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Copper/Epoxy Joints in Printed Circuit Boards: Manufacturing and Interfacial Failure Mechanisms. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12030550. [PMID: 30759837 PMCID: PMC6384627 DOI: 10.3390/ma12030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Printed circuit boards (PCBs) have a wide range of applications in electronics where they are used for electric signal transfer. For a multilayer build-up, thin copper foils are alternated with epoxy-based prepregs and laminated to each other. Adhesion between copper and epoxy composites is achieved by technologies based on mechanical interlocking or chemical bonding, however for future development, the understanding of failure mechanisms between these materials is of high importance. In literature, various interfacial failures are reported which lead to adhesion loss between copper and epoxy resins. This review aims to give an overview on common coupling technologies and possible failure mechanisms. The information reviewed can in turn lead to the development of new strategies, enhancing the adhesion strength of copper/epoxy joints and, therefore, establishing a basis for future PCB manufacturing.
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De Luca E, Pedone D, Moglianetti M, Pulcini D, Perrelli A, Retta SF, Pompa PP. Multifunctional Platinum@BSA-Rapamycin Nanocarriers for the Combinatorial Therapy of Cerebral Cavernous Malformation. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:15389-15398. [PMID: 30556006 PMCID: PMC6288776 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) are antioxidant enzyme-mimetic nanomaterials with significant potential for the treatment of complex diseases related to oxidative stress. Among such diseases, Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM) is a major cerebrovascular disorder of genetic origin, which affects at least 0.5% of the general population. Accumulated evidence indicates that loss-of-function mutations of the three known CCM genes predispose endothelial cells to oxidative stress-mediated dysfunctions by affecting distinct redox-sensitive signaling pathways and mechanisms, including pro-oxidant and antioxidant pathways and autophagy. A multitargeted combinatorial therapy might thereby represent a promising strategy for the effective treatment of this disease. Herein, we developed a multifunctional nanocarrier by combining the radical scavenging activity of PtNPs with the autophagy-stimulating activity of rapamycin (Rapa). Our results show that the combinatorial targeting of redox signaling and autophagy dysfunctions is effective in rescuing major molecular and cellular hallmarks of CCM disease, suggesting its potential for the treatment of this and other oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa De Luca
- Nanobiointeractions
& Nanodiagnostics, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti 14, Arnesano Lecce 73010, Italy
| | - Deborah Pedone
- Nanobiointeractions
& Nanodiagnostics, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti 14, Arnesano Lecce 73010, Italy
- Department
of Engineering for Innovation, University
of Salento, Via per Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Mauro Moglianetti
- Nanobiointeractions
& Nanodiagnostics, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti 14, Arnesano Lecce 73010, Italy
| | - Daniele Pulcini
- Nanobiointeractions
& Nanodiagnostics, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti 14, Arnesano Lecce 73010, Italy
| | - Andrea Perrelli
- Department
of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University
of Torino, Regione Gonzole
10, Orbassano (Torino) 10043, Italy
- CCM
Italia Research NetworkUniversity of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano (Torino) 10043, Italy
| | - Saverio Francesco Retta
- Department
of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University
of Torino, Regione Gonzole
10, Orbassano (Torino) 10043, Italy
- CCM
Italia Research NetworkUniversity of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano (Torino) 10043, Italy
- E-mail: . Web: www.ccmitalia.unito.it (S.F.R.)
| | - Pier Paolo Pompa
- Nanobiointeractions
& Nanodiagnostics, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Barsanti 14, Arnesano Lecce 73010, Italy
- Nanobiointeractions
& Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, Genova 16163, Italy
- E-mail: (P.P.P.)
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Shaheen A, Sturm JM, Ricciardi R, Huskens J, Lee CJ, Bijkerk F. Characterization of Self-Assembled Monolayers on a Ruthenium Surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:6419-6426. [PMID: 28585831 PMCID: PMC5489958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have modified and stabilized the ruthenium surface by depositing a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 1-hexadecanethiol on a polycrystalline ruthenium thin film. The growth mechanism, dynamics, and stability of these monolayers were studied. SAMs, deposited under ambient conditions, on piranha-cleaned and piranha + H2SO4 cleaned substrates were compared to monolayers formed on H-radical-cleaned Ru surfaces. We found that alkanethiols on H-radical-cleaned Ru formed densely packed monolayers that remained stable when kept in a nitrogen atmosphere. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows a distinct sulfur peak (BE = 162.3 eV), corresponding to metal-sulfur bonding. When exposed to ambient conditions, the SAM decayed over a period of hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Shaheen
- Industrial focus group XUV Optics, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, and MNF group, MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - J. M. Sturm
- Industrial focus group XUV Optics, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, and MNF group, MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - R. Ricciardi
- Industrial focus group XUV Optics, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, and MNF group, MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - J. Huskens
- Industrial focus group XUV Optics, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, and MNF group, MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - C. J. Lee
- Industrial focus group XUV Optics, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, and MNF group, MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - F. Bijkerk
- Industrial focus group XUV Optics, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, and MNF group, MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Palazon F, Léonard D, Le Mogne T, Zuttion F, Chevalier C, Phaner-Goutorbe M, Souteyrand É, Chevolot Y, Cloarec JP. Orthogonal chemical functionalization of patterned gold on silica surfaces. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:2272-2277. [PMID: 26734519 PMCID: PMC4685923 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Single-step orthogonal chemical functionalization procedures have been developed with patterned gold on silica surfaces. Different combinations of a silane and a thiol were simultaneously deposited on a gold/silica heterogeneous substrate. The orthogonality of the functionalization (i.e., selective grafting of the thiol on the gold areas and the silane on the silica) was demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as well as time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) mapping. The orthogonal functionalization was used to immobilize proteins onto gold nanostructures on a silica substrate, as demonstrated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). These results are especially promising in the development of future biosensors where the selective anchoring of target molecules onto nanostructured transducers (e.g., nanoplasmonic biosensors) is a major challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Palazon
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon, site École Centrale de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5270, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Écully, France
| | - Didier Léonard
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 / CNRS / ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Thierry Le Mogne
- Université de Lyon, École Centrale de Lyon, Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS UMR 5513, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Écully, France
| | - Francesca Zuttion
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon, site École Centrale de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5270, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Écully, France
| | - Céline Chevalier
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies & Nanosystèmes (UMI-LN2 3463), Université de Sherbrooke - CNRS - INSA de Lyon - ECL - UJF-CPE Lyon, Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 Boulevard de l’Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 0A5, Canada
- LTM/CNRS/RENATECH, 17 rue des martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Magali Phaner-Goutorbe
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon, site École Centrale de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5270, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Écully, France
| | - Éliane Souteyrand
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon, site École Centrale de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5270, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Écully, France
| | - Yann Chevolot
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon, site École Centrale de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5270, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Écully, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Cloarec
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon, site École Centrale de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5270, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69134 Écully, France
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Palazon F, Benavides CM, Léonard D, Souteyrand É, Chevolot Y, Cloarec JP. Carbodiimide/NHS derivatization of COOH-terminated SAMs: activation or byproduct formation? LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:4545-4550. [PMID: 24720739 DOI: 10.1021/la5004269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
COOH-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are widely used in biosensor technology to bind different amine-containing biomolecules. A covalent amide bond, however, can be achieved only if the carboxylic acids are activated. This activation process usually consists of forming an N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester (NHS-ester) by consecutively reacting carboxylic acids with a carbodiimide and NHS. Though many papers report using this method,1-8 the experimental conditions vary greatly between them and chemical characterization at this stage is often omitted. Evidence of an efficient activation is therefore rarely shown. Furthermore, recent publications9-11 have highlighted the complexity of this process, with the possible formation of different byproducts. In this paper, we have conducted a study on NHS activation under different conditions with chemical characterization by polarization-modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS). Our results indicate that the nature of the solvent and carbodiimide and the reactant concentrations play crucial roles in activation kinetics and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Palazon
- Université de Lyon , Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon, Site École Centrale de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5270, 36 Avenue Guy-de-Collongue, 69134 Écully, France
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Pujari SP, Scheres L, van Lagen B, Zuilhof H. Organic monolayers from 1-alkynes covalently attached to chromium nitride: alkyl and fluoroalkyl termination. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:10393-10404. [PMID: 23919532 DOI: 10.1021/la401978h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to modify chromium nitride (CrN) surfaces are important because of the increasing applications of these materials in various areas such as hybrid electronics, medical implants, diffusion barrier layers, corrosion inhibition, and wettability control. The present work presents the first surface immobilization of alkyl and perfluoro-alkyl (from C6 to C18) chains onto CrN substrates using appropriately functionalized 1-alkynes, yielding covalently bound, high-density organic monolayers with excellent hydrophobic properties and a high degree of short-range order. The obtained monolayers were characterized in detail by water contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ellipsometry, and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidharam P Pujari
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Effect of various terminal groups on long-term protective properties of aromatic SAMs on copper in acidic environment. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Demirci S, Kinali-Demirci S, Caykara T. Surface chemical conversion of 3-glycidoxypropyldimethylethoxysilane on hydroxylated silicon surface: FT-IR, contact angle and ellipsometry analysis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 99:144-149. [PMID: 23063857 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The chemical conversion of the top surface of 3-glycidoxypropyldimethylethoxysilane (GPDMES) on hyroxylated silicon surface has been studied as a function of reaction time. A multiple-step procedure was applied in this study. At first, GPDMES molecules were self-assembled on the hydroxylated silicon surface. The second step was the modification of epoxy groups with 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile and the last step was the amidoximation reaction of nitrile groups. Existence of the monolayers covalently attached to silicon surfaces were revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Modification, conversion and thickness of surfaces were followed by FT-IR and ellipsometry analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Demirci
- Department of Chemistry, Amasya University, 05100 Amasya, Turkey.
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Ma L, Jia M, Hu J, Ouyang J, Na N. The characterization of self-assembled monolayers on copper surfaces by low-temperature plasma mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:1271-1278. [PMID: 22592812 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0378-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe direct analysis of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on copper surfaces by low temperature plasma (LTP) mass spectroscopy (MS). Two kinds of SAMs formed from n-dodecylmercaptan (NDM) and l-phenyl-5-mercaptotetrazole (PMTA) were prepared on copper by spontaneous chemisorption. With the LTP probe, desorption and ionization of the SAMs was easily achieved, and the ions produced were introduced into MS for analysis. Characteristic fragment ions from NDM SAMs, mainly [M + M - H](+) (M is the NDM molecule) and from PMTA SAMs, mainly [M + H - S](+) (M is the PMTA molecule), were both absent in the MS spectra of neat NDM and PMTA samples. This provided evidence of the formation of SAMs on copper. As a supplementary method, LTP-MS is helpful in obtaining information on the barrier properties of SAMs on copper, such as inhibitor efficiency (IE) and the surface adsorption concentration of corrosive electrolyte (Γ*) surrounding copper. Aiming for an evaluation of the reliability of LTP-MS, a comparative study of our method and the traditional method of cyclic voltammetry (CV) showed a correlation coefficient higher than 0.97. In addition, a rough, simple procedure for imaging of the distribution of the molecules adsorbed on copper surface was presented. The study supplied a rapid and simple method for direct investigation of SAMs on copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
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