1
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Yan H, Wei C, Wang Z, Liu L, Zhu Z, Zhang J, Zhu J, Zhang W. Electromechanical Performances of Polyvinyl Chloride Gels Using (Polyvinyl Chloride-Co-Vinyl Acetate) (P(VC-VA)) Synergistic Plasticization. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1904. [PMID: 39000759 PMCID: PMC11244539 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The current polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel flexible actuators are facing challenges of high input voltage and an insufficient elastic modulus. In this study, we conducted a detailed study on the properties of PVC gel prepared by introducing the modifier polyvinyl chloride-vinyl acetate (P(VC-VA)). We compared a modified PVC gel with the traditional one in terms of the relative dielectric constant, mechanical modulus, and electromechanical actuation performance. Experimental results demonstrated that the introduction of P(VC-VA) enhanced the dielectric constant and reduced the driving electric field strength of PVC gels. The dielectric constant increased from 4.77 to 7.3. The electromechanical actuation performance increased by 150%. We employed the Gent model to fit the experimental results, and the actual experimental data aligned well with the expectations of the Gent model. The research results show that this type of plasticizing method effectively balanced the mechanical and electrical performance of PVC gels. This study summarizes the experimental results and performance analysis of PVC gels prepared using innovative plasticization methods, revealing the potential engineering applications of polymeric gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Chang Wei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Zexing Wang
- Shaanxi Key Lab of Intelligent Robots, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518063, China
| | - Zicai Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Lab of Intelligent Robots, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junshi Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518063, China
| | - Jihong Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Weihong Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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2
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Luo B, Lu H, Zhong Y, Zhu K, Wang Y. Carbon Nanotube-Doped 3D-Printed Silicone Electrode for Manufacturing Multilayer Porous Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride Gel Artificial Muscles. Gels 2024; 10:416. [PMID: 39057440 PMCID: PMC11275437 DOI: 10.3390/gels10070416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel has large deformation under an applied external electrical field and high driving stability in air and is a candidate artificial muscle material for manufacturing a flexible actuator. A porous PVC gel actuator consists of a mesh positive pole, a planar negative pole, and a PVC gel core layer. The current casting method is only suitable for manufacturing simple 2D structures, and it is difficult to produce multilayer porous structures. This study investigated the feasibility of a 3D-printed carbon nanotube-doped silicone electrode for manufacturing multilayer porous PVC gel artificial muscle. Carbon nanotube-doped silicone (CNT-PDMS) composite inks were developed for printing electrode layers of PVC gel artificial muscles. The parameters for the printing plane and mesh electrodes were explored theoretically and experimentally. We produced a CNT-PDMS electrode and PVC gel via integrated printing to manufacture multilayer porous PVC artificial muscle and verified its good performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Luo
- School of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China;
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China; (H.L.); (K.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
| | - Hanjing Lu
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China; (H.L.); (K.Z.)
| | - Yiding Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
| | - Kejun Zhu
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China; (H.L.); (K.Z.)
| | - Yanjie Wang
- School of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China;
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3
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Vennemann N, Kummerlöwe C, Schneider M, Bröker D, Siebert A, Teich S, Rosemann T. Influence of unipolar electric fields on the behavior of dielectric elastomer actuators based on plasticized acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber (
NBR
). J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Vennemann
- Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Claudia Kummerlöwe
- Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Manuel Schneider
- Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
| | - Dirk Bröker
- Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück Osnabrück Germany
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4
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Zhang M, Jakobsen J, Li R, Bai S. Investigation of a Simple Viscoelastic Model for a PVC-Gel Actuator under Combined Mechanical and Electrical Loading. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1183. [PMID: 36770190 PMCID: PMC9920949 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PVC gels are gaining more attention in the applications of soft actuators. While their characteristics have been extensively studied experimentally, precise models that predict the deformation due to imposed mechanical and electrical forces are not yet available. In this work, a viscoelastic model based on a combination of a Maxwell and a Kelvin-Voigt model is developed to describe the responsive deformation of the actuator. The model parameters are tuned using data obtained from a unique experimental setup. The PVC gel used in the actuator is made from PVC and dibutyl adipate (DBA) together with a tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent. A full factorial test campaign with four and three levels for the mechanical and electrical forces, respectively, are considered. The results showed that some of the viscoelastic response could be captured by the model to some extent but, furthermore, the stiffness behavior of the PVC gel seemed to be load-type-dependent, meaning that the PVC-gel material changed stiffness due to the magnitude of the electrical force applied and this change was not equal to a similar change in mechanical force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maorong Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Johnny Jakobsen
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ruiqin Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Shaoping Bai
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
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5
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Bending electromechanical actuation mechanism and properties of nanostructured dielectric poly (styrene-b- (ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene) / white mineral oil (SEBS/WO) blend elastomers. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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6
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Li B, Liu Z, Liu YD, Liang Y. Synergistic and counteractive effects of Bi-component plasticizers on structure and electric field-induced bending actuation behaviors of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) gels. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Park H, Oh S, Kim D, Kim M, Lee C, Joo H, Woo I, Bae JW, Lee J. Plasticized PVC-Gel Single Layer-Based Stretchable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Harvesting Mechanical Energy and Tactile Sensing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201070. [PMID: 35618482 PMCID: PMC9353411 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Triboelectric nanogenerators have garnered significant attention as alternative power sources for wearable electronics owing to their simple structure, easy fabrication, low cost, and superior power output. In this study, a transparent, stretchable, and attachable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is built with an advanced power output using plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-gel. The PVC-gel exhibit very high negative triboelectric properties and electrically insulating PVC became an electrically active material. It is found that a single layer of PVC-gel can act as a dielectric and as a conducting layer. The PVC-gel based single layer of triboelectric nanogenerator (S-TENG) creates output signals of 24.7 V and 0.83 µA, i.e., a 20-fold enhancement in the output power compared to pristine PVC-based TENGs. In addition, the S-TENG can stably generate output voltage and current under stretching condition (80%). The S-TENG can be implemented as a tactile sensor that can sense position and pressure without combining multiple elements or electrode grid patterns. This study provides new applications of power sources and tactile sensors in wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyosik Park
- Department of Energy Science and EngineeringDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)Daegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Seung‐Ju Oh
- Future Convergence EngineeringSchool of EnergyMaterials and Chemical EngineeringKorea University of Technology and Education1600, Chungjeol‐roCheonan31253Republic of Korea
| | - Daeyeong Kim
- Department of Energy Science and EngineeringDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)Daegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyu Kim
- Department of Energy Science and EngineeringDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)Daegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Cheoljae Lee
- Department of Energy Science and EngineeringDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)Daegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseo Joo
- Department of Energy Science and EngineeringDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)Daegu42988Republic of Korea
| | - Insun Woo
- Future Convergence EngineeringSchool of EnergyMaterials and Chemical EngineeringKorea University of Technology and Education1600, Chungjeol‐roCheonan31253Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Bae
- Future Convergence EngineeringSchool of EnergyMaterials and Chemical EngineeringKorea University of Technology and Education1600, Chungjeol‐roCheonan31253Republic of Korea
| | - Ju‐Hyuck Lee
- Department of Energy Science and EngineeringDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)Daegu42988Republic of Korea
- Energy Science and Engineering Research CenterDaegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST)333 Techno Jungang‐daero, Hyeonpung‐eup, Dalseong‐gunDaegu42988Republic of Korea
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8
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Frank Z, Kim KJ. On the mechanism of performance improvement of electroactive polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel actuators via conductive fillers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10316. [PMID: 35725786 PMCID: PMC9209489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The electromechanical actuation of transparent plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gels with conductive fillers were studied. The effects of functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim]BF4) ionic liquid (IL) on both the electrical conduction and dielectric processes within PVC gels were investigated, and the differences between the two were clarified. Both CNTs and IL were shown to increase the conductivity of the gels and produce larger electromechanical transduction of a contraction actuator, but only CNTs were shown to increase the electrostatic adhesion force of the PVC gels. The addition of charge carriers to the gel via the inclusion of ILs was shown to significantly reduce the conductivity relaxation time, and the transient current upon voltage polarity reversal indicated multiple peaks corresponding to the introduction of carriers with different polarities and mobilities into the gel. This is believed to cause a screening effect, reducing the charge accumulation at the anode that is the foundational basis for PVC gels’ actuation mechanism. A recommendation for preferable conductive fillers for various applications is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Frank
- Active Materials and Smart Living Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4027, USA
| | - Kwang J Kim
- Active Materials and Smart Living Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4027, USA.
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9
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Xu M, Liu Y, Yuan Y, Lu H, Qiu L. Variable-focus liquid lens based on electrically responsive fluid. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:509-512. [PMID: 35103661 DOI: 10.1364/ol.447182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an adaptive liquid lens using a novel transparent electrically responsive fluid, dibutyl adipate (DBA), is demonstrated. The DBA liquid lens with a hemispherical plano-convex shape can change its curvature according to the application of various input voltages. More specifically, when an external direct current (DC) electric field is applied to the DBA liquid, the charges that are injected from the cathode move along with the DBA molecules toward the anode and accumulate on the surface of the anode. When the DC electric field is removed, the shape of the DBA liquid is recovered to its original state. This electrostatic force induces the deformation of the DBA liquid lens within a concentric annular anode electrode. In addition, the focal length of our system is increased from a value of approximately 7.5 mm to 13.1 mm when the voltage is changed from 0 to 100 V. Interestingly, the resolution of our DBA liquid lens can reach a value of ∼28.5 lp/mm. The proposed DBA liquid lens exhibits high optical transmittance (∼95%), good thermal stability (20-100°C), simple structure, and an excellent imaging property, which implies that the DBA liquid is a promising candidate for fabricating novel adaptive liquid lenses.
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10
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Evaluation of poly (vinyl chloride) gels-based microlens array fabricated by different patterned electrode. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Kim H, Nam J, Kim M, Kyung KU. Wide-Bandwidth Soft Vibrotactile Interface Using Electrohydraulic Actuator for Haptic Steering Wheel Application. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2021.3102630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Direct Writing Corrugated PVC Gel Artificial Muscle via Multi-Material Printing Processes. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162734. [PMID: 34451273 PMCID: PMC8400140 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroactive PVC gel is a new artificial muscle material with good performance that can mimic the movement of biological muscle in an electric field. However, traditional manufacturing methods, such as casting, prevent the broad application of this promising material because they cannot achieve the integration of the PVC gel electrode and core layer, and at the same time, it is difficult to create complex and diverse structures. In this study, a multi-material, integrated direct writing method is proposed to fabricate corrugated PVC gel artificial muscle. Inks with suitable rheological properties were developed for printing four functional layers, including core layers, electrode layers, sacrificial layers, and insulating layers, with different characteristics. The curing conditions of the printed CNT/SMP inks under different applied conditions were also discussed. The structural parameters were optimized to improve the actuating performance of the PVC gel artificial muscle. The corrugated PVC gel with a span of 1.6 mm had the best actuating performance. Finally, we printed three layers of corrugated PVC gel artificial muscle with good actuating performance. The proposed method can help to solve the inherent shortcomings of traditional manufacturing methods of PVC gel actuators. The printed structures have potential applications in many fields, such as soft robotics and flexible electronic devices.
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13
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Ali I, Latif A, Hussain K, Shehzad FK, Ali A, Faisal R, Xudong L, Dias OAT, Weimin Y, Haoyi L. Ionic liquids enhanced performance of PVC gels actuator. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imdad Ali
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering QUEST Nawabshah Nawabshah Pakistan
| | - Abdul Latif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering QUEST Nawabshah Nawabshah Pakistan
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering QUEST Nawabshah Nawabshah Pakistan
| | - Farooq Khurum Shehzad
- Department of Chemistry Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering and Technology, MNSUET Multan Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Department of Electrical Engineering Sukkur IBA University Sukkur Pakistan
| | - Rehman Faisal
- Department of Electrical Engineering Sukkur IBA University Sukkur Pakistan
| | - Li Xudong
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Otavio Augusto Titton Dias
- Centre for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape, and Design, University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B3 Canada
| | - Yang Weimin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Li Haoyi
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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14
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Chen L, Ghilardi M, Busfield JJC, Carpi F. Electrically Tunable Lenses: A Review. Front Robot AI 2021; 8:678046. [PMID: 34179110 PMCID: PMC8220069 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.678046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical lenses with electrically controllable focal length are of growing interest, in order to reduce the complexity, size, weight, response time and power consumption of conventional focusing/zooming systems, based on glass lenses displaced by motors. They might become especially relevant for diverse robotic and machine vision-based devices, including cameras not only for portable consumer electronics (e.g. smart phones) and advanced optical instrumentation (e.g. microscopes, endoscopes, etc.), but also for emerging applications like small/micro-payload drones and wearable virtual/augmented-reality systems. This paper reviews the most widely studied strategies to obtain such varifocal “smart lenses”, which can electrically be tuned, either directly or via electro-mechanical or electro-thermal coupling. Only technologies that ensure controllable focusing of multi-chromatic light, with spatial continuity (i.e. continuous tunability) in wavefronts and focal lengths, as required for visible-range imaging, are considered. Both encapsulated fluid-based lenses and fully elastomeric lenses are reviewed, ranging from proof-of-concept prototypes to commercially available products. They are classified according to the focus-changing principles of operation, and they are described and compared in terms of advantages and drawbacks. This systematic overview should help to stimulate further developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leihao Chen
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Ghilardi
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James J C Busfield
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Carpi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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15
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Ali I, Ali A, Ali A, Ramzan M, Hussain K, Xudong L, Jin Z, Titton Dias OA, Weimin Y, Haoyi L, Liyan Z, Sain M. Highly electro‐responsive composite gel based on functionally tuned graphene filled polyvinyl chloride. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imdad Ali
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing P.R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering QUEST Nawabshah Sindh Pakistan
| | - Ahsan Ali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering QUEST Nawabshah Sindh Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Department of Electrical Engineering Sukkur IBA University Sindh Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ramzan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering QUEST Nawabshah Sindh Pakistan
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering QUEST Nawabshah Sindh Pakistan
| | - Li Xudong
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing P.R. China
| | - Zhan Jin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing P.R. China
| | - Otavio Augusto Titton Dias
- Centre for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, Graduate Department of Forestry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Yang Weimin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing P.R. China
| | - Li Haoyi
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing P.R. China
| | - Zhang Liyan
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing P.R. China
| | - Mohini Sain
- Centre for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, Graduate Department of Forestry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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16
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Zheng B, Man X, Andelman D, Doi M. Enhanced Electro-actuation in Dielectric Elastomers: The Nonlinear Effect of Free Ions. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:498-502. [PMID: 35549225 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is a jelly-like soft dielectric material that attracted substantial interest recently as a new type of electro-active polymers. Under electric fields of several hundred volt/mm, PVC gels undergo large deformations. These gels can be used as artificial muscles and other soft robotic devices, with striking deformation behavior that is quite different from conventional dielectric elastomers. Here, we present a simple model for the electro-activity of PVC gels and show a nonlinear effect of free ions on its dielectric behaviors. It is found that their particular deformation behavior is due to an electro-wetting effect and to a change in their interfacial tension. In addition, we derive analytical expressions for the surface tension as well as for the apparent dielectric constant of the gel. The theory indicates that the size of the mobile free ions has a crucial role in determining the electro-induced deformation, opening up the way to novel and innovative designs of electro-active gel actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zheng
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Xingkun Man
- Center of Soft Matter Physics and its Applications, and School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - David Andelman
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Masao Doi
- Center of Soft Matter Physics and its Applications, and School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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17
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Bae JW, Choi DS, Yun IH, Han DH, Oh SJ, Kim TH, Cho JH, Lin L, Kim SY. Electrically Adaptive and Shape-Changeable Invertible Microlens. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:10397-10408. [PMID: 33591712 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Existing soft actuators for adaptive microlenses suffer from high required input voltage, optical loss, liquid loss, and the need for assistant systems. In this study, we fabricate a polyvinyl chloride-based gel using a new synergistic plasticization method to achieve simultaneously a high optical transparency and an ultrasoft rubber-like elastic behavior with a large voltage-induced deformation under a weak electric field. By compressing the smooth gel between two sets of annular electrodes, a self-contained biconvex microlens is realized that is capable of considerable shape changes in the optical path. Each surface of the dual-curvature microlens can be independently adjusted to focus or scatter light to capture real or virtual images, yield variable focal lengths (+31.8 to -11.3 mm), and deform to various shapes to improve aberrations. In addition to simple fabrication, our microlens operates silently and consumes low power (0.52 mW), making it superior to existing microlenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Bae
- Multifunctional Organic Polymer Laboratory, Future Convergence Engineering, School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, 1600, Chungjeol-ro, Cheonan 31253, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Soo Choi
- School of Computer Science, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Semyung University, 65, Semyung-ro, Jecheon 27136, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Ho Yun
- Interaction Laboratory, Future Convergence Engineering, Advanced Technology Research Center, Korea University of Technology and Education, 1600, Chungjeol-ro, Cheonan 31253, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Heon Han
- Multifunctional Organic Polymer Laboratory, Future Convergence Engineering, School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, 1600, Chungjeol-ro, Cheonan 31253, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ju Oh
- Multifunctional Organic Polymer Laboratory, Future Convergence Engineering, School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, 1600, Chungjeol-ro, Cheonan 31253, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Kim
- Interaction Laboratory, Future Convergence Engineering, Advanced Technology Research Center, Korea University of Technology and Education, 1600, Chungjeol-ro, Cheonan 31253, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Liwei Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sang-Youn Kim
- Interaction Laboratory, Future Convergence Engineering, Advanced Technology Research Center, Korea University of Technology and Education, 1600, Chungjeol-ro, Cheonan 31253, Republic of Korea
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Li Y, Sun B, Feng X, Guo M, Li Y, Hashimoto M. A novel electroactive plasticized polymer actuator based on chlorinated polyvinyl chloride gel. RSC Adv 2021; 11:36439-36449. [PMID: 35494366 PMCID: PMC9043622 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07245e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticized poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) gel is a promising electroactive polymer material for soft actuators and sensors, and it has attracted extensive attention and interest in multi-disciplinary fields. Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) has enhanced mechanical and chemical properties and shows a promising potential for fabricating gel materials for electroactive polymer gel actuators. Thus, we proposed a novel soft actuator based on CPVC gels. We studied the properties of CPVC gels with various technologies, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), etc. Furthermore, CPVC gel actuators were fabricated and the influence of membrane thickness and plasticizer content on the basic characteristics was investigated. The experimental results show that the CPVC gel actuator with a higher content of DBA has a better strain than that of the actuator with lower amount of DBA despite the membrane thickness. With the same ratio of DBA, the CPVC gel actuator has a better performance than the traditional PVC gel actuator under a low applied load. The maximum strain and stress of the CPVC gel (CPVC : DBA = 1 : 2.5) actuator are 9% and 0.12 MPa respectively at 400 V, which reaches the same level of the PVC gel actuator with higher content of DBA (PVC : DBA = 1 : 4). These results demonstrate a good potential of the proposed CPVC gel soft actuator for practical application. Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) has enhanced mechanical and chemical properties and shows a promising potential for EAP actuators. Thus, this paper proposed a novel soft actuator based on CPVC gels for the first time.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Xuxin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Mingfei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Yanbiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Minoru Hashimoto
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
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19
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Li C, Xia H, Ni QQ. Actuation Characteristics and Mechanism of Electroactive Plasticized Thermoplastic Polyurethane. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:14933-14941. [PMID: 33259218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
As interesting alternatives, electroactive actuators based on plasticized thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) have shown their potential in developing soft robotics due to the large bending deformation, fast response, and good durability, especially their designable properties. Understanding the actuation mechanism is essential for controlling soft actuators as well as developing novel ones. In this work, the behaviors of the plasticizer and TPU membranes in electric fields were investigated and observed in situ by a microscope, showing that the plasticizer molecules migrated toward the anode of the actuator. It is found that there was a very thin plasticizer-rich layer formed in the material because of the accumulation of negatively charged plasticizer molecules, basing on the results of electrochemical impedance measurement and space charge measurement. This further led to a lower Young's modulus but an internal electric field with a higher density in this layer, resulting in the deformation of the actuator. Furthermore, based on the actuation mechanism, some actuation characteristics of the developed soft actuators were clarified. The maximum deflection of these actuators increased with the number of cycle tests, and in each cycle test, the deflection quickly reached the maximum value and then gradually decreased. It is believed that these characteristics are strongly related to the behaviors of plasticizer molecules, which were investigated accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongchao Li
- Smart Materials Science and Technology Unit, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda 386-8576, Japan
| | - Hong Xia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda 386-8576, Japan
| | - Qing-Qing Ni
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda 386-8576, Japan
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20
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SHITANDA I, ASANO R, HOSHI Y, ITAGAKI M, TAKADA K. An Electrochemical Actuator Fabricated by Transfer-printing of a Carbon Electrode onto a Cupric-ion-containing Poly(acrylic acid) Gel Surface. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.19-00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isao SHITANDA
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Ryoma ASANO
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Yoshinao HOSHI
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Masayuki ITAGAKI
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Kazutake TAKADA
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
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21
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A review of electro-stimulated gels and their applications: Present state and future perspectives. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 103:109852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Hwang T, Frank Z, Neubauer J, Kim KJ. High-performance polyvinyl chloride gel artificial muscle actuator with graphene oxide and plasticizer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9658. [PMID: 31273271 PMCID: PMC6609716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A transparent and electroactive plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel was investigated to use as a soft actuator for artificial muscle applications. PVC gels were prepared with varying plasticizer (dibutyl adipate, DBA) content. The prepared PVC gels were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The DBA content in the PVC gel was shown to have an inverse relationship with both the storage and loss modulus. The electromechanical performance of PVC gels was demonstrated for both single-layer and stacked multi-layer actuators. When voltage was applied to a single-layer actuator and then increased, the maximum displacement of PVC gels (for PVC/DBA ratios of 1:4, 1:6, and 1:8) was increased from 105.19, 123.67, and 135.55 µm (at 0.5 kV) to 140.93, 157.13, and 172.94 µm (at 1.0 kV) to 145.03, 191.34, and 212.84 µm (at 1.5 kV), respectively. The effects of graphene oxide (GO) addition in the PVC gel were also investigated. The inclusion of GO (0.1 wt.%) provided an approximate 20% enhancement of displacement and 41% increase in force production, and a 36% increase in power output for the PVC/GO gel over traditional plasticizer only PVC gel. The proposed PVC/GO gel actuator may have promising applications in artificial muscle, small mechanical devices, optics, and various opto-electro-mechanical devices due to its low-profile, transparency, and electrical response characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeseon Hwang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89154, United States
| | - Zachary Frank
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89154, United States
| | - Justin Neubauer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89154, United States
| | - Kwang Jin Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada, 89154, United States.
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23
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Lan C, Zhou Z, Ren H, Park S, Lee SH. Fast-response microlens array fabricated using polyvinyl chloride gel. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Abstract
An adaptive-focus lens is a device that is capable of tuning its focal length by means of an external stimulus. Numerous techniques for the demonstration of such devices have been reported thus far. Moving beyond traditional solutions, several new approaches have been proposed in recent years based on the use of liquid crystals, which can have a great impact in emerging applications. This work focuses on the recent advances in liquid crystal lenses with diameters larger than 1 mm. Recent demonstrations and their performance characteristics are reviewed, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of the reported technologies and identifying the challenges and future prospects in the active research field of adaptive-focus liquid crystal (LC) lenses.
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25
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Zhou Z, Ren H. Optical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)-gel-based microlens arrays. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuowei Zhou
- Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Hongwen Ren
- Department of Polymer Nano Science and Technology; Chonbuk National University; Jeonju 54896 Republic of Korea
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26
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Fabrication of a High-Performance Bending Actuator Made with a PVC Gel. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8081284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a small, transparent, electroactive and highly deformable poly vinyl chloride (PVC) gel-based bending actuator. The effect of the PVC molecular weight and plasticizer content on the performance of the bending actuator is investigated. Three PVCs are prepared with different molecular weights (low molecular weight: PVCL, 116,000; medium molecular weight: PVCM, 239,000; and high molecular weight: PVCH, 282,000) and mixed with plasticizers in various ratios to achieve the best performance of the bending actuator. Experiments are conducted to investigate the bending performance of the actuators based on the prepared PVC gels. Among the prepared actuators, the PVCH-based bending actuator shows the best performance (maximum bending angle: 180°, elapsed time: 3.15 s).
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27
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28
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Cheng X, Yang W, Cheng L, Yan H, Jiao Z. Tunable-focus negative poly(vinyl chloride) gel microlens driven by unilateral electrodes. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cheng
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Weimin Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Lisheng Cheng
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Hua Yan
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Zhiwei Jiao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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29
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Choi DS, Jeong J, Shin EJ, Kim SY. Focus-tunable double convex lens based on non-ionic electroactive gel. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:20133-20141. [PMID: 29041697 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose a focus-tunable double-convex (DCX) lens based on a non-ionic PVC (nPVC) gel to be used at close conjugates. The proposed lens is composed of an nPVC gel and two plates with electrodes. Each plate has a hole whose boundary and inner part are pasted with an electrode (anode) and has another ring shaped electrode (cathode) whose center point is the same as the hole's center. The gel is sandwiched between an upper plate and a lower plate, and it is bulged inward between the holes of two plates by applied pressure from the plates (double-convex lens shape). The lens's focal length changed from 3 mm to 24.5 mm with applied voltages from 0 V to 400 V. We also observed that the proposed lens's field-of-view decreased from 121.9 ° to 41.9 ° according to the applied voltages. The proposed lens brings additional benefit for users with higher transmittance (over 94%).
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30
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High-Performance PVC Gel for Adaptive Micro-Lenses with Variable Focal Length. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2068. [PMID: 28522844 PMCID: PMC5437028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a bio-inspired adaptive micro-lens with electrically tunable focus made of non-ionic high-molecular-weight polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel. The optical device mimics the design of the crystalline lens and ciliary muscle of the human eye. It consists of a plano-convex PVC gel micro-lens on Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) glass, confined with an annular electrode operating as an artificial ciliary muscle. Upon electrical activation, the electroactive adhesive force of the PVC gel is exerted on the annular anode electrode, which reduces the sagittal height of the plano-convex PVC gel lens, resulting in focal length variation of the micro-lens. The focal length increases from 3.8 mm to 22.3 mm as the applied field is varied from 200 V/mm to 800 V/mm, comparable to that of the human lens. The device combines excellent optical characteristics with structural simplicity, fast response speed, silent operation, and low power consumption. The results show the PVC gel micro-lens is expected to open up new perspectives on practical tunable optics.
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31
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Thummarungsan N, Pattavarakorn D, Sirivat A. Softened and flexible biodegradable poly(lactic acid) and its electromechanical properties for actuator application. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 64:31-42. [PMID: 27479892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer with high stiffness presenting a limitation for using in actuator applications. Adding a plasticizer is one way to solve this problem to enhance flexibility and improve electromechanical properties of pristine PLA. In this work, the PLA films were prepared via a simple solvent casting method. The influences of plasticizer type and electric field strength on electromechanical behavior of PLA films were investigated by the melt rheometer and bending measurement. For the PLA films filled with dibutyl phthalate (DBP), the storage modulus, G', immediately increased towards its steady state and rapidly recovered to its original value with and without electric field, respectively, which can be referred to a reversible system. On the other hand, the PLA film with Tween 20 processed the highest ∆G׳/G׳0 of 1.34 due to the available amount of polarized groups. In the bending measurement, the dielectrophoresis forces of plasticized PLA films were found to increase with increasing electric field where the deflections occurred towards anode side as the polarized groups generated negative charges. The DBP_PLA1.5D film exhibited the greatest bending and dielectrophoresis force. Thus, the biodegradable PLA along with DBP combine to have a great potential towards actuator application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natlita Thummarungsan
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymer Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Datchanee Pattavarakorn
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, 50200 Thailand
| | - Anuvat Sirivat
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymer Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand.
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32
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Xu M, Jin B, He R, Ren H. Adaptive lenticular microlens array based on voltage-induced waves at the surface of polyvinyl chloride/dibutyl phthalate gels. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:8142-8148. [PMID: 27137253 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.008142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a new approach to preparing a lenticular microlens array (LMA) using polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/dibutyl phthalate (DBP) gels. The PVD/DBP gels coated on a glass substrate form a membrane. With the aid of electrostatic repulsive force, the surface of the membrane can be reconfigured with sinusoidal waves by a DC voltage. The membrane with wavy surface functions as a LMA. By switching over the anode and cathode, the convex shape of each lenticular microlens in the array can be converted to the concave shape. Therefore, the LMA can present a large dynamic range. The response time is relatively fast and the driving voltage is low. With the advantages of compact structure, optical isotropy, and good mechanical stability, our LMA has potential applications in imaging, information processing, biometrics, and displays.
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33
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Dias AMA, Marceneiro S, Johansen HD, Barsan MM, Brett CMA, de Sousa HC. Phosphonium ionic liquids as greener electrolytes for poly(vinyl chloride)-based ionic conducting polymers. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14528k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquid (IL) based ion-conducting polymers were prepared by loading poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with phosphonium ILs and diisononyl phthalate. IL ionicity and IL–PVC miscibility play a major role in decreasing the electrical resistivity of PVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. M. A. Dias
- CIEPQPF
- Chemical Engineering Department
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology
- University of Coimbra
- 3030-790 Coimbra
| | - S. Marceneiro
- CIEPQPF
- Chemical Engineering Department
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology
- University of Coimbra
- 3030-790 Coimbra
| | - H. D. Johansen
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology
- University of Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - M. M. Barsan
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology
- University of Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - C. M. A. Brett
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology
- University of Coimbra
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - H. C. de Sousa
- CIEPQPF
- Chemical Engineering Department
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology
- University of Coimbra
- 3030-790 Coimbra
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34
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Xia H, Hashimoto Y, Hirai T. Preparation and characterization of novel transparent plasticized poly(butylene terephthalate)-co
-poly(alkylene glycol terephthalate) gel. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xia
- Smart Materials Engineering, Faculty of Textiles and Technology, Shinshu University; 3-15-1 Tokida Ueda Nagano 386-8567 Japan
| | - Yoshio Hashimoto
- Institute of Carbon Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University; 4-17-1 Wakasato Nagano Nagano 380-8553 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Hirai
- Smart Materials Engineering, Faculty of Textiles and Technology, Shinshu University; 3-15-1 Tokida Ueda Nagano 386-8567 Japan
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35
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Bae JW, Yeo M, Shin EJ, Park WH, Lee JE, Nam BU, Kim SY. Eco-friendly plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)–acetyl tributyl citrate gels for varifocal lens. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15304b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We fabricated an ecofriendly, electroactive, reconfigurable and varifocal PVC–ATBC (ePVC) gel lens. The curvature of the hemispherical plano-convex ePVC gel lens changes with the input voltage. Its focal length increased from 5 to 15 mm upon increasing from 0 to 500 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Bae
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin
- Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Yeo
- Interaction Laboratory of Advanced Technology Research Center
- Korea University of Technology and Education
- Cheonan city 330-708
- South Korea
| | - Eun-Jae Shin
- Interaction Laboratory of Advanced Technology Research Center
- Korea University of Technology and Education
- Cheonan city 330-708
- South Korea
| | - Won-Hyeong Park
- Interaction Laboratory of Advanced Technology Research Center
- Korea University of Technology and Education
- Cheonan city 330-708
- South Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Korea University of Technology and Education
- Korea
| | - Byeong-Uk Nam
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering
- Korea University of Technology and Education
- Korea
| | - Sang-Youn Kim
- Interaction Laboratory of Advanced Technology Research Center
- Korea University of Technology and Education
- Cheonan city 330-708
- South Korea
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36
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Zhang Y, Ma Y, Sun J. Reversible actuation of polyelectrolyte films: expansion-induced mechanical force enables cis-trans isomerization of azobenzenes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:14919-14925. [PMID: 24215493 DOI: 10.1021/la403019z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of light-driven actuators that can prolong their deformation without constant irradiation poses a challenge. This study shows the preparation of polymeric actuators that are capable of reversible bending/unbending movements and prolonging their bending deformation without UV irradiation by releasing thermally cross-linked azobenzene-containing polyelectrolyte films with a limited free volume from substrates. Layer-by-layer assembly of poly{1-4[4-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzenesulfonamido]-1,2-ethanediyl sodium salt} (PAZO)-poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) complexes (noted as PAZO-PAA) with poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) produces azobenzene-containing PAZO-PAA/PAH films. UV irradiation induces trans-cis isomerization of azobenzenes and allows large-scale bending deformation of the actuators. The actuators prolong the bending deformation even under visible light irradiation because the cis-trans back isomerization of azobenzenes is inhibited by the limited free volume in the actuators. Unbending of actuators is attained by exposing the actuators to a humid environment at room temperature. Film expansion in a humid environment produces a mechanical force that is sufficiently strong to enable the cis-trans back isomerization of azobenzenes and restore the bent actuators to their original configuration. The capability of the force produced by film expansion for cis-trans azobenzene isomerization can be helpful for designing novel polymeric actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Material, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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37
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Ali M, Ueki T, Hirai T, Sato T, Sato T. Dielectric and electromechanical studies of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) fabricated from plastisol. POLYM INT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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