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Cheng C, Gupta M. Roll-to-Roll Surface Modification of Cellulose Paper via Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Cheng
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Malancha Gupta
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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2
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Koenig M, Lahann J. Nanotopographical control of surfaces using chemical vapor deposition processes. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:1250-1256. [PMID: 28685125 PMCID: PMC5480359 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years much work has been conducted in order to create patterned and structured polymer coatings using vapor deposition techniques - not only via post-deposition treatment, but also directly during the deposition process. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional structures can be achieved via various vapor deposition strategies, for instance, using masks, exploiting surface properties that lead to spatially selective deposition, via the use of additional porogens or by employing oblique angle polymerization deposition. Here, we provide a concise review of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Koenig
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan (UM), 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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3
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Wang M, Wang X, Moni P, Liu A, Kim DH, Jo WJ, Sojoudi H, Gleason KK. CVD Polymers for Devices and Device Fabrication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1604606. [PMID: 28032923 PMCID: PMC7161753 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization directly synthesizes organic thin films on a substrate from vapor phase reactants. Dielectric, semiconducting, electrically conducting, and ionically conducting CVD polymers have all been readily integrated into devices. The absence of solvent in the CVD process enables the growth of high-purity layers and avoids the potential of dewetting phenomena, which lead to pinhole defects. By limiting contaminants and defects, ultrathin (<10 nm) CVD polymeric device layers have been fabricated in multiple laboratories. The CVD method is particularly suitable for synthesizing insoluble conductive polymers, layers with high densities of organic functional groups, and robust crosslinked networks. Additionally, CVD polymers are prized for the ability to conformally cover rough surfaces, like those of paper and textile substrates, as well as the complex geometries of micro- and nanostructured devices. By employing low processing temperatures, CVD polymerization avoids damaging substrates and underlying device layers. This report discusses the mechanisms of the major CVD polymerization techniques and the recent progress of their applications in devices and device fabrication, with emphasis on initiated CVD (iCVD) and oxidative CVD (oCVD) polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Wang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Priya Moni
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Andong Liu
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Do Han Kim
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Won Jun Jo
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Hossein Sojoudi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
- Department of MechanicalIndustrial & Manufacturing EngineeringThe University of ToledoToledoOhio43606USA
| | - Karen K. Gleason
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA
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4
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Bradley LC, Gupta M. Copolymerization of 1-Ethyl-3-vinylimidazolium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide via Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501407q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Bradley
- Mork Family
Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Malancha Gupta
- Mork Family
Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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5
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Demirel G, Babur E. Vapor-phase deposition of polymers as a simple and versatile technique to generate paper-based microfluidic platforms for bioassay applications. Analyst 2014; 139:2326-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00022f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple yet versatile approach has been demonstrated for the fabrication of paper-based microfluidic platforms based on a vapor-phase polymerization technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Demirel
- Bio-inspired Materials Research Laboratory (BIMREL)
- Department of Chemistry
- Gazi University
- 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Babur
- Bio-inspired Materials Research Laboratory (BIMREL)
- Department of Chemistry
- Gazi University
- 06500 Ankara, Turkey
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6
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Chen B, Kwong P, Gupta M. Patterned fluoropolymer barriers for containment of organic solvents within paper-based microfluidic devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:12701-12707. [PMID: 24283374 DOI: 10.1021/am404049x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate for the first time the ability to pattern lipophobic fluoropolymer barriers for the incorporation of pure organic solvents as operating liquids within paper-based microfluidic devices. Our fabrication method involves replacing traditional wax barriers with fluoropolymer coatings by combining initiated chemical vapor deposition with inhibiting transition metal salt to pattern the polymer. Multiple techniques for patterning the transition metal salt are tested including painting, spray coating, and selective wetting through the use of a photoresist. The efficacy of the barrier coatings to contain organic solvents is found to be dependent on the conformality of the polymer deposited around the paper fibers. We demonstrate examples of the benefits provided by the containment of organic solvents in paper-based microfluidic applications including the ability to tune the separation of analytes by varying the operating solvent and by modifying the channel region of the devices with additional polymer coatings. The work exhibited in this paper has the potential to significantly expand the applications of paper-based microfluidics to include detection of water insoluble analytes. Additionally, the generality of the patterning process allows this technique to be extended to other applications that may require the use of patterned hydrophobic and lipophobic regions, such as biosensing, chemical detection, and optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Chen
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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7
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Coclite AM, Howden RM, Borrelli DC, Petruczok CD, Yang R, Yagüe JL, Ugur A, Chen N, Lee S, Jo WJ, Liu A, Wang X, Gleason KK. 25th anniversary article: CVD polymers: a new paradigm for surface modification and device fabrication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5392-423. [PMID: 24115244 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Well-adhered, conformal, thin (<100 nm) coatings can easily be obtained by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for a variety of technological applications. Room temperature modification with functional polymers can be achieved on virtually any substrate: organic, inorganic, rigid, flexible, planar, three-dimensional, dense, or porous. In CVD polymerization, the monomer(s) are delivered to the surface through the vapor phase and then undergo simultaneous polymerization and thin film formation. By eliminating the need to dissolve macromolecules, CVD enables insoluble polymers to be coated and prevents solvent damage to the substrate. CVD film growth proceeds from the substrate up, allowing for interfacial engineering, real-time monitoring, and thickness control. Initiated-CVD shows successful results in terms of rationally designed micro- and nanoengineered materials to control molecular interactions at material surfaces. The success of oxidative-CVD is mainly demonstrated for the deposition of organic conducting and semiconducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Coclite
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010 , Austria
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Kwong P, Seidel S, Gupta M. Solventless fabrication of porous-on-porous materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:9714-9718. [PMID: 24073753 DOI: 10.1021/am402775r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we fabricate patterned porous polymer membranes on porous substrates by a combination of physical masking and chemical vapor deposition. This all-dry technique eliminates solvent-related issues and allows for the fabrication of hierarchical porous-on-porous structures with a wide range of chemical compositions and shapes. The porous polymer membranes are made by operating at unconventional processing conditions to simultaneously deposit and polymerize monomer. The solid monomer serves as a porogen and creates microstructures around which polymer forms. Membranes with thicknesses ranging from a few hundred micrometers to a millimeter are fabricated on porous paper substrates. The resolution of the patterning process and the structure of the resulting membranes are analyzed as a function of the deposition time. It was found that the patterned membranes exhibit a tapered structure and the dimensions are in good agreement with the dimensions of the mask. One potential application of these patterned polymer membranes is demonstrated for the selective separation of analytes for diagnostic applications on paper-based microfluidic devices. The ability to pattern porous-on-porous structures can be useful for the development of hierarchical membranes for water purification and gas separation, and for sensing, patterned tissue scaffolding, and other lab-on-a-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kwong
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California , 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Frank-Finney RJ, Bradley LC, Gupta M. Formation of Polymer–Ionic Liquid Gels Using Vapor Phase Precursors. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401219e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Frank-Finney
- Mork Family Department of Chemical
Engineering and
Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Laura C. Bradley
- Mork Family Department of Chemical
Engineering and
Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Malancha Gupta
- Mork Family Department of Chemical
Engineering and
Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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10
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Bradley LC, Gupta M. Formation of heterogeneous polymer films via simultaneous or sequential depositions of soluble and insoluble monomers onto ionic liquids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:10448-10454. [PMID: 23919506 DOI: 10.1021/la4020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we studied the formation of heterogeneous polymer films on ionic liquid (IL) substrates via the simultaneous or sequential depositions of monomers that are either soluble or insoluble in the liquid. We found that the insoluble monomer 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl acrylate (PFDA) only polymerizes at the IL surface, while the soluble monomer ethylene glycol diacrylate (EGDA) can polymerize at both the IL surface and within the bulk liquid. The polymer chains that form within the bulk liquid entrap IL as they integrate into the polymer film formed at the IL surface, resulting in heterogeneous films that contain IL on the bottom side. Varying the order in which the soluble and insoluble monomers were introduced into the system led to different film structures. When the insoluble monomer was introduced first, a film formed at the surface and the soluble monomer then diffused through this film and polymerized within the bulk, leading to a sandwich structure. When the soluble monomer was introduced first, a layered film was formed whose structure followed the order in which the monomers were introduced. When the two monomers were introduced simultaneously, the soluble monomer polymerized in the bulk while a copolymer film formed at the surface. This study provides an understanding of how to control the composition of layered polymer films deposited onto IL substrates in order to develop new composite materials for separation and electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Bradley
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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Seidel S, Kwong P, Gupta M. Simultaneous Polymerization and Solid Monomer Deposition for the Fabrication of Polymer Membranes with Dual-Scale Porosity. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma302607c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Seidel
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and
Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Philip Kwong
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and
Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Malancha Gupta
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and
Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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12
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Yagüe JL, Coclite AM, Petruczok C, Gleason KK. Chemical Vapor Deposition for Solvent-Free Polymerization at Surfaces. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Kwong P, Gupta M. Vapor Phase Deposition of Functional Polymers onto Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices for Advanced Unit Operations. Anal Chem 2012; 84:10129-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302861v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kwong
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and
Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Malancha Gupta
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and
Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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