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Haidar LL, Bilek M, Akhavan B. Surface Bio-engineered Polymeric Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310876. [PMID: 38396265 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Surface bio-engineering of polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) has emerged as a cornerstone in contemporary biomedical research, presenting a transformative avenue that can revolutionize diagnostics, therapies, and drug delivery systems. The approach involves integrating bioactive elements on the surfaces of PNPs, aiming to provide them with functionalities to enable precise, targeted, and favorable interactions with biological components within cellular environments. However, the full potential of surface bio-engineered PNPs in biomedicine is hampered by obstacles, including precise control over surface modifications, stability in biological environments, and lasting targeted interactions with cells or tissues. Concerns like scalability, reproducibility, and long-term safety also impede translation to clinical practice. In this review, these challenges in the context of recent breakthroughs in developing surface-biofunctionalized PNPs for various applications, from biosensing and bioimaging to targeted delivery of therapeutics are discussed. Particular attention is given to bonding mechanisms that underlie the attachment of bioactive moieties to PNP surfaces. The stability and efficacy of surface-bioengineered PNPs are critically reviewed in disease detection, diagnostics, and treatment, both in vitro and in vivo settings. Insights into existing challenges and limitations impeding progress are provided, and a forward-looking discussion on the field's future is presented. The paper concludes with recommendations to accelerate the clinical translation of surface bio-engineered PNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Libnan Haidar
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Marcela Bilek
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Behnam Akhavan
- School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Precision Medicine Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
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2
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Sytu MRC, Cho DH, Hahm JI. Self-Assembled Block Copolymers as a Facile Pathway to Create Functional Nanobiosensor and Nanobiomaterial Surfaces. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1267. [PMID: 38732737 PMCID: PMC11085100 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Block copolymer (BCP) surfaces permit an exquisite level of nanoscale control in biomolecular assemblies solely based on self-assembly. Owing to this, BCP-based biomolecular assembly represents a much-needed, new paradigm for creating nanobiosensors and nanobiomaterials without the need for costly and time-consuming fabrication steps. Research endeavors in the BCP nanobiotechnology field have led to stimulating results that can promote our current understanding of biomolecular interactions at a solid interface to the never-explored size regimes comparable to individual biomolecules. Encouraging research outcomes have also been reported for the stability and activity of biomolecules bound on BCP thin film surfaces. A wide range of single and multicomponent biomolecules and BCP systems has been assessed to substantiate the potential utility in practical applications as next-generation nanobiosensors, nanobiodevices, and biomaterials. To this end, this Review highlights pioneering research efforts made in the BCP nanobiotechnology area. The discussions will be focused on those works particularly pertaining to nanoscale surface assembly of functional biomolecules, biomolecular interaction properties unique to nanoscale polymer interfaces, functionality of nanoscale surface-bound biomolecules, and specific examples in biosensing. Systems involving the incorporation of biomolecules as one of the blocks in BCPs, i.e., DNA-BCP hybrids, protein-BCP conjugates, and isolated BCP micelles of bioligand carriers used in drug delivery, are outside of the scope of this Review. Looking ahead, there awaits plenty of exciting research opportunities to advance the research field of BCP nanobiotechnology by capitalizing on the fundamental groundwork laid so far for the biomolecular interactions on BCP surfaces. In order to better guide the path forward, key fundamental questions yet to be addressed by the field are identified. In addition, future research directions of BCP nanobiotechnology are contemplated in the concluding section of this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Ryan C. Sytu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th & O Sts. NW., Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - David H. Cho
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Jong-in Hahm
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th & O Sts. NW., Washington, DC 20057, USA
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3
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Liu X, Kumar M, Calo A, Albisetti E, Zheng X, Manning KB, Elacqua E, Weck M, Ulijn RV, Riedo E. Sub-10 nm Resolution Patterning of Pockets for Enzyme Immobilization with Independent Density and Quasi-3D Topography Control. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:41780-41790. [PMID: 31609566 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The ability to precisely control the localization of enzymes on a surface is critical for several applications including biosensing, bionanoreactors, and single molecule studies. Despite recent advances, fabrication of enzyme patterns with resolution at the single enzyme level is limited by the lack of lithography methods that combine high resolution, compatibility with soft, polymeric structures, ease of fabrication, and high throughput. Here, a method to generate enzyme nanopatterns (using thermolysin as a model system) on a polymer surface is demonstrated using thermochemical scanning probe lithography (tc-SPL). Electrostatic immobilization of negatively charged sulfonated enzymes occurs selectively at positively charged amine nanopatterns produced by thermal deprotection of amines along the side-chain of a methacrylate-based copolymer film via tc-SPL. This process occurs simultaneously with local thermal quasi-3D topographical patterning of the same polymer, offering lateral sub-10 nm resolution, and vertical 1 nm resolution, as well as high throughput (5.2 × 104 μm2/h). The obtained single-enzyme resolution patterns are characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and fluorescence microscopy. The enzyme density, the surface passivation, and the quasi-3D arbitrary geometry of these patterned pockets are directly controlled during the tc-SPL process in a single step without the need of markers or masks. Other unique features of this patterning approach include the combined single-enzyme resolution over mm2 areas and the possibility of fabricating enzymes nanogradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Liu
- Tandon School of Engineering , New York University , Brooklyn , New York 11201 , United States
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) , CUNY Graduate Center , New York , New York 10031 , United States
| | - Annalisa Calo
- Tandon School of Engineering , New York University , Brooklyn , New York 11201 , United States
| | - Edoardo Albisetti
- Tandon School of Engineering , New York University , Brooklyn , New York 11201 , United States
- Dipartimento di Fisica , Politecnico di Milano , Milano , 20133 , Italy
| | - Xiaorui Zheng
- Tandon School of Engineering , New York University , Brooklyn , New York 11201 , United States
| | - Kylie B Manning
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Elizabeth Elacqua
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Marcus Weck
- Department of Chemistry , New York University , New York , New York 10003 , United States
| | - Rein V Ulijn
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC) , CUNY Graduate Center , New York , New York 10031 , United States
| | - Elisa Riedo
- Tandon School of Engineering , New York University , Brooklyn , New York 11201 , United States
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4
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Hung TY, Liu JAC, Lee WH, Li JR. Hierarchical Nanoparticle Assemblies Formed via One-Step Catalytic Stamp Pattern Transfer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:4667-4677. [PMID: 30607942 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The one-step catalytic stamp pattern transfer process is described for producing arrays of hierarchical nanoparticle assemblies. The method simply combines in situ nanoparticle synthesis triggered by free residual Si-H groups on PDMS stamps and the lift-off pattern transfer technique. No additional nanoparticle synthesis procedure is required before the pattern transfer process. Exquisitely uniform and precisely spaced hierarchical nanoparticle assemblies with designed geometry can be rapidly produced using the catalytic stamp pattern transfer process. Sequential catalytic stamp pattern transfer also is described to generate multilayered, hierarchical nanoparticle assemblies with various geometries. The hierarchical nanoparticle assemblies catalytically transferred onto the surface are not just nanoparticles but nanoparticle-polydimethylsiloxane residue composites. The in situ-synthesized nanoparticles retain optical properties. The hierarchical nanoparticle assemblies with precisely controlled geometry further show potential in the application of surface-enhanced Raman scattering. The capability of one-step catalytic stamp pattern transfer allows the scalable and reproducible fabrication of well-defined hierarchical nanoparticle assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yi Hung
- Department of Chemistry , National Cheng Kung University , No. 1 College Road , Tainan 70101 , Taiwan
| | - Jessica An-Chieh Liu
- Department of Chemistry , National Cheng Kung University , No. 1 College Road , Tainan 70101 , Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsiu Lee
- Department of Chemistry , National Cheng Kung University , No. 1 College Road , Tainan 70101 , Taiwan
| | - Jie-Ren Li
- Department of Chemistry , National Cheng Kung University , No. 1 College Road , Tainan 70101 , Taiwan
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5
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Liu X, Kumar M, Calo’ A, Albisetti E, Zheng X, Manning KB, Elacqua E, Weck M, Ulijn RV, Riedo E. High-throughput protein nanopatterning. Faraday Discuss 2019; 219:33-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00025a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a high resolution and high-throughput patterning method to generate protein nanopatterns with sub-10 nm resolution by using thermochemical scanning probe lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Liu
- Tandon School of Engineering
- New York University
- Brooklyn
- USA
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC)
- CUNY Graduate Center
- New York
- USA
| | - Annalisa Calo’
- Tandon School of Engineering
- New York University
- Brooklyn
- USA
| | - Edoardo Albisetti
- Tandon School of Engineering
- New York University
- Brooklyn
- USA
- Dipartimento di Fisica
| | - Xiaouri Zheng
- Tandon School of Engineering
- New York University
- Brooklyn
- USA
| | | | | | - Marcus Weck
- Department of Chemistry
- New York University
- New York
- USA
| | - Rein V. Ulijn
- Advanced Science Research Center (ASRC)
- CUNY Graduate Center
- New York
- USA
| | - Elisa Riedo
- Tandon School of Engineering
- New York University
- Brooklyn
- USA
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6
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Dudefoi W, Villares A, Peyron S, Moreau C, Ropers MH, Gontard N, Cathala B. Nanoscience and nanotechnologies for biobased materials, packaging and food applications: New opportunities and concerns. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Jayati Ray Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ramakrishnan Ganesan
- Department of Chemistry, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Mao Z, Ganesh M, Bucaro M, Smolianski I, Gross RA, Lyons AM. High throughput, high resolution enzymatic lithography process: effect of crystallite size, moisture, and enzyme concentration. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:4627-36. [PMID: 25346335 DOI: 10.1021/bm501475n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
By bringing enzymes into contact with predefined regions of a surface, a polymer film can be selectively degraded to form desired patterns that find a variety of applications in biotechnology and electronics. This so-called "enzymatic lithography" is an environmentally friendly process as it does not require actinic radiation or synthetic chemicals to develop the patterns. A significant challenge to using enzymatic lithography has been the need to restrict the mobility of the enzyme in order to maintain control of feature sizes. Previous approaches have resulted in low throughput and were limited to polymer films only a few nanometers thick. In this paper, we demonstrate an enzymatic lithography system based on Candida antartica lipase B (CALB) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) that can resolve fine-scale features, (<1 μm across) in thick (0.1-2.0 μm) polymer films. A Polymer Pen Lithography (PPL) tool was developed to deposit an aqueous solution of CALB onto a spin-cast PCL film. Immobilization of the enzyme on the polymer surface was monitored using fluorescence microscopy by labeling CALB with FITC. The crystallite size in the PCL films was systematically varied; small crystallites resulted in significantly faster etch rates (20 nm/min) and the ability to resolve smaller features (as fine as 1 μm). The effect of printing conditions and relative humidity during incubation is also presented. Patterns formed in the PCL film were transferred to an underlying copper foil demonstrating a "Green" approach to the fabrication of printed circuit boards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhantong Mao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, City University of New York , 6S-225, 2800 Victory Boulevard, Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
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9
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Vashist SK, Lam E, Hrapovic S, Male KB, Luong JHT. Immobilization of Antibodies and Enzymes on 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane-Functionalized Bioanalytical Platforms for Biosensors and Diagnostics. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11083-130. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Vashist
- HSG-IMIT - Institut für Mikro- und Informationstechnik, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edmond Lam
- National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | | | - Keith B. Male
- National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - John H. T. Luong
- Innovative Chromatography Group, Irish Separation Science Cluster (ISSC), Department of Chemistry and Analytical, Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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10
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Carnally SAM, Wong LS. Harnessing catalysis to enhance scanning probe nanolithography. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:4998-5007. [PMID: 24710746 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr00618f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of scanning probes bearing catalysts to perform surface nanolithography combines the exquisite spatial precision of scanning probe microscopy with the synthetic capabilities of (bio)chemical catalysis. The ability to use these probes to direct a variety of localised chemical reactions enables the generation of nanoscale features with a high degree of chemical complexity in a "direct-write" manner. This article surveys the range of reactions that have been employed and the key factors necessary for the successful use of such catalytic scanning probes. These factors include the experimental parameters such as write speed, force applied to the probes and temperature; as well as the processes involved in the preparation of the catalysts on the probes and the surface that is to be fabricated. Where possible, the various reactions are also compared and contrasted; and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart A M Carnally
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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11
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Ganesh M, Nachman J, Mao Z, Lyons A, Rafailovich M, Gross R. Patterned Enzymatic Degradation of Poly(ε-caprolactone) by High-Affinity Microcontact Printing and Polymer Pen Lithography. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:2470-6. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400552u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Ganesh
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis & Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic Institute of NYU, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Jonathan Nachman
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2275, United States
| | - Zhantong Mao
- Center for Engineered Polymer
Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island (CUNY), Building 6S - Room 225, 2800 Victory
Boulevard, Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
| | - Alan Lyons
- Center for Engineered Polymer
Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island (CUNY), Building 6S - Room 225, 2800 Victory
Boulevard, Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
| | - Miriam Rafailovich
- Department
of Materials Science
and Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2275, United States
| | - Richard Gross
- NSF I/UCRC for Biocatalysis & Bioprocessing of Macromolecules, Polytechnic Institute of NYU, Six Metrotech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
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12
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Wendeln C, Roling O, Schulz C, Hentschel C, Ravoo BJ. Modification of surfaces by chemical transfer printing using chemically patterned stamps. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:2692-9. [PMID: 23373703 DOI: 10.1021/la305024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of well-defined molecular monolayers and their patterning on the microscale and nanoscale are key aspects of surface science and chemical nanotechnology. In this article, we describe the modification of amine-functionalized surfaces using a new type of contact printing based on chemically patterned, flat PDMS stamps. The stamps have discrete areas with surface-bond tetrafluorophenol (TFP) groups, which allow the attachment of carboxylic acids in the presence of coupling agents such as diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC). The generated active esters can be reacted by placing the stamps in contact with amine-functionalized surfaces. The process leads to the transfer of acyl residues from the stamp to the substrate and therefore to a covalent attachment. Patterning occurs because of the fact that reaction and transfer take place only in areas with TFP groups present on the stamp surface. Different types of amine-decorated surfaces were successfully modified, and the transfer was visualized by fluorescence microscopy. To the best of our knowledge, the covalent transfer printing (CTP) of an immobilized molecular monolayer from one surface to another surface is unprecedented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wendeln
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Nanotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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13
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Lee Y, Park KM, Bae JW, Park KD. Facile surface PEGylation via tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidative reaction for the preparation of non-fouling surfaces. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 102:585-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Patterning surface by site selective capture of biopolymer hydrogel beads. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 94:369-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Wendeln C, Ravoo BJ. Surface patterning by microcontact chemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:5527-38. [PMID: 22263907 DOI: 10.1021/la204721x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In this Feature Article we describe recent progress in covalent surface patterning by microcontact chemistry. Microcontact chemistry is a variation of microcontact printing based on the transfer of reactive "ink" molecules from a microstructured, elastomeric stamp onto surfaces modified with complementary reactive groups, leading to a chemical reaction in the area of contact. In comparison with other lithographic methods, microcontact chemistry has a number of advantageous properties including very short patterning times, low consumption of ink molecules, high resolution and large area patterning. During the past 5 years we and many others have investigated a set of different reactions that allow the modification of flat and also spherical surfaces in an effective way. Especially click-type reactions were found to be versatile for substrate patterning by microcontact chemistry and were applied for chemical modification of reactive self-assembled monolayers and polymer surfaces. Microcontact chemistry has already found broad application for the production of functional surfaces and was also used for the preparation of DNA, RNA, and carbohydrate microarrays, for the immobilization of proteins and cells and for the development of sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wendeln
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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16
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Xue M, Li F, Cao T. Fabrication of ultra-fine nanostructures using edge transfer printing. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:1939-1947. [PMID: 22344574 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr11829g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of new methods and techniques for application in diverse fields, such as photonics, microfluidics, biotechnology and flexible electronics is of increasing scientific and technical interest for multiple uses over distance of 10-100 nm. This article discusses edge transfer printing--a series of unconventional methods derived from soft lithography for nanofabrication. It possesses the advantages of easy fabrication, low-cost and great serviceability. In this paper, we show how to produce exposed edges and use various materials for edge transfer printing, while nanoskiving, nanotransfer edge printing and tunable cracking for nanogaps are introduced. Besides this, different functional materials, such as metals, inorganic semiconductors and polymers, as well as localised heating and charge patterning, are described here as unconventional "inks" for printing. Edge transfer printing, which can effectively produce sub-100 nm scale ultra-fine structures, has broad applications, including metallic nanowires as nanoelectrodes, semiconductor nanowires for chemical sensors, heterostructures of organic semiconductors, plasmonic devices and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianqi Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
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17
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Zelzer M, McNamara LE, Scurr DJ, Alexander MR, Dalby MJ, Ulijn RV. Phosphatase responsive peptide surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm31666h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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