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Philip J. Magnetic nanofluids (Ferrofluids): Recent advances, applications, challenges, and future directions. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 311:102810. [PMID: 36417827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Impelled by the need to find solutions to new challenges of modern technologies new materials with unique properties are being explored. Among various new materials that emerged over the decades, magnetic fluids exhibiting interesting physiochemical properties (optical, thermal, magnetic, rheological, apparent density, etc.) under a magnetic stimulus have been at the forefront of research. In the initial phase, there has been a fervent scientific curiosity to understand the field-induced intriguing properties of such fluids but later a plethora of technological applications emerged. Magnetic nanofluid, popularly known as ferrofluid, is a colloidal suspension of fine magnetic nanoparticles, has been at the forefront of research because of its magnetically tunable physicochemical properties and applications. Due to their stimuli-responsive behaviour, they have been finding more applications in biology and other engineering disciplines in recent years. Therefore, a critical review of this topic highlighting the necessary background, the potential of this material for emerging technologies, and the latest developments is warranted. This review also provides a summary of various applications, along with the key challenges and future research directions. The first part of the review addresses the different types of magnetic fluids, the genesis of magnetic fluids, their synthesis methodologies, properties, and stabilization techniques are discussed in detail. The second part of the review highlights the applications of magnetic nanofluids and nanoemulsions (as model systems) in probing order-disorder transitions, scattering, diffraction, magnetically reconfigurable internal structures, molecular interaction, and weak forces between colloidal particles, conformational changes of macromolecules at interfaces and polymer-surfactant complexation at the oil-water interface. The last part of the review summarizes the interesting applications of magnetic fluids such as heat transfer, sensors (temperature, pH, urea detection, cations, defect detection sensors), tunable optical filters, removal of dyes, dynamic seals, magnetic hyperthermia-based cancer therapy and other biomedical applications. The applications of magnetic nanofluids in diverse disciplines are growing day by day, yet there are challenges in their practical adaptation as field-worthy or packaged products. This review provides a pedagogical description of magnetic fluids, with the necessary background, key concepts, physics, experimental protocols, design of experiments, challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Philip
- Smart Materials Section, Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, India.
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Sherman ZM, Ghosh D, Swan JW. Field-Directed Self-Assembly of Mutually Polarizable Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:7117-7134. [PMID: 29782173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Directed assembly of dielectric and paramagnetic nanoparticles can be used to synthesize diverse functional materials that polarize in response to an externally applied electric or magnetic field. However, theories capable of predicting the self-assembled states are lacking. In the proposed work, we develop a complete thermodynamic description of such assemblies for spherical nanoparticles. We show how an important physical feature of these types of particles, mutual polarization, sculpts the free energy landscape and has a remarkably strong influence on the nature of the self-assembled states. Modeling the mutual polarization among nanoparticles requires solving a many-bodied problem for the particle dipole moments. Typically, this computationally expensive task is avoided by neglecting mutual polarization and assuming that each particle in a concentrated dispersion acquires the same dipole moment as a single, isolated particle. Although valid in the limit of small dielectric or permeability contrasts between particles and solvent, this constant dipole assumption leads to qualitatively incorrect predictions for coexisting phases in equilibrium at large dielectric or permeability contrasts. Correctly accounting for mutual polarization enables a thermodynamic theory that describes the equilibrium phase diagram of polarizable dispersions in terms of experimentally controllable variables. Our theoretical predictions agree with the phase behavior we observe in dynamic simulations of these dispersions as well as that in experiments of field-directed structural transitions. In contrast to predictions of a constant dipole model, we find that dispersions of particles with different dielectric constants or magnetic permeabilities exhibit qualitatively different phase behavior. This new model also predicts the existence of a eutectic point at which two crystalline phases and a disordered phase of nanoparticles all simultaneously coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Sherman
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Dipanjan Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - James W Swan
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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Enchancment in viscoelastic properties of flake-shaped iron based magnetorheological fluid using ferrofluid. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ruiz-López JA, Fernández-Toledano JC, Hidalgo-Alvarez R, de Vicente J. Testing the mean magnetization approximation, dimensionless and scaling numbers in magnetorheology. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:1468-1476. [PMID: 26647041 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02267c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The mean magnetization (MM) approximation is undoubtedly the most widely used approximation in magnetorheology both from theoretical and simulation perspectives. According to this, spherical magnetizable particles under field can be replaced by effective dipole moments m placed at their center with strength m = V(p)⟨M(p)⟩. Here V(p) and ⟨M(p)⟩ are the volume and mean (average) magnetization of the particles, respectively. In spite of being extensively used, there is not a mathematical justification to do so in most cases. In this manuscript, we test this approximation using experiments, theories and simulations, for a wide range of magnetic field strengths and particle loadings, in both conventional magnetorheological fluids (CMRFs) and inverse ferrofluids (IFFs). Results demonstrate that the MM approximation is applicable in IFFs for a very wide range of field strengths (up to external fields of 265 kA m(-1)) and particle loadings (up to 20 vol%). For CMRFs, the MM approximation is only applicable in two particular circumstances; in magnetic saturation or in infinite dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Ruiz-López
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, C/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071-Granada, Spain.
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Ding J, Peng G, Shu K, Wang C, Tian T, Yang W, Zhang Y, Wallace GG, Li W. Novel reversible and switchable electrolytes based on magneto-rheology. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15663. [PMID: 26493967 PMCID: PMC4616165 DOI: 10.1038/srep15663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Replacing organic liquid electrolytes with solid electrolytes has led to a new perspective on batteries, enabling high-energy battery chemistry with intrinsically safe cell designs. However, most solid/gel electrolytes are easily deformed; under extreme deformation, leakage and/or short-circuiting can occur. Here, we report a novel magneto-rheological electrolyte (MR electrolyte) that responds to changes in an external magnetic field; the electrolyte exhibits low viscosity in the absence of a magnetic field and increased viscosity or a solid-like phase in the presence of a magnetic field. This change from a liquid to solid does not significantly change the conductivity of the MR electrolyte. This work introduces a new class of magnetically sensitive solid electrolytes that can enhance impact resistance and prevent leakage from electronic devices through reversible active switching of their mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- Land Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, 506 Lorimer Street, Fishermans Bend, VIC 3207, Australia
| | - Gangrou Peng
- School of Mechanical, Material and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Kewei Shu
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Caiyun Wang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Tongfei Tian
- School of Mechanical, Material and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Wenrong Yang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia
| | - Yuanchao Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia
| | - Gordon G. Wallace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Material and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Felicia LJ, Philip J. Effect of hydrophilic silica nanoparticles on the magnetorheological properties of ferrofluids: a study using opto-magnetorheometer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:3343-3353. [PMID: 25734232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
For many technological applications of ferrofluids, the magnetorheological properties require being precisely controlled. We study the effect of hydrophilic silica on the magnetorheology of an oil-based ferrofluid containing Fe3O4 nanoparticles of size ∼10 nm. We observe that the presence of silica nanoparticles lowers the yield stresses, viscoelastic moduli, and shear thinning behavior of the ferrofluid because of the weakening of dipolar interactions, which was evident from the observed lower yield stresses exponent (<2). The ferrofluid containing silica exhibits a dominant elastic behavior, a reduced hysteresis during the forward and reverse magnetic field sweeps, and a longer linear viscoelastic regime under nonlinear deformation. The Mason number plots at low shear rates and magnetic fields show deviations from the master curve in the presence of silica. The magnetic field induced microstructures, visualized using opto-magnetorheometer, showed columnar aggregate structures along the field directions, which are reoriented along the shear flow direction at high shear rates. The image analysis shows that the average thickness of the columnar aggregates in pure ferrofluid is much larger than that of the mixed system, which suggests that the intervening silica matrix hampers the zippering transition of columns at higher magnetic field and shear rates. Our results suggest that optimization of rheological properties of ferrofluids is possible by carefully adding suitable silica nanoparticles, which may find practical applications such as dynamic seals, heat transfer, sensors, and opto-fluidic devices, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona J Felicia
- SMARTS, Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603 102, India
| | - John Philip
- SMARTS, Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603 102, India
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Felicia LJ, Philip J. Probing of field-induced structures and their dynamics in ferrofluids using oscillatory rheology. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:12171-12179. [PMID: 25268053 DOI: 10.1021/la502878v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We probe field-induced structures and their dynamics in ferrofluids using oscillatory rheology. The magnetic field dependence of the relaxation time and crossover modulus showed two distinct regions, indicating the different microstructures in those regions. The observed relaxation at various magnetic field strengths indicates that side chains are attached to the pinned single-sphere-width chains between the rheometer plates. Our results suggest that the ferrofluid under a magnetic field exhibits a soft solidlike behavior whose relaxation is governed by the imposed strain rate and the magnetic field. Using the scaling factors obtained from the frequency and modulus at the crossover point in the oscillatory rheological measurements, the constant strain-rate frequency sweep data is superimposed onto a single master curve. The frequency scaling factor increases with the strain rate as a power law with an exponent close to unity, whereas the amplitude scaling factor is almost strain-rate-independent at high magnetic field strengths. These findings are useful for a better understanding of field-induced ordering of nanoparticles in fluids and their optimization for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona J Felicia
- SMARTS, Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research , Kalpakkam-603 102, India
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Joseph A, Mathew S. Ferrofluids: Synthetic Strategies, Stabilization, Physicochemical Features, Characterization, and Applications. Chempluschem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Felicia LJ, Philip J. Probing of field-induced structures and tunable rheological properties of surfactant capped magnetically polarizable nanofluids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:110-120. [PMID: 23210900 DOI: 10.1021/la304118b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Oil-based nanofluid containing surfactant-capped magnetite nanoparticles are synthesized by a simple coprecipitation approach, and their magnetorheological properties are studied for different magnetic field strengths and volume fractions. We observe a distinct "plateau-like region" in the shear thinning viscosity curve, under an external magnetic field, possibly due to a peculiar alignment of the chains with respect to the field direction where the structure is stable against fragmentation. The observed plateau regime is reminiscent to that of kinetically arrested gel networks. Interestingly, such a plateau regime has been observed only above certain critical magnetic field when the dipolar interaction strength is much greater than the thermal energy where the aggregation becomes a nonequilibrium transport-limited process. The good collapse of specific viscosity data against Mason number for different magnetic field strengths onto a single curve suggests the dominance of hydrodynamic and magnetic forces on thermal force above a certain magnetic field strength. The observed increase in both static and dynamic yield stresses under the magnetic field confirms the formation of columnar structures that hinder the flow behavior. The hysteresis observed in the magnetic sweep experiments shows the inability of the chains to relax within the measurement time. The dynamic measurements confirm that the field-induced structures impart elastic behavior to the dispersion, which is found to increase with magnetic field and saturates at higher field strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leona J Felicia
- SMARTS, Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603 102, India
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Huang Y, Liu M, Chen J, Gao C, Gong Q. A novel magnetic triple-responsive composite semi-IPN hydrogels for targeted and controlled drug delivery. Eur Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lee BM, Kim JE, Fang FF, Choi HJ, Feller JF. Rectangular-Shaped Polyaniline Tubes Covered with Nanorods and their Electrorheology. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Fang FF, Liu YD, Choi HJ, Seo Y. Core-shell structured carbonyl iron microspheres prepared via dual-step functionality coatings and their magnetorheological response. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:3487-3495. [PMID: 21815626 DOI: 10.1021/am200714p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The dispersion stability of soft magnetic carbonyl iron (CI)-based magnetorheological (MR) fluids was improved by applying a unique functional coating composed of a conducting polyaniline layer and a multiwalled carbon nanotube nest to the surfaces of the CI particles via conventional dispersion polymerization, followed by facile solvent casting. The coating morphology and thickness were analyzed by SEM and TEM imaging. Chemical composition of the polyaniline layer was detected by Raman spectroscope, which also confirmed the coating performance successfully. The influence of the functional coating on the magnetic properties was investigated by measuring the MR performance and sedimentation properties using a vibrating sample magnetometer, rotational rheometer, and Turbiscan apparatus. Improved dispersion characteristics of the MR fluid were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fei Fang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea
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Guo F, Zhang Q, Wang W, Zhang H, Sun J. Preparation of pH-responsive Fe3O4/Poly (acrylic acid-stat-methyl methacrylate-block-(2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) magnetic composite microspheres and its application in controlled release of drug. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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