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Gherman R, Beaudin G, Stricher R, Bryche JF, Levesque P, Fillion-Gourdeau F, MacLean SG, Drouin D, Charette PG, Ecoffey S. Abrasive-free chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) of gold for thin film nano-patterning. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39148377 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02610a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Despite high demand for gold film nanostructuring, patterning gold at the nanoscale still presents considerable challenges for current foundry-compatible processes. Here, we present a method based on abrasive-free chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) to planarize nanostructured gold surfaces with high selectivity against SiO2. The method is efficient in a damascene process and industry-compatible. Investigations into the material removal mechanism explore the effects of CMP parameters and show that the material removal rate is highly tunable with changes in slurry composition. Millimeter-scale arrays of gold nanostructures embedded in SiO2 were fabricated and the planarization dynamics were monitored over time, leading to the identification of distinct planarization phases and their correlation with the material removal mechanism. Finally, plasmonic cavities of gold nanostructure arrays over a gold mirror were fabricated. The cavities exhibited efficient plasmonic resonance in the visible range, aligning well with simulation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Gherman
- Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 Boulevard de l'université, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada.
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes (LN2)-IRL3463, CNRS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudin
- Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 Boulevard de l'université, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada.
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes (LN2)-IRL3463, CNRS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada
| | - Romain Stricher
- Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 Boulevard de l'université, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada.
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes (LN2)-IRL3463, CNRS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-François Bryche
- Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 Boulevard de l'université, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada.
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes (LN2)-IRL3463, CNRS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Levesque
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - François Fillion-Gourdeau
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1
- Infinite Potential Laboratories, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 0A9
| | - Steve G MacLean
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1
- Infinite Potential Laboratories, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 0A9
- Université du Québec, INRS-Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2
| | - Dominique Drouin
- Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 Boulevard de l'université, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada.
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes (LN2)-IRL3463, CNRS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada
| | - Paul G Charette
- Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 Boulevard de l'université, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada.
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes (LN2)-IRL3463, CNRS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada
| | - Serge Ecoffey
- Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 Boulevard de l'université, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada.
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes (LN2)-IRL3463, CNRS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1K 0A5 Québec, Canada
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Kwak D, Kim J, Oh S, Bae C, Kim T. Application of electrospray-scanning mobility particle sizer for the measurement of sub-10 nm chemical mechanical planarization slurry abrasive size distribution. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:075117. [PMID: 32752794 DOI: 10.1063/5.0007167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) was used for measuring the size of a sub-10 nm chemical mechanical planarization slurry abrasive. An atomizer and an electrospray were used for aerosolization of slurry abrasives. It was difficult to measure the exact particle size distribution using the atomizer due to the agglomeration peak generated by the relatively large droplet size. However, the electrospray-SMPS (ES-SMPS) measurement result well matched with that of the transmission electron microscopy analysis without the agglomeration peak as ES is known to generate a relatively small droplet during aerosolization. The particle size distribution of the two sub-10 nm ceria slurries was measured using the ES-SMPS. To avoid the dispersion stability issue due to the pH change, pH adjustment was required when the sample was diluted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donggeon Kwak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Juhwan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Seungjun Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Chulwoo Bae
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Taesung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
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Werrell JM, Mandal S, Thomas ELH, Brousseau EB, Lewis R, Borri P, Davies PR, Williams OA. Effect of slurry composition on the chemical mechanical polishing of thin diamond films. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2017; 18:654-663. [PMID: 29057022 PMCID: PMC5642826 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2017.1366815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) thin films grown by chemical vapour deposition have an intrinsic surface roughness, which hinders the development and performance of the films' various applications. Traditional methods of diamond polishing are not effective on NCD thin films. Films either shatter due to the combination of wafer bow and high mechanical pressures or produce uneven surfaces, which has led to the adaptation of the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) technique for NCD films. This process is poorly understood and in need of optimisation. To compare the effect of slurry composition and pH upon polishing rates, a series of NCD thin films have been polished for three hours using a Logitech Ltd. Tribo CMP System in conjunction with a polyester/polyurethane polishing cloth and six different slurries. The reduction in surface roughness was measured hourly using an atomic force microscope. The final surface chemistry was examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and a scanning electron microscope. It was found that of all the various properties of the slurries, including pH and composition, the particle size was the determining factor for the polishing rate. The smaller particles polishing at a greater rate than the larger ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumen Mandal
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Ryan Lewis
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Paola Borri
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Penta NK, Veera PRD, Babu SV. Charge density and pH effects on polycation adsorption on poly-Si, SiO2, and Si3N4 films and impact on removal during chemical mechanical polishing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:4126-4132. [PMID: 21939223 DOI: 10.1021/am2010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The pH-dependent interactions of five aqueous abrasive-free polycationic solutions, all at a concentration of 250 ppm, with poly-Si, SiO(2), and Si(3)N(4) films and IC1000 polishing pads used in chemical mechanical polishing have been investigated and compared with the interaction of poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) that was investigated recently. Three of the polycationic solutions, poly(dimethylamine-co-epichlorohydrin-co-ethylenediamine), poly(allylamine), and poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) enhance poly-Si removal rates (RRs) to the range of about 500 to 600 nm/min at pH 10. In contrast, poly(acrylamide) (PAA) suppressed poly-Si RRs to about 50 nm/min, whereas with a copolymer of PAA and PDADMAC, the RRs were lower than those obtained with PDADMAC but higher than those obtained with PAA. For all the polycationic solutions, the RRs of both SiO(2), and Si(3)N(4) films were ~0 nm/min. These solutions offer a low-defect option for the processing of emerging FinFET devices. The variation in the RR magnitude and dependence on pH among the different polycations is related to the relative charge density of the polycations as well as the films being polished, consistent with ζ potential data. Based on the ζ potential data and earlier published reports, it is suggested that the strong polycation-mediated bridging interactions between the polarized and weakened Si-Si bonds of the poly-Si surface and the polyurethane IC 1000 pad are responsible for the high poly-Si RRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh K Penta
- Department of Chemical and Bio-molecular Engineering, and Center for Advanced Materials Processing, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York 13699, USA
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