heterogeneity that this type of treatment creates on the polymer surface, which is something that would not be possible otherwise. Measurement of AFM tip-sample adhesion forces evidenced rapid water adsorption onto the oxygen plasma-treated surface, supporting the idea of water-induced swelling. This high hydrophilicity was interpreted as arising from the incorporation of polar oxygen functionalities, as demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Paredes
- Instituto Nacional del Carbón, CSIC, Apartado 73, 33080 Oviedo, Spain.
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Umemura K, Wang T, Hara M, Kuroda R, Uchida O, Nagai M. Nanocharacterization and nanofabrication of a Nafion thin film in liquids by atomic force microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:3306-12. [PMID: 16548593 DOI: 10.1021/la051926t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated the nanocharacterization and nanofabrication of a Nafion thin film using atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM images showed that the Nafion molecules form nanoclusters in water, in 5% methanol, and in acetic acid. Young's modulus E of a Nafion film was estimated by sequential force curve measurements in water and in 5% methanol on one sample surface. Ewater/E5% methanol was 1.75 +/- 0.40, so the film was much softer in 5% methanol than in water. Even when solvent was replaced from 5% methanol to water, Young's modulus was not recovered soon. We showed the first example of the mechanical properties of a Nafion film on the nanoscale. Furthermore, we succeeded in fabricating 3D nanostructures on a Nafion surface by AFM nanolithography in liquids. Our results showed the new potential of the AFM nanolithography of a polymer film by softening the molecules in liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Umemura
- Research Center for Energy and Environment Science, Musashi Institute of Technology, 1-28-1 Tamazutsumi, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8557, Japan.
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