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Zhang Y, Zhang F, Song Y, Shen X, Bu F, Su D, Luo C, Ge L, Deng S, Wu Z, Zhang Z, Duan P, Li N, Min L, Zhang S, Wang S. Interfacial Polymerization Produced Magnetic Particles with Nano-Filopodia for Highly Accurate Liquid Biopsy in the PSA Gray Zone. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303821. [PMID: 37643459 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic particles are leading separation materials for biological purification and detection. Existing magnetic particles, which almost rely on molecule-level interactions, however, often encounter bottlenecks in highly efficient cell-level separation due to the underestimate of surface structure effects. Here, immune cell-inspired magnetic particles with nano-filopodia (NFMPs) produced by interfacial polymerization for highly efficient capture of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and further accurate clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer are reported . The unprecedented construction of nano-filopodia on polymer-based magnetic particles is achieved by introducing electrostatic interactions in emulsion interfacial polymerization. Due to the unique nano-filopodia, the NFMPs allow remarkably enhanced CTCs capture efficiency (86.5% ± 2.8%) compared with smooth magnetic particles (SMPs, 35.7% ± 5.7%). Under the assistance of machine learning by combining with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and free to total PSA (F/T-PSA), the NFMPs strategy demonstrates high sensitivity (100%), high specificity (93.3%), and a high area under the curve (AUC) value (98.1%) for clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer in the PSA gray zone. The NFMPs are anticipated as an efficient platform for CTCs-based liquid biopsy toward early cancer diagnosis and prognosis evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yongyang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Fanqin Bu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Su
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Chen Luo
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Ge
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Shaohui Deng
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Zonglong Wu
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Zhanyi Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Peichen Duan
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Li Min
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Shudong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Shutao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Liu G, Zhang H, Liu G, Yuan S. A kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of organic particles hetero-patterning on template-induced surface. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hirtz M, Kumar N, Franke JH, Hao J, Lu N, Fuchs H, Chi L. Selective deposition of organic molecules onto DPPC templates – A molecular dynamics study. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 389:206-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kirchhof K, Andar A, Yin HB, Gadegaard N, Riehle MO, Groth T. Polyelectrolyte multilayers generated in a microfluidic device with pH gradients direct adhesion and movement of cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:3326-3335. [PMID: 21853167 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20408d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, multilayers from polyethylene imine, heparin and chitosan are prepared at three different pH values of 5, 7 and 9. Water contact angle and quartz microbalance measurements show that resulting multilayers differ in terms of wetting behaviour, layer mass and mechanical properties. The multilayer is then formed within a gradient generation microfluidic (μFL) device. Polyethylene imine or heparin solutions of pH 5 are introduced into one inlet and the same solutions but at pH 9 into another inlet of the μFL device. The pH gradient established during the multilayer formation can be visualized inside the microchamber by pH sensitive fluorophores and confocal laser scanning microscopy. From this setup it is expected that properties of multilayers displayed at distinct pH values can be realised in a gradient manner inside the μFL device. Behaviour of the osteoblast cell line MG-63 seeded and cultured on top of multilayers created inside the μFL device support this hypothesis. It is observed that more cells adhere and spread on multilayers build-up at the basic side of the μFL channel, while those cells on top of multilayers built at pH 5 are fewer and smaller. These results are consistent with the behaviour of MG-63 cells seeded on multilayers formed at discrete pH values. It is particularly interesting to see that cells start to migrate from multilayers built at pH 5 to those built at pH 9 during 6 h of culture. Overall, the presented multilayer formation setup applying pH gradients leads to surfaces that promote migration of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kirchhof
- Biomedical Materials Group, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Nanotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Heinrich-Damerow-Strasse 4, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Hwang IT, Jung CH, Choi JH, Nho YC. Simple and biocompatible micropatterning of multiple cell types on a polymer substrate by using ion implantation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:18437-18441. [PMID: 21049964 DOI: 10.1021/la103474s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A noncytotoxic procedure for the spatial organization of multiple cell types remains as a major challenge in tissue engineering. In this study, a simple and biocompatible micropatterning method of multiple cell types on a polymer surface is developed by using ion implantation. The cell-resistant Pluronic surface can be converted into a cell-adhesive one by ion implantation. In addition, cells show different behaviors on the ion-implanted Pluronic surface. Thus this process enables the micropatterning of two different cell types on a polymer substrate. The micropatterns of the Pluronic were formed on a polystyrene surface. Primary cells adhered to the spaces of the bare polystyrene regions separated by the implanted Pluronic patterns. Secondary cells then adhered onto the implanted Pluronic patterns, resulting in micropatterns of two different cells on the polystyrene surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Tae Hwang
- Radiation Research Division for Industry and Environment, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
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Chevalier S, Cuestas-Ayllon C, Grazu V, Luna M, Feracci H, de la Fuente JM. Creating biomimetic surfaces through covalent and oriented binding of proteins. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:14707-14715. [PMID: 20795718 DOI: 10.1021/la103086b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript describes a novel method for the biofunctionalization of glass surfaces with polyhistidine-tagged proteins. The main innovation of this methodology consists of the covalent binding between the nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) moiety and the proteins, ensuring not only orientation, but also stability of the recombinant proteins on NTA-covered surfaces. In this work, as C-terminal polyhistidine tagged cadherin extracellular fragments have been used, this methodology guarantees the proper orientation of these proteins, by mimicking their insertion into cell plasma membranes. These biofunctionalized surfaces have been characterized by confocal microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle, and atomic force microscopy, showing a high density of cadherins on the glass surfaces and the stability of the linkage. The prepared materials exhibited a high tendency to promote cell spreading, demonstrating the functionality of the protein and the high utility of these biomaterials to promote cell adhesion events. Interestingly, differences in the cytoskeleton organization have been observed in cells adhering to surfaces with no cadherins or with nonoriented cadherins, in comparison to surfaces functionalized with well-oriented cadherins. This method, which allows the robust immobilization of polyhistidine tagged proteins due to their covalent binding and with a defined orientation, may also find particular usefulness in the making of protein biochips, for analysis of protein-protein interactions, as well as structural and single-molecule studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Chevalier
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS UPR 8641, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, 115 Avenue Dr Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
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Mendelsohn AD, Bernards DA, Lowe RD, Desai TA. Patterning of mono- and multilayered pancreatic beta-cell clusters. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:9943-9949. [PMID: 20218546 PMCID: PMC2883011 DOI: 10.1021/la1004424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cluster-size dependent behavior of pancreatic beta-cells has direct implications in islet transplantation therapy for type I diabetes treatment. Control over the cluster size enables evaluation of cluster-size-dependent function, ultimately leading to the production of beta-cell clusters with improved transplant efficacy. This work for the first time demonstrates the use of microcontact-printing-based cell patterning of discrete two- and three-dimensional clusters of pancreatic beta-cells. Both single and multiple cell layers are confined to a 2D area by attaching to patterns of covalently linked laminin and not adhering to surrounding polyethylene glycol. Cell clusters were successfully formed within 24 h for printed patterns in the range 40-120 microm, and simple modulation of the initial cell seeding density leads to the formation of multiple cell layers. Semiquantitative fluorescence microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to extensively characterize the surface chemistry. This technique offers exceptional control over cell cluster shape and size, and not only provides an effective tool to study the cluster-size-dependent behavior of pancreatic beta-cells but also has potential applicability to numerous other cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Mendelsohn
- Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering, University of California at San Francisco and University of California at Berkeley, San Francisco, California, 94158
| | - Daniel A. Bernards
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158
| | - Rachel D. Lowe
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158
| | - Tejal A. Desai
- Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering, University of California at San Francisco and University of California at Berkeley, San Francisco, California, 94158
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158
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Robertus J, Browne WR, Feringa BL. Dynamic control over cell adhesive properties using molecular-based surface engineering strategies. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:354-78. [DOI: 10.1039/b906608j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Wang S, Wang H, Jiao J, Chen KJ, Owens G, Kamei KI, Sun J, Sherman D, Behrenbruch C, Wu H, Tseng HR. Three-Dimensional Nanostructured Substrates toward Efficient Capture of Circulating Tumor Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200901668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Shibu ES, Radha B, Verma PK, Bhyrappa P, Kulkarni GU, Pal SK, Pradeep T. Functionalized Au22 clusters: synthesis, characterization, and patterning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2009; 1:2199-2210. [PMID: 20355854 DOI: 10.1021/am900350r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized fluorescent, porphyrin-anchored, Au(22) clusters in a single step, starting from well-characterized Au(25) clusters protected with glutathione (-SG) by a combined core reduction/ligand exchange protocol, at a liquid-liquid interface. The prepared cluster was characterized by UV/vis, photoluminescence, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. The absence of a 672 nm intraband transition of Au(25) and the simultaneous emergence of new characteristic peaks at 520 and 635 nm indicate the formation of the Au(22) core. An increase in the binding energy of 0.4 eV in Au 4f core-level peaks confirmed the presence of a reduced core size. Quantitative XPS confirmed the Au/S ratio. The presence of a free base, tetraphenylporphyrin (H(2)TPPOAS-), on the Au(22) core was confirmed by fluorimetric titrations with Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) ions. From all of these, the composition of the cluster was determined to be Au(22)[(-SG)(15)(-SAOPPTH(2))(2)], which was supported by mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. We utilized the fluorescence nature of these water-soluble clusters for the fabrication of fluorescent patterns by soft lithography. The patterns were studied using tapping-mode atomic force microscopy and confocal fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Shibu
- DST Unit on Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry and Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
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Song YF, McMillan N, Long DL, Kane S, Malm J, Riehle MO, Pradeep CP, Gadegaard N, Cronin L. Micropatterned surfaces with covalently grafted unsymmetrical polyoxometalate-hybrid clusters lead to selective cell adhesion. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:1340-1. [PMID: 19138073 DOI: 10.1021/ja807091v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mn-Anderson based polyoxometalate clusters with different terminal groups have been patterned successfully onto self-assembled monolayer (SAM) using microcontact printing. Studies of the interactions between the designed SAMs and human fibroblast (hTERT-BJ1) cells have been reported, and it was observed that cells attach and spread efficiently for monolayer presenting a terminal aromatic pyrene platform with a polyoxometalate Mn-Anderson cluster as linker, demonstrating the crucial role played by the polyoxometalate metal oxide cluster as an intermediary in cell adhesion to the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fei Song
- WestCHEM Department of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
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Jang K, Sato K, Mawatari K, Konno T, Ishihara K, Kitamori T. Surface modification by 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine coupled to a photolabile linker for cell micropatterning. Biomaterials 2009; 30:1413-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Wang S, Wang H, Jiao J, Chen KJ, Owens GE, Kamei KI, Sun J, Sherman DJ, Behrenbruch CP, Wu H, Tseng HR. Three-dimensional nanostructured substrates toward efficient capture of circulating tumor cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:8970-3. [PMID: 19847834 PMCID: PMC2878179 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200901668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shutao Wang
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), Institute for Molecular Medicine (IMED), Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, (USA)
| | - Hao Wang
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), Institute for Molecular Medicine (IMED), Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, (USA)
| | - Jing Jiao
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), Institute for Molecular Medicine (IMED), Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, (USA)
| | - Kuan-Ju Chen
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), Institute for Molecular Medicine (IMED), Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, (USA)
| | - Gwen E. Owens
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), Institute for Molecular Medicine (IMED), Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, (USA)
| | - Ken-ichiro Kamei
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), Institute for Molecular Medicine (IMED), Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, (USA)
| | - Jing Sun
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), Institute for Molecular Medicine (IMED), Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, (USA)
| | - David J. Sherman
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), Institute for Molecular Medicine (IMED), Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, (USA)
| | - Christian P. Behrenbruch
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), Institute for Molecular Medicine (IMED), Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, (USA)
| | - Hong Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), Institute for Molecular Medicine (IMED), Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, (USA)
| | - Hsian-Rong Tseng
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging (CIMI), Institute for Molecular Medicine (IMED), Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, (USA)
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Hao J, Lu N, Wu Q, Hu W, Chen X, Zhang H, Wu Y, Wang Y, Chi L. Site-selective patterning of organic luminescent molecules via gas phase deposition. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:5315-5318. [PMID: 18370416 DOI: 10.1021/la7026779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a bottom-up approach to pattern organic luminescent molecules with a feature size down to sub-100 nm over wafer-sized areas. This method is based on the selective gas deposition of organic molecules on self-organized patterned structures, which consist of an organic monolayer with two different phases rather than different materials. The site selectivity is controllable by deposition rate and the pattern features. The reason for the site selectivity may be due to the nucleation and diffusion behaviors of the deposited organic molecules on different monolayer phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanyuan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
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