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Cho SH, Lee J, Lee MJ, Kim HJ, Lee SM, Choi KC. Plasmonically Engineered Textile Polymer Solar Cells for High-Performance, Wearable Photovoltaics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:20864-20872. [PMID: 31144506 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A practically applicable type of wearable polymer solar cells (PSCs) is presented with the enhanced performance by exploiting simply embodied, plasmonic nanostructures on a commercially available textile platform of optically opaque, geometrically uneven, and physically permeable woven fabrics that are commonly not compatible with organic photovoltaics. On a conformable fabric substrate preferentially processed with organic/inorganic multilayers for both planarization and encapsulation, the fabrication of top-illuminated, inverted type of PSCs with a transparent top electrode consisting of optimized dielectric/metal/dielectric multilayers is conducted, where a nanostructure of disorderly distributed elliptical hemispheres is implanted at an opaque bottom silver electrode by spin-coated silica nanoparticles in advance of depositing this electrode. The nanostructured bottom electrode promotes the light trapping effect at wavelengths of the surface plasmon resonance, as well as reduces the electrical Ohmic loss, thereby achieving a device with the power conversion efficiency of ∼8.71% at the given plasmonic device, where a net improvement of the efficiency is ∼1.46% compared to the planar device comprising otherwise same constituent layers. Systematic studies on optical properties and associated photovoltaic performance in experiments, together with analytic numerical modeling, allow quantitative understanding of the underlying physics, providing optimal rules for tailoring random nanostructures to the textile PSCs in the context of high-performance wearable photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Ho Cho
- Department of Clothing and Textiles , Chonnam National University , 77, Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu , Gwangju 61186 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jaegab Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Kookmin University , 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02707 , Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jung Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Kookmin University , 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02707 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Kim
- Photonic Energy Research Center , Korea Photonics Technology Institute , 108 Chumdanbencheo-ro, Buk-gu , Gwangju 61007 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Kookmin University , 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02707 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Cheol Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering , KAIST , 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
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Sandireddy VP, Koirala KP, Taz H, Kalyanaraman R. Thermal and Plasmonic Stabilization of Silver Nanostructures Using a Bilayer Anchoring Technique. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33630-33639. [PMID: 30191708 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate how to suppress the shape instability of silver (Ag) nanotriangular pyramids following high-temperature annealing without a coating or encapsulation, thus producing a more stable optical plasmonic system. Nanosphere lithography (NSL) was used to fabricate large-area arrays of nanotriangular pyramids of Ag on glass substrates. By using a combination of morphology and spectroscopic studies it was found that exposure of this system to high temperatures of 473 K and beyond in air led to a rapid change in nanostructure shape, and thus, the surface area, with a substantial change to the original plasmonic character. On the other hand, NSL nanotriangular pyramids made from bilayers of Ag on Co or Co on Ag showed much smaller changes in shape and area following annealing up to 573 K in air. In the case of pure Ag, the NSL nanotriangular pyramid changed into a more spherical shape with an overall decrease of ∼24% in its surface area following annealing at 573 K. This lead to a large blue shift of over ∼287 nm or ∼39% in the location of the dipolar plasmonic resonance. On the other hand, the triangular shape of Ag was retained in both the metal bilayer cases, with much smaller area changes of ∼10 and ∼9%, for the Ag deposit when on Co and when under Co, respectively. Consequently, the plasmonic shifts were substantially smaller, of ∼65 nm or about 9%, in these bilayer systems. The mechanism for this stabilization was attributed to the higher surface energy of Co and much lower diffusivity of Co as well as Ag on Co that resulted in an anchoring of the Ag shape to its original state. The plasmonic quality factor for the bimetal NSL nanotriangular pyramids also showed substantially improved stability over pure Ag, further indicating that this anchoring approach is a viable pathway to produce pristine Ag surfaces for high-temperature plasmonic applications.
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Schwartzkopf M, Roth SV. Investigating Polymer-Metal Interfaces by Grazing Incidence Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering from Gradients to Real-Time Studies. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 6:E239. [PMID: 28335367 PMCID: PMC5302712 DOI: 10.3390/nano6120239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring the polymer-metal interface is crucial for advanced material design. Vacuum deposition methods for metal layer coating are widely used in industry and research. They allow for installing a variety of nanostructures, often making use of the selective interaction of the metal atoms with the underlying polymer thin film. The polymer thin film may eventually be nanostructured, too, in order to create a hierarchy in length scales. Grazing incidence X-ray scattering is an advanced method to characterize and investigate polymer-metal interfaces. Being non-destructive and yielding statistically relevant results, it allows for deducing the detailed polymer-metal interaction. We review the use of grazing incidence X-ray scattering to elucidate the polymer-metal interface, making use of the modern synchrotron radiation facilities, allowing for very local studies via in situ (so-called "stop-sputter") experiments as well as studies observing the nanostructured metal nanoparticle layer growth in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Peterson VK, Papadakis CM. Functional materials analysis using in situ and in operando X-ray and neutron scattering. IUCRJ 2015; 2:292-304. [PMID: 25866665 PMCID: PMC4392421 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252514026062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In situ and in operando studies are commonplace and necessary in functional materials research. This review highlights recent developments in the analysis of functional materials using state-of-the-art in situ and in operando X-ray and neutron scattering and analysis. Examples are given covering a number of important materials areas, alongside a description of the types of information that can be obtained and the experimental setups used to acquire them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa K. Peterson
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, New South Wales 2232, Australia
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- Physik-Department, Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Herzog G, Benecke G, Buffet A, Heidmann B, Perlich J, Risch JFH, Santoro G, Schwartzkopf M, Yu S, Wurth W, Roth SV. In situ grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering investigation of polystyrene nanoparticle spray deposition onto silicon. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:11260-11266. [PMID: 23927828 DOI: 10.1021/la402254q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the spray deposition and subsequent self-assembly during drying of a polystyrene nanoparticle dispersion with in situ grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering at high time resolution. During the fast deposition of the dispersion and the subsequent evaporation of the solvent, different transient stages of nanoparticle assembly can be identified. In the first stage, the solvent starts to evaporate without ordering of the nanoparticles. During the second stage, large-scale structures imposed by the breakup of the liquid film are observable. In this stage, the solvent evaporates further and nanoparticle ordering starts. In the late third drying stage, the nanoparticles self-assemble into the final layer structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Herzog
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
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Schwartzkopf M, Buffet A, Körstgens V, Metwalli E, Schlage K, Benecke G, Perlich J, Rawolle M, Rothkirch A, Heidmann B, Herzog G, Müller-Buschbaum P, Röhlsberger R, Gehrke R, Stribeck N, Roth SV. From atoms to layers: in situ gold cluster growth kinetics during sputter deposition. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:5053-5062. [PMID: 23640164 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr34216f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The adjustment of size-dependent catalytic, electrical and optical properties of gold cluster assemblies is a very significant issue in modern applied nanotechnology. We present a real-time investigation of the growth kinetics of gold nanostructures from small nuclei to a complete gold layer during magnetron sputter deposition with high time resolution by means of in situ microbeam grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (μGISAXS). We specify the four-stage growth including their thresholds with sub-monolayer resolution and identify phase transitions monitored in Yoneda intensity as a material-specific characteristic. An innovative and flexible geometrical model enables the extraction of morphological real space parameters, such as cluster size and shape, correlation distance, layer porosity and surface coverage, directly from reciprocal space scattering data. This approach enables a large variety of future investigations of the influence of different process parameters on the thin metal film morphology. Furthermore, our study allows for deducing the wetting behavior of gold cluster films on solid substrates and provides a better understanding of the growth kinetics in general, which is essential for optimization of manufacturing parameters, saving energy and resources.
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Metwalli E, Körstgens V, Schlage K, Meier R, Kaune G, Buffet A, Couet S, Roth SV, Röhlsberger R, Müller-Buschbaum P. Cobalt nanoparticles growth on a block copolymer thin film: a time-resolved GISAXS study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:6331-6340. [PMID: 23679799 DOI: 10.1021/la400741b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt sputter deposition on a nanostructured polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide), P(S-b-EO), template is followed in real time with grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). The polymer template consists of highly oriented parallel crystalline poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) domains that are sandwiched between two polystyrene (PS) domains. In-situ GISAXS shows that cobalt atoms selectively decorate the PS domains of the microphase-separated polymer film and then aggregate to form surface metal nanopatterns. The polymer template is acting as a directing agent where cobalt metal nanowires are formed. At high metal load, the characteristic selectivity of the template is lost, and a uniform metal layer forms on the polymer surface. During the early stage of cobalt metal deposition, a highly asymmetric nanoparticles agglomeration is dominating structure formation. The cobalt nanoparticles mobility in combination with the high tendency of the nanoparticles to coalescence and to form immobile large-sized particles at the PS domains are discussed as mechanisms of structure formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezzeldin Metwalli
- Physik-Department, Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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Döhrmann R, Botta S, Buffet A, Santoro G, Schlage K, Schwartzkopf M, Bommel S, Risch JFH, Mannweiler R, Brunner S, Metwalli E, Müller-Buschbaum P, Roth SV. A new highly automated sputter equipment for in situ investigation of deposition processes with synchrotron radiation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:043901. [PMID: 23635203 DOI: 10.1063/1.4798544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
HASE (Highly Automated Sputter Equipment) is a new mobile setup developed to investigate deposition processes with synchrotron radiation. HASE is based on an ultra-high vacuum sputter deposition chamber equipped with an in-vacuum sample pick-and-place robot. This enables a fast and reliable sample change without breaking the vacuum conditions and helps to save valuable measurement time, which is required for experiments at synchrotron sources like PETRA III at DESY. An advantageous arrangement of several sputter guns, mounted on a rotative flange, gives the possibility to sputter under different deposition angles or to sputter different materials on the same substrate. The chamber is also equipped with a modular sample stage, which allows for the integration of different sample environments, such as a sample heating and cooling device. The design of HASE is unique in the flexibility. The combination of several different sputtering methods like standard deposition, glancing angle deposition, and high pressure sputter deposition combined with heating and cooling possibilities of the sample, the large exit windows, and the degree of automation facilitate many different grazing incidence X-ray scattering experiments, such as grazing incidence small and wide angle X-ray scattering, in one setup. In this paper we describe in detail the design and the performance of the new equipment and present the installation of the HASE apparatus at the Micro and Nano focus X-ray Scattering beamline (MiNaXS) at PETRA III. Furthermore, we describe the measurement options and present some selected results. The HASE setup has been successfully commissioned and is now available for users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Döhrmann
- DESY, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
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Wernecke J, Scholze F, Krumrey M. Direct structural characterisation of line gratings with grazing incidence small-angle x-ray scattering. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:103906. [PMID: 23126781 DOI: 10.1063/1.4758283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Grazing incidence small-angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS) and x-ray reflectometry (XRR) have been used to investigate structural parameters, especially period length, line width, groove width, and line height, of grating test structures in the sub-micron range. The gratings are e-beam written structures on a quartz substrate with a fixed period length, but different line and groove widths, covered by a layer of ruthenium. A Ru layer thickness of 9.4 nm has been determined with XRR. GISAXS was performed in two orientations, with an incident beam alignment perpendicular and parallel to the grating lines. The scattering patterns in parallel orientation have been analysed without numerical simulation by Fourier transformation. The obtained results for line and groove width are in good agreement with nominal values. The analysis method has been validated by analysing simulated scattering data. A superposition of scattering intensities measured for different azimuthal rotation angles close to parallel alignment was used to determine the line height of a grating of 27.3 nm, which is also close to the nominal value. The Fourier analysis procedure opens up the possibility of traceable structure determination with GISAXS in the nanometre range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wernecke
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2-12, D-10587 Berlin, Germany.
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Buffet A, Rothkirch A, Döhrmann R, Körstgens V, Abul Kashem MM, Perlich J, Herzog G, Schwartzkopf M, Gehrke R, Müller-Buschbaum P, Roth SV. P03, the microfocus and nanofocus X-ray scattering (MiNaXS) beamline of the PETRA III storage ring: the microfocus endstation. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2012; 19:647-53. [PMID: 22713902 PMCID: PMC3380660 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049512016895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The P03 beamline, also called the microfocus and nanofocus X-ray scattering (MiNaXS) beamline, exploits the excellent photon beam properties of the low-emittance source PETRA III to provide a microfocused/nanofocused beam with ultra-high intensity for time-resolved X-ray scattering experiments. The beamline has been designed to perform X-ray scattering in both transmission and reflection geometries. The microfocus endstation started user operation in May 2011. An overview of the beamline status and of some representative results highlighting the performance of the microfocus endstation at MiNaXS are given.
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González Henríquez CM, Terraza CA, Tagle LH, González AB, Volkmann UG, Cabrera AL, Ramos-Moore E, Retamal MJ. Inclusion effect of gold and copper particles in a poly(amide) matrix that contains a thiophene moiety and Si or Ge atoms in the main chain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm16083h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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