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Confined Crystallization of Thin Plasma-Polymerized Nanocomposite Films with Maleic Anhydride and Cellulose Nanocrystals under Hydrolysis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27175683. [PMID: 36080450 PMCID: PMC9458086 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The creation of novel surface morphologies through thin-film patterning is important from a scientific and technological viewpoint in order to control specific surface properties. The pulsed-plasma polymerization of thin nanocomposite films, including maleic anhydride (MA) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), may result in different metastable film morphologies that are difficult to control. Alternatively, the transformation of deposited plasma films into crystalline structures introduces unique and more stable morphologies. In this study, the structural rearrangements of plasma-polymerized (MA+CNC) nanocomposite films after controlled hydrolysis in a humid atmosphere were studied, including effects of plasma conditions (low duty cycle, variable power) and monomer composition (ratio MA/CNC) on hydrolysis stability. The progressive growth of crystalline structures with fractal dendrites was observed in confined thin films of 30 to 50 nm. The structures particularly formed on hydrophilic substrates and were not observed before on the more hydrophobic substrates, as they exist as a result of water penetration and interactions at the film/substrate interface. Furthermore, the nucleating effect and local pinning of the crystallites to the substrate near CNC positions enhanced the film stability. The chemical structures after hydrolysis were further examined through XPS, indicating esterification between the MA carboxylic acid groups and CNC surface. The hydrolysis kinetics were quantified from the conversion of anhydride groups into carboxylic moieties by FTIR analysis, indicating enhanced hydrolytic stability of p(MA+CNC) nanocomposite films relative to the pure p(MA) films.
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Bellomo N, Michel M, Pistillo BR, White RJ, Barborini E, Lenoble D. Chemical Vapor Deposition for Advanced Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Membranes. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bellomo
- Materials Research and Technology Department Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology L-4422 Belvaux Luxembourg
- University of Luxembourg 2 Avenue de l'Université Esch-sur-Alzette L-4365 Luxembourg
| | - Marc Michel
- Materials Research and Technology Department Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology L-4422 Belvaux Luxembourg
| | - Bianca Rita Pistillo
- Materials Research and Technology Department Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology L-4422 Belvaux Luxembourg
| | - Robin J. White
- Materials Research and Technology Department Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology L-4422 Belvaux Luxembourg
| | - Emanuele Barborini
- Materials Research and Technology Department Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology L-4422 Belvaux Luxembourg
| | - Damien Lenoble
- Materials Research and Technology Department Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology L-4422 Belvaux Luxembourg
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Rocha JA, Steffen TT, Fontana LC, Becker D. Effect of maleic anhydride and oxygen functionalized carbon nanotube on polyamide 6 and polypropylene blend properties. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Das S, Devarajan PV. Enhancing Safety and Efficacy by Altering the Toxic Aggregated State of Amphotericin B in Lipidic Nanoformulations. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2186-2195. [PMID: 32324420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of Amphotericin B (AmB) is contributed by the small, water-soluble aggregates of the drug. Hence, AmB lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LIPOMER), comprising stearate lipids with a hydrophilic polymer Gantrez (GZ), and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), comprising only stearates, were prepared with the objective of monomerizing AmB. While intercalation of stearates with the hydrophobic polyene chain could hinder AmB-AmB interactions, enabling monomerization, it was hypothesized that GZ could aid in the stabilization of the monomers through hydrophilic interactions. AmB LIPOMERs and SLNs, prepared by nanoprecipitation, exhibited an average size of 350-500 nm with negative ζ potential. Polyglyceryl-6-distearate (PGDS) SLN exhibited maximum monomerization, with the highest peak IV (410 nm) to peak I (350 nm) ratio in the UV-visible spectrum. In total contrast, LIPOMERs and GZ nanoparticles revealed a hypsochromic shifted peak I between 321 and 324 nm, indicative of AmB super-aggregate formation. Super-aggregates, which result due to condensation of multiple aggregates with monomers, were attributed to extensive GZ-AmB and GZ-GZ interactions and could provide advantages of enhanced thermodynamic stability, with safety and efficacy similar to the monomeric form. Safety was confirmed by low and comparable erythrocyte toxicity exhibited by the LIPOMERs and SLNs. An in vitro efficacy study of PGDS LIPOMER and SLN against intracellular amastigotes revealed significantly lower IC50 values, which translated to a 7.1- and 6.1-fold enhancement in efficacy compared to commercial nanoformulations Amfocare (micellar AmB) and 1.79- and 1.54-fold enhancement in efficacy compared to Fungisome (liposomal AmB). High efficacy coupled with a higher selectivity index indicated the superiority of the developed AmB nanoformulations and substantiated that altering the toxic aggregated state of AmB can offer a promising approach for the design of safe and efficacious AmB lipidic nanoformulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saugandha Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Deemed University, Elite Status and Centre of Excellence (Maharashtra), N.P. Marg, Matunga East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400019, India
| | - Padma V Devarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Deemed University, Elite Status and Centre of Excellence (Maharashtra), N.P. Marg, Matunga East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400019, India
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Ratner BD, Hoffman AS, McArthur SL. Physicochemical Surface Modification of Materials Used in Medicine. Biomater Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816137-1.00033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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6
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Carletto A, Badyal JPS. Ultra-high selectivity pulsed plasmachemical deposition reaction pathways. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:16468-16476. [PMID: 31321394 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02192b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycidyl methacrylate pulsed plasmas have been investigated using time-resolved in situ mass spectrometry. At low pulsed plasma duty cycles, monomer fragmentation leading to the formation of polymerisation initiator species occurs within each short electrical discharge pulse (ton = microseconds timescale). This is followed by conventional step-wise monomer addition polymerisation occurring during the subsequent extended off-period (toff = milliseconds timescale), culminating in the growth of well-defined poly(glycidyl methacrylate) chains. Key attributes associated with this high selectivity pulsed plasmachemical functional thin film synthesis approach are the absence of the requirement for any additional chemicals (catalyst, solvent, etc.) in combination with very low power consumption (mW) and ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Carletto
- Chemistry Department, Science Laboratories, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, England, UK.
| | - Jas Pal S Badyal
- Chemistry Department, Science Laboratories, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, England, UK.
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Maleic anhydride and acetylene plasma copolymer surfaces for SPR immunosensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:7689-7697. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01979-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Leal AA, Neururer OA, Bian A, Gooneie A, Rupper P, Masania K, Dransfeld C, Hufenus R. Interfacial interactions in bicomponent polymer fibers. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Hathaway H, Ajuebor J, Stephens L, Coffey A, Potter U, Sutton JM, Jenkins ATA. Thermally triggered release of the bacteriophage endolysin CHAP K and the bacteriocin lysostaphin for the control of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). J Control Release 2016; 245:108-115. [PMID: 27908758 PMCID: PMC5234552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infections of the skin and soft tissue pose a major concern to public health, largely owing to the steadily increasing prevalence of drug resistant isolates. As an alternative mode of treatment both bacteriophage endolysins and bacteriocins have been shown to possess antimicrobial efficacy against multiple species of bacteria including otherwise drug resistant strains. Despite this, the administration and exposure of such antimicrobials should be restricted until required in order to discourage the continued evolution of bacterial resistance, whilst maintaining the activity and stability of such proteinaceous structures. Utilising the increase in skin temperature during infection, the truncated bacteriophage endolysin CHAPK and the staphylococcal bacteriocin lysostaphin have been co-administered in a thermally triggered manner from Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) nanoparticles. The thermoresponsive nature of the PNIPAM polymer has been employed in order to achieve the controlled expulsion of a synergistic enzybiotic cocktail consisting of CHAPK and lysostaphin. The point at which this occurs is modifiable, in this case corresponding to the threshold temperature associated with an infected wound. Consequently, bacterial lysis was observed at 37 °C, whilst growth was maintained at the uninfected skin temperature of 32 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jude Ajuebor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Liam Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Aidan Coffey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Ursula Potter
- Microscopy and Analysis Suite, University of Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - J Mark Sutton
- Technology Development Group, Public Health England, Porton Down, SP4 0JG, UK
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Bacterial response to different surface chemistries fabricated by plasma polymerization on electrospun nanofibers. Biointerphases 2015; 10:04A301. [DOI: 10.1116/1.4927218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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11
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Hathaway H, Alves DR, Bean J, Esteban PP, Ouadi K, Mark Sutton J, Jenkins ATA. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-allylamine) (PNIPAM-co-ALA) nanospheres for the thermally triggered release of Bacteriophage K. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 96:437-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Brioude MM, Roucoules V, Haidara H, Vonna L, Laborie MP. Role of Cellulose Nanocrystals on the Microstructure of Maleic Anhydride Plasma Polymer Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:14079-14088. [PMID: 26035334 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, it was shown that the microstructure of a maleic anhydride plasma polymer (MAPP) could be tailored ab initio by adjusting the plasma process parameters. In this work, we aim to investigate the ability of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to induce topographical structuration. Thus, a new approach was designed based on the deposition of MAPP on CNCs model surfaces. The nanocellulosic surfaces were produced by spin-coating the CNC suspension on a silicon wafer substrate and on a hydrophobic silicon wafer substrate patterned with circular hydrophilic microsized domains (diameter of 86.9 ± 4.9 μm), resulting in different degrees of CNC aggregation. By depositing the MAPP over these surfaces, it was possible to observe that the surface fraction of nanostructures increased from 20% to 35%. This observation suggests that CNCs can act as nucleation points resulting in more structures, although a critical density of the CNCs is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel M Brioude
- †Chair of Forest Biomaterials, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Werthmannstrasse 6, Freiburg 79098, Germany
- ‡Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Vincent Roucoules
- §Institut de Science de Matériaux de Mulhouse CNRS UMR7361, Université de Haute-Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, PB 2488, Mulhouse Cedex 68057, France
| | - Hamidou Haidara
- §Institut de Science de Matériaux de Mulhouse CNRS UMR7361, Université de Haute-Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, PB 2488, Mulhouse Cedex 68057, France
| | - Laurent Vonna
- §Institut de Science de Matériaux de Mulhouse CNRS UMR7361, Université de Haute-Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, PB 2488, Mulhouse Cedex 68057, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Laborie
- †Chair of Forest Biomaterials, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Werthmannstrasse 6, Freiburg 79098, Germany
- ‡Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, Freiburg 79104, Germany
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Airoudj A, Ploux L, Roucoules V. Effect of plasma duty cycle on silver nanoparticles loading of cotton fabrics for durable antibacterial properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aissam Airoudj
- Institut de Science des Materiaux de Mulhouse; IS2M - C.N.R.S. - UMR 7361 - UHA, 15 Rue Jean Starcky 68057 Mulhouse Cedex France
| | - Lydie Ploux
- Institut de Science des Materiaux de Mulhouse; IS2M - C.N.R.S. - UMR 7361 - UHA, 15 Rue Jean Starcky 68057 Mulhouse Cedex France
| | - Vincent Roucoules
- Institut de Science des Materiaux de Mulhouse; IS2M - C.N.R.S. - UMR 7361 - UHA, 15 Rue Jean Starcky 68057 Mulhouse Cedex France
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14
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Wettability and cell spreading enhancement in poly(sulfone) and polyurethane surfaces by UV-assisted treatment for tissue engineering purposes. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-013-1117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Pegalajar-Jurado A, Easton CD, Styan KE, McArthur SL. Antibacterial activity studies of plasma polymerised cineole films. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:4993-5002. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00633j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Costs associated with bacterial infections in medical devices exceed $US 30 billion each year in the United States alone due to device revisions and patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adoracion Pegalajar-Jurado
- Biointerface Engineering
- IRIS
- Faculty of Science Engineering and Technology
- Swinburne University of Technology
- Hawthorn, Australia
| | | | - Katie E. Styan
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering
- Clayton, Australia
| | - Sally L. McArthur
- Biointerface Engineering
- IRIS
- Faculty of Science Engineering and Technology
- Swinburne University of Technology
- Hawthorn, Australia
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Graham DJ, Castner DG. Multivariate analysis of ToF-SIMS data from multicomponent systems: the why, when, and how. Biointerphases 2012; 7:49. [PMID: 22893234 PMCID: PMC3801192 DOI: 10.1007/s13758-012-0049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of multivariate analysis (MVA) methods in the processing of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) data has become increasingly more common. MVA presents a powerful set of tools to aid the user in processing data from complex, multicomponent surfaces such as biological materials and biosensors. When properly used, MVA can help the user identify the major sources of differences within a sample or between samples, determine where certain compounds exist on a sample, or verify the presence of compounds that have been engineered into the surface. Of all the MVA methods, principal component analysis (PCA) is the most commonly used and forms an excellent starting point for the application of many of the other methods employed to process ToF-SIMS data. Herein we discuss the application of PCA and other MVA methods to multicomponent ToF-SIMS data and provide guidelines on their application and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Graham
- Department of Bioengineering, National ESCA and Surface Analysis for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1653, USA.
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Okajima T, Hara K, Yamamoto M, Seki K. Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopic and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopic studies of surface modification of poly(butylene terephthalate) induced by UV irradiation. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Samyn P, Laborie MP, Mathew AP, Airoudj A, Haidara H, Roucoules V. Metastable patterning of plasma nanocomposite films by incorporating cellulose nanowhiskers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:1427-1438. [PMID: 22059805 DOI: 10.1021/la202503h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A new method is presented for developing patterned, thin nanocomposite films by introducing cellulose nanowhiskers during the pulsed plasma polymerization of maleic anhydride. Metastable film structures develop as a combination of dewetting and buckling phenomena. By controlling the maleic anhydride monomer to cellulose nanowhisker weight ratio, the whiskers can be incorporated into a homogeneously covering patterned polymer film. Excess nanowhiskers are required to prevent complete dewetting and deposit dimensionally stable films. The formation of anchoring points is assumed to stabilize the film through a "pinning" effect to the substrate. The latter control the in-plane film stresses, similar to the effects of surface inhomogeneities such as artificial scratches. The different morphologies are evaluated by optical microscopy, AFM, contact angle measurements, and ellipsometry. Further analysis by infrared spectroscopy and XPS suggests esterification between the maleic anhydride and cellulose moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Samyn
- Institute for Forest Utilization and Works Science, Freiburg University, Werthmannstrasse 6, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
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Forster S, McArthur SL. Stable low-fouling plasma polymer coatings on polydimethylsiloxane. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:36504. [PMID: 24062864 PMCID: PMC3470602 DOI: 10.1063/1.4754600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (DMS) is a popular material for microfluidics, but it is hydrophobic and is prone to non-specific protein adsorption. In this study, we explore methods for producing stable, protein resistant, tetraglyme plasma polymer coatings on PDMS by combining extended baking processes with multiple plasma polymer coating steps. We demonstrate that by using this approach, it is possible to produce a plasma polymer coatings that resist protein adsorption (<10 ng/cm(2)) and are stable to storage over at least 100 days. This methodology can translate to any plasma polymer system, enabling the introduction of a wide range of surface functionalities on PDMS surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Forster
- Department of Engineering Materials, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield Biotactical Engineering Group, IRIS, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn 3122, Australia
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Nitschke M, Ricciardi S, Gramm S, Zschoche S, Herklotz M, Rivolo P, Werner C. Surface modification of cell culture carriers: routes to anhydride functionalization of polystyrene. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 90:41-7. [PMID: 22014935 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Physico-chemical and topographical cues allow to control the behavior of adherent cells. Towards this goal, commercially available cell culture carriers can be finished with a laterally microstructured biomolecular functionalization. As shown in a previous study [Biomacromolecules 4 (2003) 1072], the anhydride moiety facilitates a simple and versatile way to protein binding. The present work addresses the technical issue of anhydride surface functionalization of polystyrene, the most common material for cell culture ware. Different approaches based on low pressure plasma, electron beam and ultraviolet light techniques (i.e. maleic anhydride plasma reactions; plasma, electron beam and UV immobilization of functional polymer thin films; grafting of functional polymers to plasma activated surfaces) are introduced and briefly illustrated with examples. Results are characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ellipsometry. The different routes are compared in terms of technical feasibility and achievable surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Nitschke
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Dresden, Germany.
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