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Jung Y, Lee H, Park TJ, Kim S, Kwon S. Programmable gradational micropatterning of functional materials using maskless lithography controlling absorption. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15629. [PMID: 26490360 PMCID: PMC4615026 DOI: 10.1038/srep15629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for patterning functional materials precisely on surfaces of stimuli-responsive devices has increased in many research fields. In situ polymerization technology is one of the most convenient ways to place the functional materials on a desired location with micron-scale accuracy. To fabricate stimuli-responsive surfaces, controlling concentration of the functional material is much as important as micropatterning them. However, patterning and controlling concentration of the functional materials simultaneously requires an additional process, such as preparing multiple co-flow microfluidic structures and numbers of solutions with various concentrations. Despite applying these processes, fabricating heterogeneous patterns in large scale (millimeter scale) is still impossible. In this study, we propose an advanced in situ polymerization technique to pattern the surface in micron scale in a concentration-controlled manner. Because the concentration of the functional materials is manipulated by self-assembly on the surface, a complex pattern could be easily fabricated without any additional procedure. The complex pattern is pre-designed with absorption amount of the functional material, which is pre-determined by the duration of UV exposure. We show that the resolution reaches up to 2.5 μm and demonstrate mm-scale objects, maintaining the same resolution. We also fabricated Multi-bit barcoded micro particles verify the flexibility of our system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushin Jung
- Institutes of Entrepreneurial BioConvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
| | - Howon Lee
- Institutes of Entrepreneurial BioConvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Tae-Joon Park
- Nano Systems Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
| | - Sungsik Kim
- Institutes of Entrepreneurial BioConvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kwon
- Institutes of Entrepreneurial BioConvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, South Korea.,Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University hospital, Seoul 110-744, South Korea
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Khang G. Evolution of gradient concept for the application of regenerative medicine. BIOSURFACE AND BIOTRIBOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsbt.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Roy S, Bhandaru N, Das R, Harikrishnan G, Mukherjee R. Thermally tailored gradient topography surface on elastomeric thin films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:6579-88. [PMID: 24697617 DOI: 10.1021/am500163s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple method for creating a nanopatterned surface with continuous variation in feature height on an elastomeric thin film. The technique is based on imprinting the surface of a film of thermo-curable elastomer (Sylgard 184), which has continuous variation in cross-linking density introduced by means of differential heating. This results in variation of viscoelasticity across the length of the surface and the film exhibits differential partial relaxation after imprinting with a flexible stamp and subjecting it to an externally applied stress for a transient duration. An intrinsic perfect negative replica of the stamp pattern is initially created over the entire film surface as long as the external force remains active. After the external force is withdrawn, there is partial relaxation of the applied stresses, which is manifested as reduction in amplitude of the imprinted features. Due to the spatial viscoelasticity gradient, the extent of stress relaxation induced feature height reduction varies across the length of the film (L), resulting in a surface with a gradient topography with progressively varying feature heights (hF). The steepness of the gradient can be controlled by varying the temperature gradient as well as the duration of precuring of the film prior to imprinting. The method has also been utilized for fabricating wettability gradient surfaces using a high aspect ratio biomimetic stamp. The use of a flexible stamp allows the technique to be extended for creating a gradient topography on nonplanar surfaces as well. We also show that the gradient surfaces with regular structures can be used in combinatorial studies related to pattern directed dewetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Roy
- Instability and Soft Patterning Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721302, India
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Lee EJ, Chan EWL, Luo W, Yousaf MN. Ligand slope, density and affinity direct cell polarity and migration on molecular gradient surfaces. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03795b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A patterned peptide gradient with control of slope and density is created for studies of directed cell polarization and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-ju Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Eugene W. L. Chan
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biology
- Centre for Research in Biomolecular Interaction
| | - Muhammad N. Yousaf
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biology
- Centre for Research in Biomolecular Interaction
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Kim HN, Kang DH, Kim MS, Jiao A, Kim DH, Suh KY. Patterning methods for polymers in cell and tissue engineering. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 40:1339-55. [PMID: 22258887 PMCID: PMC5439960 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0510-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymers provide a versatile platform for mimicking various aspects of physiological extracellular matrix properties such as chemical composition, rigidity, and topography for use in cell and tissue engineering applications. In this review, we provide a brief overview of patterning methods of various polymers with a particular focus on biocompatibility and processability. The materials highlighted here are widely used polymers including thermally curable polydimethyl siloxane, ultraviolet-curable polyurethane acrylate and polyethylene glycol, thermo-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and thermoplastic and conductive polymers. We also discuss how micro- and nanofabricated polymeric substrates of tunable elastic modulus can be used to engineer cell and tissue structure and function. Such synergistic effect of topography and rigidity of polymers may be able to contribute to constructing more physiologically relevant microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Nam Kim
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Kang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Min Sung Kim
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Alex Jiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kahp-Yang Suh
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Zhang S, You B, Gu G, Wu L. A simple approach to fabricate morphological gradient on polymer surfaces. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tan H, Wan L, Wu J, Gao C. Microscale control over collagen gradient on poly(l-lactide) membrane surface for manipulating chondrocyte distribution. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2008; 67:210-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 07/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Lu X, Tan S, Zhao N, Yang S, Xu J. A unique behavior of water drops induced by low-density polyethylene surface with a sharp wettability transition. J Colloid Interface Sci 2007; 311:186-93. [PMID: 17376473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Revised: 12/28/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A low-density polyethylene (LDPE) surface with a sharp wettability gradient and high hysteresis was prepared, on which a unique behavior of water drops was found. The water contact angle of one water drop on the less hydrophobic region was larger than that on the more hydrophobic end, which was much different from the general phenomenon. The unique behavior is believed to be induced by the high hysteresis of the LDPE surface and the sharp change in wettability. The driving and hysteresis forces acting on the water drops were calculated and analyzed in detail. The reasons resulting to such a unique phenomenon were further explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, PR China
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Abstract
Cell adhesion, migration and differentiation depend on a complex interaction between a cell and its microenvironment. A three-dimensional (3D) topographic substrate provides an invaluable tool to understand this interaction. Here, we present three distinct techniques to pattern a surface having 2-D and 3-D topographies to study cell behavior. The three methods are electrohydrodynamic instabilities of polymer films, photolithography and self-assembly of homopolymer blends and diblock copolymers. Depending on the technique used, the size scale of the surface pattern can be on the nanometer or micrometer level or both. These methods can easily be utilized in biological laboratories since they do not require the use of a cleanroom facility. We briefly discuss each technique and show its use in cell culture. The 3D topographic substrates are ideal system to understand cell adhesion, migration and differentiation that mimic cells in physiological conditions. The techniques described here have the potential to extend to other materials such as extracellular matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Y Tsai
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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Liu H, Xu J, Li Y, Li B, Ma J, Zhang X. Fabrication and Characterization of an Organic-Inorganic Gradient Surface made by Polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ). Macromol Rapid Commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200600372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Zhu J, Zhao J, Liao Y, Jiang W. Multiscale dewetting of triblock copolymer thin film induced by solvent vapor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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