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Sen R, Escorihuela J, van Delft F, Zuilhof H. Rapid and Complete Surface Modification with Strain-Promoted Oxidation-Controlled Cyclooctyne-1,2-Quinone Cycloaddition (SPOCQ). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3299-3303. [PMID: 28198134 PMCID: PMC5363232 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Strain-promoted oxidation-controlled cyclooctyne-1,2-quinone cycloaddition (SPOCQ) between functionalized bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yne (BCN) and surface-bound quinones revealed an unprecedented 100 % conjugation efficiency. In addition, monitoring by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) revealed the underlying kinetics and activation parameters of this immobilization process in dependence on its microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickdeb Sen
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryWageningen University and ResearchStippeneng 46708 WEWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryWageningen University and ResearchStippeneng 46708 WEWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Floris van Delft
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryWageningen University and ResearchStippeneng 46708 WEWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryWageningen University and ResearchStippeneng 46708 WEWageningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
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Rapid and Complete Surface Modification with Strain-Promoted Oxidation-Controlled Cyclooctyne-1,2-Quinone Cycloaddition (SPOCQ). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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3
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Sen R, Escorihuela J, Smulders MMJ, Zuilhof H. Use of Ambient Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Kinetic Analysis of Organic Surface Reactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:3412-9. [PMID: 27028705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to homogeneous systems, studying the kinetics of organic reactions on solid surfaces remains a difficult task due to the limited availability of appropriate analysis techniques that are general, high-throughput, and capable of offering quantitative, structural surface information. Here, we demonstrate how direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) complies with above considerations and can be used for determining interfacial kinetic parameters. The presented approach is based on the use of a MS tag that--in principle--allows application to other reactions. To show the potential of DART-MS, we selected the widely applied strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) as a model reaction to elucidate the effects of the nanoenvironment on the interfacial reaction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rickdeb Sen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten M J Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Jang YJ, Kim K, Tsay OG, Atwood DA, Churchill DG. Update 1 of: Destruction and Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents. Chem Rev 2015; 115:PR1-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jeong Jang
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kibong Kim
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Olga G. Tsay
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - David A. Atwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - David G. Churchill
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305−701, Republic of Korea
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Wagner GW. Studies on residue-free decontaminants for chemical warfare agents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3755-3760. [PMID: 25710477 DOI: 10.1021/es506045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Residue-free decontaminants based on hydrogen peroxide, which decomposes to water and oxygen in the environment, are examined as decontaminants for chemical warfare agents (CWA). For the apparent special case of CWA on concrete, H2O2 alone, without any additives, effectively decontaminates S-2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl O-ethyl methylphosphonothioate (VX), pinacolyl methylphosphorofluoridate (GD), and bis(2-choroethyl) sulfide (HD) in a process thought to involve H2O2 activation by surface-bound carbonates/bicarbonates (known H2O2 activators for CWA decontamination). A plethora of products are formed during the H2O2 decontamination of HD on concrete, and these are characterized by comparison to synthesized authentic compounds. As a potential residue-free decontaminant for surfaces other than concrete (or those lacking adsorbed carbonate/bicarbonate) H2O2 activation for CWA decontamination is feasible using residue-free NH3 and CO2 as demonstrated by reaction studies for VX, GD, and HD in homogeneous solution. Although H2O2/NH3/CO2 ("HPAC") decontaminants are active for CWA decontamination in solution, they require testing on actual surfaces of interest to assess their true efficacy for surface decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Wagner
- U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Attn: RDCB-DRP-F, Aberdeen, Maryland 21010-5424, United States
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Gustyleva LK, Savel’eva EI. Determination of trace amounts of Russian toxic agent VX. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363214100259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Wagner GW, Xega R. Mitigation of VX Effluents in Thorough Decontamination Operations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie301836q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George W. Wagner
- U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Attn: RDCB-DRP-F, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
21010-5424, United States
| | - Roberta Xega
- U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Attn: RDCB-DRP-F, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
21010-5424, United States
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Gee RH, Kuo IFW, Chinn SC, Raber E. First-principles molecular dynamics simulations of condensed-phase V-type nerve agent reaction pathways and energy barriers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:3316-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23126c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Kim K, Tsay OG, Atwood DA, Churchill DG. Destruction and detection of chemical warfare agents. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5345-403. [PMID: 21667946 DOI: 10.1021/cr100193y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 552] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kibong Kim
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Khan MAS, Kesharwani MK, Bandyopadhyay T, Ganguly B. Solvolysis of chemical warfare agent VX is more efficient with hydroxylamine anion: A computational study. J Mol Graph Model 2009; 28:177-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Menke JL, Patterson EV. Quantum mechanical calculations on the reaction of ethoxide anion with O,S-dimethyl methylphosphonothiolate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2006.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Seckute J, Menke JL, Emnett RJ, Patterson EV, Cramer CJ. Ab initio molecular orbital and density functional studies on the solvolysis of sarin and O,S-dimethyl methylphosphonothiolate, a VX-like compound. J Org Chem 2006; 70:8649-60. [PMID: 16238293 DOI: 10.1021/jo0502706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Potential energy surfaces for the alkaline hydrolysis of sarin and O,S-dimethyl methylphosphonothiolate, a VX model compound, and the perhydrolysis of the latter have been computed at the MP2/6-31+G(d)//mPW1K/MIDI! level of theory. The effect of aqueous solvation was accounted for via the integral equation formalism polarizable continuum model (IEF-PCM) at the HF/6-31+G(d) level. Excellent agreement with the experimental enthalpy of activation for alkaline hydrolysis of sarin was found. For the alkaline hydrolysis of O,S-dimethyl methylphosphonothiolate, it was found that the P-O and P-S bond cleavage processes are kinetically competitive but that the products of P-S bond cleavage are thermodynamically favored. For the perhydrolysis of O,S-dimethyl methylphosphonothiolate, it was found that P-O bond cleavage is not kinetically competitive with P-S bond cleavage. In both cases, the data support initial formation of trigonal bipyramidal intermediates and demonstrate kinetic selectivity for nucleophilic attack on the face opposite the more apicophilic methoxide ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolita Seckute
- Truman State University, Division of Science, Kirksville, Missouri 63501-4221, USA
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Lakshmi VVS, Reddy TJ, Murty MRVS, Prabhakar S, Vairamani M. In situ nucleophilic substitution reaction of N,N-dialkylaminoethyl-2-chlorides monitored by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2209-14. [PMID: 16791867 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The detection and identification of degradation products of scheduled chemicals, which are characteristic markers of Chemical Warfare agents (CWAs), plays a key role in verification analysis. Identification of such non-scheduled but specific markers of CWAs helps in deciphering the kind of agent that was present in the sample submitted for off-site analysis. This paper describes the stability of N,N-dialkylaminoethyl-2-chlorides, which are precursors for highly toxic chemicals like VX, in different solvents. These compounds are stable in chloroform, acetonitrile, hexane and dichloromethane but tend to undergo in situ nucleophilic substitution reaction in the presence of alcohols giving the corresponding alkyl ether. The study shows that N,N-dialkylaminoethyl alkyl ethers can be used as markers of N,N-dialkylaminoethyl-2-chlorides. A detailed degradation study of these compounds in the presence of alcohols was carried out and it was found that the reaction follows pseudo-first order kinetics. Electron ionization mass spectral data for the methyl ethers of all the compounds are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V S Lakshmi
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad - 500 007, India
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Gupta AK, Pardasani D, Kanaujia PK, Tak V, Dubey DK. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of N,N-dialkylaminoethyl-2-methoxyethyl ethers as the decontamination markers of N,N-dialkylaminoethyl-2-chlorides for verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2006; 12:271-7. [PMID: 17057284 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The detection and identification of markers of scheduled chemicals plays an important role in verification analysis of Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). This paper describes the gas chromatography electron ionization mass spectrometric (GC/EI-MS) analysis of N,N-dialkylaminoethyl-2-methoxyethyl ethers (DAEMEs), which are identified as characteristic degradation markers of N,N-dialkylaminoethyl-2-chlorides. N,N-dialkylaminoethyl-2-chlorides produced DAEMEs on reacting with the universally used decontamination solution (DS-2). DAEMEs were prepared by condensation of N,N-dialkylaminoethyl-2-chlorides with 2-methoxy ethanol the active ingredient of DS-2. Based on the GC/EI-MS analysis of DAEMEs the generalized fragmentation routes are proposed which rationalize most of the characteristic ions in EI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvinda K Gupta
- Vertox Laboratory, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
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