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Maier AG, van Ooij C. The role of cholesterol in invasion and growth of malaria parasites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:984049. [PMID: 36189362 PMCID: PMC9522969 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.984049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria parasites are unicellular eukaryotic pathogens that develop through a complex lifecycle involving two hosts, an anopheline mosquito and a vertebrate host. Throughout this lifecycle, the parasite encounters widely differing conditions and survives in distinct ways, from an intracellular lifestyle in the vertebrate host to exclusively extracellular stages in the mosquito. Although the parasite relies on cholesterol for its growth, the parasite has an ambiguous relationship with cholesterol: cholesterol is required for invasion of host cells by the parasite, including hepatocytes and erythrocytes, and for the development of the parasites in those cells. However, the parasite is unable to produce cholesterol itself and appears to remove cholesterol actively from its own plasma membrane, thereby setting up a cholesterol gradient inside the infected host erythrocyte. Overall a picture emerges in which the parasite relies on host cholesterol and carefully controls its transport. Here, we describe the role of cholesterol at the different lifecycle stages of the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Maier
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Alexander G. Maier, ; Christiaan van Ooij,
| | - Christiaan van Ooij
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Alexander G. Maier, ; Christiaan van Ooij,
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Glowacka P, Rudnicka L, Warszawik-Hendzel O, Sikora M, Goldust M, Gajda P, Stochmal A, Blicharz L, Rakowska A, Olszewska M. The Antiviral Properties of Cyclosporine. Focus on Coronavirus, Hepatitis C Virus, Influenza Virus, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9080192. [PMID: 32731331 PMCID: PMC7463439 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review updates current knowledge regarding the risk of viral infections, including COVID-19, in patients treated with cyclosporine. We also shortly refer to bacterial infections and parasitic infestations in patients treated with cyclosporin. Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressive drug, which is widely used in medicine, including in the treatment of autoimmune skin diseases in dermatology, rheumatology, ophthalmology and nephrology, and in organ transplantation. A usual concern associated with immunosuppressive treatment is the potential risk of infections. Interestingly, several data indicate a relatively low risk of infections, especially viral infections, in patients receiving cyclosporine. It was shown that cyclosporine exerts an inhibitory effect on the replication of some viruses, or may have a potentially beneficial effect on the disease course in infections. These include hepatitis C, influenza virus, rotavirus, human immunodeficiency virus and coronavirus infections. Available data indicate that cyclosporine may have a beneficial effect on COVID-19, which is caused by the coronavirus SARS-COV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Glowacka
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (P.G.); (O.W.-H.); (M.S.); (P.G.); (A.S.); (L.B.); (A.R.); (M.O.)
| | - Lidia Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (P.G.); (O.W.-H.); (M.S.); (P.G.); (A.S.); (L.B.); (A.R.); (M.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Olga Warszawik-Hendzel
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (P.G.); (O.W.-H.); (M.S.); (P.G.); (A.S.); (L.B.); (A.R.); (M.O.)
| | - Mariusz Sikora
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (P.G.); (O.W.-H.); (M.S.); (P.G.); (A.S.); (L.B.); (A.R.); (M.O.)
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- Department of Dermatology, G. Marconi University of Rome, 00193 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrycja Gajda
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (P.G.); (O.W.-H.); (M.S.); (P.G.); (A.S.); (L.B.); (A.R.); (M.O.)
| | - Anna Stochmal
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (P.G.); (O.W.-H.); (M.S.); (P.G.); (A.S.); (L.B.); (A.R.); (M.O.)
| | - Leszek Blicharz
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (P.G.); (O.W.-H.); (M.S.); (P.G.); (A.S.); (L.B.); (A.R.); (M.O.)
| | - Adriana Rakowska
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (P.G.); (O.W.-H.); (M.S.); (P.G.); (A.S.); (L.B.); (A.R.); (M.O.)
| | - Malgorzata Olszewska
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland; (P.G.); (O.W.-H.); (M.S.); (P.G.); (A.S.); (L.B.); (A.R.); (M.O.)
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Repurposing Drugs to Fight Hepatic Malaria Parasites. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153409. [PMID: 32731386 PMCID: PMC7435416 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide, primarily affecting some of the most vulnerable populations around the globe. Despite achievements in the treatment of this devastating disease, there is still an urgent need for the discovery of new drugs that tackle infection by Plasmodium parasites. However, de novo drug development is a costly and time-consuming process. An alternative strategy is to evaluate the anti-plasmodial activity of compounds that are already approved for other purposes, an approach known as drug repurposing. Here, we will review efforts to assess the anti-plasmodial activity of existing drugs, with an emphasis on the obligatory and clinically silent liver stage of infection. We will also review the current knowledge on the classes of compounds that might be therapeutically relevant against Plasmodium in the context of other communicable diseases that are prevalent in regions where malaria is endemic. Repositioning existing compounds may constitute a faster solution to the current gap of prophylactic and therapeutic drugs that act on Plasmodium parasites, overall contributing to the global effort of malaria eradication.
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Wang Y, Wen X, Zhang N, Wang L, Hao D, Jiang X, He G. Small-molecule compounds target paraptosis to improve cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109203. [PMID: 31306970 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
According to its different occurrence mechanism, programmed cell death (PCD) is divided into apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, paraptosis and so on. Paraptosis is morphologically different from apoptosis and autophagy, which exhibit cytoplasmic vacuolation derived from the ER, independent of caspase, absence of apoptotic morphology. Recent researches have implied that a variety of small molecule compounds, such as celastrol, curcumin, can induce paraptosis-associated cell death as the reagent to enhance anti-cancer activity. A better understanding of paraptosis will lay the foundation to develop new therapeutic strategies to treat human cancers that make full use of small-molecule compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Wang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiang Wen
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dan Hao
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Cyclosporin A distribution in cholesterol-sphingomyelin artificial membranes modeled as Langmuir monolayers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 166:286-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Tajiri N, Borlongan CV, Kaneko Y. Cyclosporine A Treatment Abrogates Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Cell Death by Preserving Mitochondrial Integrity through Upregulation of the Parkinson's Disease-Associated Protein DJ-1. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:602-10. [PMID: 27247192 PMCID: PMC5189675 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Hypoxic‐ischemia alters mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), respiratory‐related enzymes, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Drugs acting on mitochondria, such as cyclosporine A (CsA), may reveal novel mitochondria‐based cell death signaling targets for stroke. Our previous studies showed that Parkinson's disease‐associated protein DJ‐1 participates in the acute endogenous neuroprotection after stroke via mitochondrial pathway. DJ‐1 was detected immediately after stroke and efficiently translocated into the mitochondria offering a new venue for developing treatment strategies against stroke. Here, we examined a molecular interaction between CsA and mitochondrial integrity in the in vitro acute stroke model of oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) injury with emphasis on DJ‐1. Methods Primary rat neuronal cells (PRNCs) were exposed to OGD/R injury and processed for immunocytochemistry, ELISA, and mitochondria‐based molecular assays to reveal the role of DJ‐1 in CsA modulation of mitochondrial integrity. Results Administration of CsA before stroke onset (24 h pre‐OGD/R) afforded significantly much more robust neuroprotective effects than when CsA was initiated after stroke (2 h post‐OGD/R), revealing that CsA exerted neuroprotection in the early phase of ischemic stroke. CsA prevented the mitochondria‐dependent cell death signaling pathway involved in cytochrome c (Cyt c)‐induced intrinsic apoptotic process. CsA preserved cellular ATP content, but not hexokinase activity under hypoxic conditions. CsA prevented both mtDNA decrement and Δψm degradation after reperfusion, and enhanced secretion of DJ‐1 in the mitochondria, coupled with reduced oxidative stress. Conclusion These observations provided evidence that CsA maintained mitochondrial integrity likely via DJ‐1 upregulation, supporting the concept that mitochondria‐based treatments targeting the early phase of disease progression may prove beneficial in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tajiri
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.,School of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yuji Kaneko
- Center of Excellence for Aging & Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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Sinha S, Singh A, Medhi B, Sehgal R. Systematic Review: Insight into Antimalarial Peptide. Int J Pept Res Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-016-9512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Cyclosporin A in Membrane Lipids Environment: Implications for Antimalarial Activity of the Drug--The Langmuir Monolayer Studies. J Membr Biol 2015; 248:1021-32. [PMID: 26077844 PMCID: PMC4611017 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-015-9814-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclosporin A (CsA), a hydrophobic cyclic peptide produced by the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum, is well known for its high efficiency as an immunosuppressor for transplanted organs and anti-inflammatory properties; however, it is also active as antiparasitic (antimalarial) drug. Antimalarial mechanism of CsA action lacks a detailed understanding at molecular level. Due to a high lipophilicity of CsA, it is able to interact with lipids of cellular membrane; however, molecular targets of this drug are still unknown. To get a deeper insight into the mode of antimalarial activity of CsA, it is of utmost importance to examine its interactions with membrane components. To reach this goal, the Langmuir monolayer technique, which serves as a very useful, easy to handle and controllable model of biomembranes, has been employed. In this work, the interactions between CsA and main membrane lipids, i.e., cholesterol (Chol), 2-oleoyl-1-palmitoyl-3-phosphocholine (POPC), and sphingomyelin (SM), have been investigated. Attractive interactions are observed only for CsA mixtures with SM, while repulsive forces occur in systems containing remaining membrane lipids. Taking into consideration mutual interactions between membrane lipids (Chol-SM; Chol-POPC and SM-POPC), the behavior of CsA in model erythrocyte membrane of normal and infected cells has been analyzed. Our results prove strong affinity of CsA to SM in membrane environment. Since normal and parasitized erythrocytes differ significantly in the level of SM, this phospholipid may be considered as a molecular target for antimalarial activity of CsA.
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