1
|
Chapron D, Michel JP, Fontaine P, Godard J, Brégier F, Sol V, Rosilio V. Thermodynamic and structural properties of lipid-photosensitizer conjugates mixed with phospholipids: Impact on the formation and stability of nano-assemblies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 231:113565. [PMID: 37778109 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The photosensitizer Phenalenone (PN) was grafted with one or two lipid (C18) chains to form pure nano-assemblies or mixed lipid vesicles suitable for photodynamic therapy. Mixtures of PN-C18 conjugates with stearoyl-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (SOPC) form vesicles that disintegrate into bilayer sheets as the concentration of PN-C18 conjugates increases. We hypothesized that PN-C18 conjugates control the thermodynamic and structural properties of the mixtures and induce the disintegration of vesicles due to PN π-π-interactions. Monolayers were analyzed by surface pressure and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) measurements, and vesicles by differential scanning calorimetry and cryo-TEM. The results showed that PN-triazole-C18 (1A) and PN-NH-C18 (1B) segregate from the phospholipid domains. PN-(C18)2 (conjugate 2) develops favorable interactions with SOPC and distearoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DSPC). GIXD demonstrates the contribution of SOPC to the structuring of conjugate 2 and the role of the major component in controlling the structural properties of DSPC-conjugate 2 mixtures. Above 10 mol% conjugate 2 in SOPC vesicles, the coexistence of domains with different molecule packing leads to conjugate segregation, vesicle deformation, and the formation of small bilayer discs stabilized by the inter-bilayer π-π stacking of PN molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Chapron
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 17 avenue des Sciences, F-91400 Orsay, France; CNRS, GDR 2025 HappyBio, Université d'Orléans, 14 rue d'Issoudun, BP 6744, 45067 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Michel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 17 avenue des Sciences, F-91400 Orsay, France; CNRS, GDR 2025 HappyBio, Université d'Orléans, 14 rue d'Issoudun, BP 6744, 45067 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Philippe Fontaine
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Jérémy Godard
- Univ. Limoges, LABCiS, UR 22722, 123 avenue Albert Thomas, F-87000, Limoges, France
| | - Frédérique Brégier
- Univ. Limoges, LABCiS, UR 22722, 123 avenue Albert Thomas, F-87000, Limoges, France; CNRS, GDR 2025 HappyBio, Université d'Orléans, 14 rue d'Issoudun, BP 6744, 45067 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Vincent Sol
- Univ. Limoges, LABCiS, UR 22722, 123 avenue Albert Thomas, F-87000, Limoges, France; CNRS, GDR 2025 HappyBio, Université d'Orléans, 14 rue d'Issoudun, BP 6744, 45067 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Véronique Rosilio
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 17 avenue des Sciences, F-91400 Orsay, France; CNRS, GDR 2025 HappyBio, Université d'Orléans, 14 rue d'Issoudun, BP 6744, 45067 Orléans cedex 2, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kolarikova M, Hosikova B, Dilenko H, Barton-Tomankova K, Valkova L, Bajgar R, Malina L, Kolarova H. Photodynamic therapy: Innovative approaches for antibacterial and anticancer treatments. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36757198 DOI: 10.1002/med.21935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is an alternative treatment mainly for cancer but also for bacterial infections. This treatment dates back to 1900 when a German medical school graduate Oscar Raab found a photodynamic effect while doing research for his doctoral dissertation with Professor Hermann von Tappeiner. Unexpectedly, Raab revealed that the toxicity of acridine on paramecium depends on the intensity of light in his laboratory. Photodynamic therapy is therefore based on the administration of a photosensitizer with subsequent light irradiation within the absorption maxima of this substance followed by reactive oxygen species formation and finally cell death. Although this treatment is not a novelty, there is an endeavor for various modifications to the therapy. For example, selectivity and efficiency of the photosensitizer, as well as irradiation with various types of light sources are still being modified to improve final results of the photodynamic therapy. The main aim of this review is to summarize anticancer and antibacterial modifications, namely various compounds, approaches, and techniques, to enhance the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Kolarikova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Hosikova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hanna Dilenko
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Barton-Tomankova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Valkova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Bajgar
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Malina
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kolarova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chapron D, Chen J, Zheng G, Rosilio V. Organization of the Interfacial Film of Nanoemulsions Stabilized by Porphyrin Derivatives. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:1364-1372. [PMID: 36680520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapies combining the action of a photosensitizer (PS), molecular oxygen, and light make it possible to destroy certain infectious sites and tumors. The incorporation of photosensitizers in nanocarriers allows for better control of their distribution in tissues and increases their concentration in the area that will be then illuminated. Nanoemulsions of glyceryl trioctanoate (GTO) have been designed in which pyropheophobide a (Pyro-A) or its lipid conjugate (Pyro-Lipid) are both stabilizing and photostimulable agents. In this work, we studied by surface pressure measurements and Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) analysis the organization of the interfacial films of nanodroplets. Comparison of preformed porphyrin nanoemulsions and two porphyrin-GTO mixtures, one mimicking the composition of the nanoemulsions and the other that of a porphyrin-rich interfacial film, highlighted the role of GTO and porphyrin derivatives in the formation, organization, and elasticity of the interfacial films in nanoemulsions. Pyro-Lipid and GTO can mix, and some of the GTO molecules remain inserted in the interfacial film at high surface pressures. In contrast, Pyro-A and GTO do not mix well and tend to segregate, leaving Pyro-A alone in the condensed interfacial film. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of characterizing the interfacial properties of porphyrin derivatives and their interaction with the oil to design stable nanoemulsions with well-controlled optical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Chapron
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, F-91400Orsay, France
| | - Juan Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Véronique Rosilio
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, F-91400Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ivanova-Radkevich VI. Biochemical Basis of Selective Accumulation and Targeted Delivery of Photosensitizers to Tumor Tissues. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:1226-1242. [PMID: 36509715 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922110025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The method of photodynamic therapy for treatment of malignant neoplasms is based on the selective of accumulation of photosensitizers in the tumor tissue. Insufficient selectivity of photosensitizers in relation to pathologically altered tissues and generalized distribution throughout the body leads to the development of severe toxic effects, including skin phototoxicity. The mechanisms underlying selectivity of photosensitizers for tumor tissue include selective binding to blood proteins and lipoproteins (considering that the number of receptors for those is increased on tumor cell membranes), uptake by macrophages, better solubility at low pH (acidic pH is characteristic of tumor cells), and other mechanisms. At present, increase in the efficiency of photodynamic therapy is largely associated with the additional targeting of photosensitizers to tumor tissues. Targeted delivery strategies are based on the differences in metabolism and gene expression profiles between the tumor and healthy cells. There are differences in expression of receptors, proteases, or transmembrane transporters in these cells. In particular, accelerated metabolism in many types of tumors leads to overexpression of receptors for epidermal growth factor, folic acid, transferrin, and a number of other compounds. This review considers biochemical basis for the selective accumulation of various classes of photosensitizers in tumors (chlorins, phthalocyanines, 5-aminolevulinic acid derivatives, etc.) and discusses various strategies of targeted delivery with emphasis on conjugation of photosensitizers with the receptor ligands overexpressed in tumor cells.
Collapse
|
5
|
Malacarne MC, Banfi S, Rugiero M, Caruso E. Drug delivery systems for the photodynamic application of two photosensitizers belonging to the porphyrin family. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1011-1025. [PMID: 34260053 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy involves the concomitant action of three components, light with an appropriate wavelength, molecular oxygen, and a molecule, able to absorb an electromagnetic radiation, called photosensitizer (PS). A fundamental aspect is the bioavailability of the PS that is directly related to some physicochemical properties of the PS itself as it should feature a certain degree of lipophilicity to easily cross the cell membrane, however, at the same time, should be sufficiently water-soluble to navigate in the bloodstream. Consequently, the use of a system for drug delivery becomes essential when photosensitizers with a high degree of lipophilicity are considered. In this work, we present three different drug delivery systems, microemulsions, emulsions and liposomes all capable of carrying a PS belonging to the porphyrin family: the tetraphenyl porphyrin (TPP) and the 4-hydroxyphenyl porphyrin (THPP), which show a relevant different degree of lipophilicity. A series of microemulsions (ME) and emulsions (E) were prepared, among which two formulations, one for THPP and one for TPP, have been chosen. The stability of these two carriers was monitored over time and under various temperature conditions. With the same criteria, two liposomal formulations have been also identified and analyzed. The four formulations mentioned above (one ME, one E and two liposomes) have been tested on SKOV3 tumor cell line comparing the photodynamic activity of the porphyrin formulations versus the aqueous/organic (DMSO) solution of the same two PSs. The results show that all the formulations have proved to be excellent carriers and that the liposomal formulation enhance the photodynamic efficacy of both porphyrins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Chiara Malacarne
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
- PhD Student of the "Life Science and Biotechnology", University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Stefano Banfi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Matteo Rugiero
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Enrico Caruso
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shokurov AV, Novak DN, Ostroverkhov PV, Grin MA, Zaytseva AV, Raitman OA, Moroté F, Cohen-Bouhacina T, Grauby-Heywang C, Selektor SL. Lipid monolayer as a simple model membrane for comparative assessment of the photodynamic therapy photosensitizer efficiency via macroscopic measurements. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 210:111958. [PMID: 32707424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellular membrane is one of the main targets of photodynamic therapy. Its high complexity has led to the study of the efficiency of photosensitizers on artificial lipid systems mimicking membranes. However, the preliminary analysis of this efficiency remains limited due to difficulty of the model construction and/or implementation of the required measurement techniques. Hereby, we propose a quite simple way for the rapid comparative assessment of novel photosensitizers in terms of membrane photodegradation, based on simple and fast measurements, such as wetting angle and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. As a proof of concept, we applied this methodology to two bacteriopurpurinimide derivatives. We have shown in particular that such complementary techniques can be employed not only for the multiparametric monitoring of the kinetics of the photodegradation, but also for the comparison of the damaging efficiency of the photosensitizers in the lipid structures as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Shokurov
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31-4, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - D N Novak
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31-4, Moscow 119071, Russia; MIREA-Russian Technological University, 78 Vernadsky Avenue, 119454 Moscow, Russia
| | - P V Ostroverkhov
- MIREA-Russian Technological University, 78 Vernadsky Avenue, 119454 Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Grin
- MIREA-Russian Technological University, 78 Vernadsky Avenue, 119454 Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Zaytseva
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31-4, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - O A Raitman
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31-4, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - F Moroté
- Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine (LOMA), UMR-CNRS 5798, Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, Talence Cedex 33405, France
| | - T Cohen-Bouhacina
- Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine (LOMA), UMR-CNRS 5798, Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, Talence Cedex 33405, France
| | - C Grauby-Heywang
- Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine (LOMA), UMR-CNRS 5798, Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, Talence Cedex 33405, France
| | - S L Selektor
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31-4, Moscow 119071, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu X, Chantemargue B, Di Meo F, Bourgaux C, Chapron D, Trouillas P, Rosilio V. Deciphering the Peculiar Behavior of β-Lapachone in Lipid Monolayers and Bilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:14603-14615. [PMID: 31619039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
β-Lapachone (β-Lap) is a promising anticancer drug whose applications have been limited so far because of its poor solubility and stability. Its encapsulation in liposomes has been proposed to overcome these issues. However, surface pressure measurements show that β-Lap exhibits atypical interfacial behavior when mixed with lipids. Although the drug does not seem to be retained in lipid monolayers as deduced from the π-A isotherms, small changes in compressibility moduli suggest that β-Lap actually interacts with lipids, either disorganizing or rigidifying their monolayers. Thermal and structural analyses of lipid bilayers confirm the existence of β-Lap/lipid interactions and show that the drug inserts between hydrophobic chains, close to the polar headgroup in DPPC bilayers and deeper in the acyl chains in POPC bilayers. Molecular dynamics simulations allow a comprehensive description of the drug position and orientation in DOPC and POPC bilayers in the presence or absence of cholesterol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- Institut Galien Paris Sud , Univ Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , 92296 Châtenay-Malabry , France
| | - Benjamin Chantemargue
- INSERM U1248, Faculty of Pharmacy , Université de Limoges , 2 rue du Docteur Marcland , 87025 Limoges, Cedex France
- Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Palacký University , tr. 17 listopadu 12 , 771 46 Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Florent Di Meo
- INSERM U1248, Faculty of Pharmacy , Université de Limoges , 2 rue du Docteur Marcland , 87025 Limoges, Cedex France
| | - Claudie Bourgaux
- Institut Galien Paris Sud , Univ Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , 92296 Châtenay-Malabry , France
| | - David Chapron
- Institut Galien Paris Sud , Univ Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , 92296 Châtenay-Malabry , France
| | - Patrick Trouillas
- INSERM U1248, Faculty of Pharmacy , Université de Limoges , 2 rue du Docteur Marcland , 87025 Limoges, Cedex France
- Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Palacký University , tr. 17 listopadu 12 , 771 46 Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Véronique Rosilio
- Institut Galien Paris Sud , Univ Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay , 92296 Châtenay-Malabry , France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Massiot J, Rosilio V, Ibrahim N, Yamamoto A, Nicolas V, Konovalov O, Tanaka M, Makky A. Newly Synthesized Lipid-Porphyrin Conjugates: Evaluation of Their Self-Assembling Properties, Their Miscibility with Phospholipids and Their Photodynamic Activity In Vitro. Chemistry 2018; 24:19179-19194. [PMID: 30362192 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-porphyrin conjugates are considered nowadays as promising building blocks for the conception of supramolecular structures with multifunctional properties, required for efficient cancer therapy by photodynamic therapy (PDT). The synthesis of two new lipid-porphyrin conjugates coupling pheophorbide-a (Pheo-a), a photosensitizer derived from chlorophyll-a, to either chemically modified lyso-phosphatidylcholine (PhLPC) or egg lyso-sphingomyelin (PhLSM) is reported. The impact of the lipid backbone of these conjugates on their self-assembling properties, as well as on their physicochemical properties, including interfacial behavior at the air/buffer interface, fluorescence and absorption properties, thermotropic behavior, and incorporation rate in the membrane of liposomes were studied. Finally, their photodynamic activity was evaluated on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and normal esophageal squamous epithelium cell lines. The liposome-like vesicles resulting from self-assembly of the pure conjugates were unstable and turned into aggregates with undefined structure within few days. However, both lipid-porphyrin conjugates could be efficiently incorporated in lipid vesicles, with higher loading rates than unconjugated Pheo-a. Interestingly, phototoxicity tests of free and liposome-incorporated lipid-porphyrin conjugates demonstrated a better selectivity in vitro to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma relative to normal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Massiot
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Véronique Rosilio
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Nada Ibrahim
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Akihisa Yamamoto
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Valérie Nicolas
- UMS IPSIT, Univ Paris-Sud, US 31 INSERM, UMS 3679 CNRS, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Oleg Konovalov
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble Cedex 9, 38053, France
| | - Motomu Tanaka
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan.,Physical Chemistry of Biosystems, Physical Chemistry Institute, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ali Makky
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Essaid D, Tfayli A, Maillard P, Sandt C, Rosilio V, Baillet-Guffroy A, Kasselouri A. Retinoblastoma membrane models and their interactions with porphyrin photosensitisers: An infrared microspectroscopy study. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 215:34-45. [PMID: 30026072 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy was used to highlight the interactions between two photosensitisers (PS) of different geometries, TPPmOH4 and a glycoconjugated analogous, TPPDegMan, and lipid bilayers modelling retinoblastoma cell membranes. Retinoblastoma is a rare disease occurring in young infants, for whom conservative treatments may present harmful side-effects. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is expected to induce less side-effects, as the photosensitiser is only activated when the tumour is illuminated. Since efficiency of the treatment relies on photosensitiser penetration in cancer cells, bilayers with three lipid compositions - pure SOPC, SOPC/SOPE/SOPS/Chol (56:23:11:10) and SOPC/SOPE/SOPS/Chol/CL (42:32:9:8:6) - were used as plasma and mitochondria model membranes. FTIR spectra showed that the interaction of the PSs with the lipid bilayers impacted the lipid organization of the latter, causing significant spectral variations. Both studied photosensitisers inserted at the level of lipid hydrophobic chains, increasing chain fluidity and disorder. This was confirmed by surface pressure measurements. Photosensitisers - TPPmOH4 more than TPPDegMan - also interacted with the polar region of the bilayer, forming hydrogen bonds with phosphate groups that induced major shifts of phosphate absorption bands. This difference in PS interaction with moieties in the polar region was more pronounced with the models with complex lipid composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donia Essaid
- Lip(Sys)(2), Chimie Analytique Pharmaceutique, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92290 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | - Ali Tfayli
- Lip(Sys)(2), Chimie Analytique Pharmaceutique, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92290 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | - Philippe Maillard
- Department Chemistry, Modelling and Imaging for Biology (CMIB), Institut Curie, Research center, PSL Research University, Bât 110-112, Centre Universitaire, F-91405 Orsay cedex, France; CNRS, INSERM, UMR 9187-U 1196, Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, Bât 110-112, Centre Universitaire, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Sandt
- SMIS Beamline, Synchrotron SOLEIL, Orme des merisiers, BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Véronique Rosilio
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, Univ Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92290 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | - Arlette Baillet-Guffroy
- Lip(Sys)(2), Chimie Analytique Pharmaceutique, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92290 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | - Athena Kasselouri
- Lip(Sys)(2), Chimie Analytique Pharmaceutique, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-92290 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Massiot J, Makky A, Di Meo F, Chapron D, Trouillas P, Rosilio V. Impact of lipid composition and photosensitizer hydrophobicity on the efficiency of light-triggered liposomal release. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:11460-11473. [PMID: 28425533 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00983f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Photo-triggerable liposomes are considered nowadays as promising drug delivery devices due to their potential to release encapsulated drugs in a spatial and temporal manner. In this work, we have investigated the photopermeation efficiency of three photosensitizers (PSs), namely verteporfin, pheophorbide a and m-THPP when incorporated into liposomes with well-defined lipid compositions (SOPC, DOPC or SLPC). By changing the nature of phospholipids and PSs, the illumination of the studied systems was shown to significantly alter their lipid bilayer properties via the formation of lipid peroxides. The system efficiency depends on the PS/phospholipid association, and the ability of the PS to peroxidize acyl chains. Our results demonstrated the possible use of these three clinically approved (or under investigation) PSs as potential candidates for photo-triggerable liposome conception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Massiot
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, UMR 8612, Univ Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J.B. Clément, F-92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen S, Poyer F, Garcia G, Fiorini-Debuisschert C, Rosilio V, Maillard P. Amphiphilic Glycoconjugated Porphyrin Heterodimers as Two-Photon Excitable Photosensitizers: Design, Synthesis, Photophysical and Photobiological Studies. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201703013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Su Chen
- Department Chemistry and Modelisation and Imaging for Biology (CMIB); Institut Curie, Research Center; PSL Research University, Bât 110-112, Centre Universitaire; Rue Henri Becquerel F-91405 Orsay Cedex France
- CNRS UMR 9187 - INSERM U 1196; Université Paris-Saclay; Université Paris Sud 11, Bât 110-112, Centre Universitaire; Rue Henri Becquerel F-91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Florent Poyer
- Department Chemistry and Modelisation and Imaging for Biology (CMIB); Institut Curie, Research Center; PSL Research University, Bât 110-112, Centre Universitaire; Rue Henri Becquerel F-91405 Orsay Cedex France
- CNRS UMR 9187 - INSERM U 1196; Université Paris-Saclay; Université Paris Sud 11, Bât 110-112, Centre Universitaire; Rue Henri Becquerel F-91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | - Guillaume Garcia
- Department Chemistry and Modelisation and Imaging for Biology (CMIB); Institut Curie, Research Center; PSL Research University, Bât 110-112, Centre Universitaire; Rue Henri Becquerel F-91405 Orsay Cedex France
- CNRS UMR 9187 - INSERM U 1196; Université Paris-Saclay; Université Paris Sud 11, Bât 110-112, Centre Universitaire; Rue Henri Becquerel F-91405 Orsay Cedex France
| | | | - Véronique Rosilio
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, CNRS UMR 8612; Université Paris Sud 11; Université Paris-Saclay; 5 rue J.-B. Clément F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry France
| | - Philippe Maillard
- Department Chemistry and Modelisation and Imaging for Biology (CMIB); Institut Curie, Research Center; PSL Research University, Bât 110-112, Centre Universitaire; Rue Henri Becquerel F-91405 Orsay Cedex France
- CNRS UMR 9187 - INSERM U 1196; Université Paris-Saclay; Université Paris Sud 11, Bât 110-112, Centre Universitaire; Rue Henri Becquerel F-91405 Orsay Cedex France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rosilio V. How Can Artificial Lipid Models Mimic the Complexity of Molecule–Membrane Interactions? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.abl.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
13
|
Strategies for delivering porphyrinoid-based photosensitizers in therapeutic applications. Ther Deliv 2014; 5:859-72. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery strategies for porphyrinoid-based photosensitizers for use in therapeutic applications are based on a myriad of factors, which include porphyrinoid structure, solubility and cellular targets. These drug-delivery methods include encapsulation, hydrogels, protein carriers, nanoparticles and polymeric micelles among others. This article reviews the strategies for delivering porphyrinoids published to date and will focus on porphyrins, corroles, chlorins, bacteriochlorins, porphyrazines and phthalocyanines. Highlighted are the most recent and different strategies used for each of the corresponding porphyrinoid-based macrocycles.
Collapse
|
14
|
Huynh L, Perrot N, Beswick V, Rosilio V, Curmi PA, Sanson A, Jamin N. Structural properties of POPC monolayers under lateral compression: computer simulations analysis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:564-573. [PMID: 24397263 DOI: 10.1021/la4043809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), a lipid comprising a saturated and an unsaturated acyl chain, belongs to the class of glycerophosphatidylcholines, major lipids in eukaryotic cell membranes. To get insight into the structural properties of this lipid within monolayers as membrane models, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of POPC monolayers under compression at the air/water interface. MD simulations were carried out at 300 K and at different surface pressures using the all-atom general Amber force field (GAFF). A good agreement was found between the simulated data and experimental isotherms. At surface pressures greater than 15 mN/m, two orientations of the head groups clearly appear: one nearly parallel to the monolayer interface and another one pointing toward the water. On the basis of the analysis of headgroup dihedral angles, we propose that the conformational variations around the bonds connecting the phosphorus atom to the adjacent oxygens are involved in these two orientations of the headgroup. The glycerol group orientation is characterized by a large distribution centered around 50° with respect to the monolayer normal. The acyl chains are predominantly in trans configuration from 7.5 to 43 mN/m surface pressures. Moreover, the calculated order parameter profiles of both chains suggest an independent behavior of the saturated and unsaturated chains that could be correlated with the formation of chain-type clusters observed along the simulated trajectories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Huynh
- INSERM, U829, Laboratoire Structure - Activité des Biomolécules Normales et Pathologiques, Université d'Evry-Val-d'Essonne , F-91025 Evry, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rosilio V, Makky A, Michel JP, Maillard P. [Interfacial behaviour of glycoconjugated tetraphenylporphyrins and their interaction with biomimetic models of the cell membrane]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2012; 70:219-26. [PMID: 22818264 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Porphyrins are photosensitizers usable in photodynamic therapy. Although these molecules are clinically effective, their low water solubility and their lack of specificity are major drawbacks to their development. Our study was aimed at analysing the interfacial behaviour of glycoconjugated tetraphenylporphyrins newly synthesized at the Curie Institute, and their interaction with model membranes bearing a specific lectin mimicking a mannose membrane receptor in retinoblastoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS The interfacial behaviour of the porphyrins was analysed by surface pressure measurements, and their specific interaction with the lectin, by dynamic light scattering (liposomes) and the quartz crystal microbalance technique (supported bilayers). RESULTS All porphyrin derivatives were able to organize at the air/liquid interface. The dendrimeric compounds formed more stable monolayers than the others, and generally showed good mixing properties with the phospholipid used for liposome preparation. In the presence of concanavalin A, the porphyrin bearing-liposomes behaved differently depending on the nature (mannosylated or not) of the porphyrins. DISCUSSION The interfacial behaviour of the tetraphenylporphyrins is directly related to the orientation of the tetrapyrrolic macrocycle controlled by the grafted groups. Incorporated into a liposome bilayer, glycodendrimeric porphyrins expose their sugar moieties at the vesicle surface. The spacer length plays a crucial role by increasing sugars freedom and enhancing glycosylated liposomes interaction with the lectin. CONCLUSION Compared to the other studied compounds, the glycodendrimeric porphyrins seem very promising compounds and are now evaluated on cell cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Rosilio
- UMR CNRS 8612, laboratoire de physicochimie des surfaces, faculté de pharmacie, université Paris-Sud 11, 5, rue J.-B.-Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gomes ATPC, Leão RAC, da Silva FC, Neves MGPMS, Faustino MAF, Tomé AC, Silva AMS, Pinheiro S, de Souza MCBV, Ferreira VF, Cavaleiro JAS. Synthesis of new glycoporphyrin derivatives through carbohydrate-substituted α-diazoacetates. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424609000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of carbohydrate-substituted α-diazoacetates with meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrinatozin(II) allows the synthesis of new glyco-hydroporphyrin derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana T. P. C. Gomes
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Raquel A. C. Leão
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminese, 24020-150 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando C. da Silva
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminese, 24020-150 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Maria A. F. Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Augusto C. Tomé
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur M. S. Silva
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Pinheiro
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminese, 24020-150 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria C. B. V. de Souza
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminese, 24020-150 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vítor F. Ferreira
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminese, 24020-150 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - José A. S. Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lettieri R, Monti D, Zelenka K, Trnka T, Drašar P, Venanzi M. Glucosylated steroid-porphyrins as new tools for nanotechnology applications. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj20982a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
18
|
Zelenka K, Trnka T, Tišlerová I, Monti D, Cinti S, Naitana ML, Schiaffino L, Venanzi M, Laguzzi G, Luvidi L, Mancini G, Nováková Z, Šimák O, Wimmer Z, Drašar P. Spectroscopic, Morphological, and Mechanistic Investigation of the Solvent-Promoted Aggregation of Porphyrins Modified in meso-Positions by Glucosylated Steroids. Chemistry 2011; 17:13743-53. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
19
|
Senge MO. mTHPC--a drug on its way from second to third generation photosensitizer? Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2011; 9:170-9. [PMID: 22594988 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(3-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC, Temoporfin) is a widely investigated second generation photosensitizer. Its initial use in solution form (Foscan®) is now complemented by nanoformulations (Fospeg®, Foslip®) and new chemical derivatives related to the basic hydroxyphenylporphyrin framework. Advances in formulation, chemical modifications and targeting strategies open the way for third generation photosensitizers and give an illustrative example for the developmental process of new photoactive drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias O Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Makky A, Michel J, Maillard P, Rosilio V. Biomimetic liposomes and planar supported bilayers for the assessment of glycodendrimeric porphyrins interaction with an immobilized lectin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:656-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
21
|
Ibrahim H, Kasselouri A, You C, Maillard P, Rosilio V, Pansu R, Prognon P. Meso-tetraphenyl porphyrin derivatives: The effect of structural modifications on binding to DMPC liposomes and albumin. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
22
|
Makky A, Michel JP, Kasselouri A, Briand E, Maillard P, Rosilio V. Evaluation of the specific interactions between glycodendrimeric porphyrins, free or incorporated into liposomes, and concanavalin A by fluorescence spectroscopy, surface pressure, and QCM-D measurements. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:12761-12768. [PMID: 20614896 DOI: 10.1021/la101260t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In photodynamic therapy, the specificity of a photosensitizer and its penetration into tumor cells are crucial. We have analyzed the ability of newly synthesized meso-(tetraphenyl)porphyrins to be recognized by a model of mannose-specific proteins overexpressed at the surface of retinoblastoma cells. The specific interaction of porphyrin with Con A was studied by surface pressure measurements, fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and QCM-D. The extent of porphyrins binding to Con A was highly dependent upon their chemical structure. Glycodendrimeric porphyrins showed the higher binding constant to Con A. The length of the spacer separating the sugar from the tetrapyrrolic ring appeared to be crucial in controlling the interaction of the compounds with the lectin in solution or immobilized onto a solid substrate. The methodology used proved to be efficient for the selection of potentially active compounds. The glycodendrimeric porphyrins, especially the derivative having the longer spacer, interacted more significantly with the lectin than the compound devoid of any sugar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Makky
- Univ Paris-Sud 11, UMR 8612, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Surfaces, IFR 141, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Makky A, Michel JP, Ballut S, Kasselouri A, Maillard P, Rosilio V. Effect of cholesterol and sugar on the penetration of glycodendrimeric phenylporphyrins into biomimetic models of retinoblastoma cells membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:11145-11156. [PMID: 20527940 DOI: 10.1021/la101040q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is considered one efficient treatment against retinoblastoma. The specificity of a photosensitizer and its penetration into cancerous cells are crucial for achieving tumor necrosis. The selection of photosensitizers such as porphyrin derivatives by tumor cells thus depends to a large extent on their ability to interact with the biological membrane. In this work, we have studied by surface pressure measurements and fluorescence spectroscopy the interaction between three newly synthesized dendrimeric phenylporphyrins and monolayers or liposomes with increasing cholesterol content mimicking the retinoblastoma cell membrane. The morphology of phospholipid-cholesterol-porphyrin mixed monolayers was also analyzed by Brewster angle microscopy. The results showed that the increase in cholesterol content in the model membranes had almost no effect on the effective penetration of the drugs into the lipid layers. Conversely, the chemical structure of the glycodendrimeric phenylporphyrins and the presence of sugar moieties especially appeared to play a crucial role. Although the non-glycoconjugated phenylporphyrin penetrated to a greater extent than glycodendrimeric ones into the liposome membrane, this could be achieved at a high lipid/porphyrin ratio only. Glycodendrimeric porphyrins exhibited improved surface properties compared to the non-glycoconjugated derivative and could penetrate into lipid layers even at low lipid/porphyrin ratios and high surface pressures. Our work highlights the role in the passive diffusion of porphyrins into biomimetic cancer cell membranes, of complex interactions among the lipid molecules, the sugar moieties, and the hydrophobic macrocycle of the porphyrins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Makky
- Univ Paris-Sud 11, UMR 8612, Laboratoire de Physico-chimie des Surfaces, IFR 141, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ballut S, Makky A, Loock B, Michel JP, Maillard P, Rosilio V. New strategy for targeting of photosensitizers. Synthesis of glycodendrimeric phenylporphyrins, incorporation into a liposome membrane and interaction with a specific lectin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:224-6. [PMID: 19099076 DOI: 10.1039/b816128c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two glycodendrimeric phenylporphyrins were synthesized and their interaction with phospholipids was studied at the air-water interface and in liposome bilayers; such liposomes bearing glycodendrimeric porphyrin could constitute an efficient carrier for drug targeting in photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Ballut
- UMR 176 CNRS/Institut Curie, Institut Curie, Bât 110, Univ. Paris-Sud, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Prognon P, Kasselouri A, Desroches M, Blais J, Maillard P. Tétrapyrroles anticancéreux photosensibilisants : ou comment la photophysique devient mécanisme d’action. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2008; 66:71-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|