1
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Lu X, Liu C, Xiao X, Nguyen TS, Xiang Z, Chen C, Cui S, Yavuz CT, Xu Q, Liu B. Clathrating CO 2 in a Supramolecular Granatohedron Cage with Noncovalent CO 2-NH 3 Interactions and High CO 2 Capture Efficiency under Ambient Conditions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:54458-54465. [PMID: 37972319 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic amine (R-NH2) reagents as dominant chemical sorbents for CO2 capture in industrial processes suffer from high energy compensation for regeneration. Herein, we, for the first time, report the finding of Co(III) coordinating with NH3 molecules regulating the interaction between NH3 and CO2 to electrostatic interactions instead of a chemical reaction and achieve CO2 capture under near-ambient conditions. NH3 coordinating with Co(III) significantly reduces its alkalinity and reactivity with CO2 owing to its lone-pair electron donation during coordination. Under a simple protocol, CO2 induces the crystallization of CO2@[Co(NH3)6][HSO4][SO4] clathrate into a hydrogen-bonded granatohedron cage from a cobaltic hexammine sulfate aqueous solution under a CO2 pressure of 56 and 142 kPa at 275 and 298 K, respectively, with a CO2 uptake weight content of 11.7%. We reveal that CO2 interacts with cobaltous hexammine via supramolecular interactions rather than chemical bonding. The clathrate spontaneously separates from the solution as single crystals and readily releases CO2 under ambient conditions in water for cyclic utilization without further treatment. In such a rapid supramolecular capture process, molecular recognition ensures exclusive CO2 selectivity, and soluble clathrate enables the spontaneous CO2 release at a low energy penalty, exhibiting excellent practical potential in carbon capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Congyan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Porous Functional Materials (SKLPM), SUSTech-Kyoto University Advanced Energy Materials Joint Innovation Laboratory (SKAEM-JIL), Department of Chemistry, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Thien S Nguyen
- Oxide & Organic Nanomaterials for Energy & Environment (ONE) Laboratory, Chemistry Program, Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Physical Science & Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhiling Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Songlin Cui
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Cafer T Yavuz
- Oxide & Organic Nanomaterials for Energy & Environment (ONE) Laboratory, Chemistry Program, Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials (AMPM) Center, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Physical Science & Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qiang Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano-Porous Functional Materials (SKLPM), SUSTech-Kyoto University Advanced Energy Materials Joint Innovation Laboratory (SKAEM-JIL), Department of Chemistry, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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2
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Striolo A. Clathrate hydrates: recent advances on CH4 and CO2 hydrates, and possible new frontiers. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1646436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Striolo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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3
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Kida M, Jin Y, Nagao J. Changes in the 13C NMR spectra of tetra-n-butylammonium chloride by clathrate hydration. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Muromachi S, Takeya S. Thermodynamic Properties and Crystallographic Characterization of Semiclathrate Hydrates Formed with Tetra- n-butylammonium Glycolate. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:7317-7322. [PMID: 31459831 PMCID: PMC6649264 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Semiclathrate hydrates are a crystalline host-guest material, which forms with water and ionic substances such as tetra-n-butylammonium (TBA) salts. Various anions can be used as a counter anion to the TBA cation, and they can modify thermodynamic properties of the semiclathrate hydrates, which are critical for applications, for example, cold energy storage and gas separation. In this study, the semiclathrate hydrates of the TBA glycolate were newly synthesized. Measurements for melting temperatures and a heat of fusion and a crystal structure analysis were performed. In comparison with the other similar materials, such as acetates, propionates, lactates, and hydroxybutyrates, the glycolate greatly changed the melting temperature and the heat of fusion. The preliminarily determined crystal structure showed that the glycolate anion builds a relatively porous structure compared to the previously reported hydrates formed with hydroxycarboxylates. The present study showed that substitution of a hydrophobic group by a hydrophilic group is an effective method to control the thermodynamic properties as well as to improve environmental, biological, and chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanehiro Muromachi
- Research
Institute of Energy Frontier (RIEF), National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takeya
- National
Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
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5
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Muromachi S, Takeya S. Design of Thermophysical Properties of Semiclathrate Hydrates Formed by Tetra- n-butylammonium Hydroxybutyrate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b05028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanehiro Muromachi
- Research
Institute of Energy Frontier (RIEF), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takeya
- National
Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
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6
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Hashimoto H, Yamaguchi T, Ozeki H, Muromachi S. Structure-driven CO 2 selectivity and gas capacity of ionic clathrate hydrates. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17216. [PMID: 29222487 PMCID: PMC5722917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic clathrate hydrates can selectively capture small gas molecules such as CO2, N2, CH4 and H2. We investigated CO2 + N2 mixed gas separation properties of ionic clathrate hydrates formed with tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (TBAB), tetra-n-butylammonium chloride (TBAC), tetra-n-butylphosphonium bromide (TBPB) and tetra-n-butylphosphonium chloride (TBPC). The results showed that CO2 selectivity of TBAC hydrates was remarkably higher than those of the other hydrates despite less gas capacity of TBAC hydrates. The TBAB hydrates also showed irregularly high CO2 selectivity at a low pressure. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic analyses clarified that TBAC stably formed the tetragonal hydrate structure, and TBPB and TBPC formed the orthorhombic hydrate structure. The TBAB hydrates showed polymorphic phases which may consist of the both orthorhombic and tetragonal hydrate structures. These results showed that the tetragonal hydrate captured CO2 more efficiently than the orthorhombic hydrate, while the orthorhombic hydrate has the largest gas capacity among the basic four structures of ionic clathrate hydrates. The present study suggests new potential for improving gas capacity and selectivity of ionic clathrate hydrates by choosing suitable ionic guest substances for guest gas components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan.,Research Institute of Energy Frontier (RIEF), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan.,Research Institute of Energy Frontier (RIEF), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ozeki
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Sanehiro Muromachi
- Research Institute of Energy Frontier (RIEF), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan.
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7
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Cai R, Abdellaoui S, Kitt JP, Irvine C, Harris JM, Minteer SD, Korzeniewski C. Confocal Raman Microscopy for the Determination of Protein and Quaternary Ammonium Ion Loadings in Biocatalytic Membranes for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13290-13298. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cai
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Sofiene Abdellaoui
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jay P. Kitt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Cullen Irvine
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Joel M. Harris
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Carol Korzeniewski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79416, United States
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8
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Design of Ecological CO2 Enrichment System for Greenhouse Production using TBAB + CO2 Semi-Clathrate Hydrate. ENERGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/en10070927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Shi L, Yi L, Shen X, Wu W, Liang D. The effect of tetrabutylphosphonium bromide on the formation process of CO 2 hydrates. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Bulk phase behavior of tetra-n-butylammonium bromide hydrates formed with carbon dioxide or methane gas. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-016-0014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Accurate measurement of phase equilibria and dissociation enthalpies of HFC-134a hydrates in the presence of NaCl for potential application in desalination. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-015-0268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Muromachi S, Kida M, Takeya S, Yamamoto Y, Ohmura R. Characterization of the ionic clathrate hydrate of tetra-n-butylammonium acrylate. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ionic clathrate hydrate of tetra-n-butylammonium (TBA) acrylate was characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The crystal structure of TBA acrylate was Jeffrey’s type III and tetragonal P42/n, with a 33.076(7) × 33.076(7) × 12.170(2) Å3 unit cell. The volume of the unit cell was 13315(5) Å3, which is almost twice that of the ideal structure. The TBA cation was disordered and located in two types of fused cages. Although the acrylate anion was located in a pentagonal dodecahedral cage neighboring the TBA cation, there is a residual acrylate anion that could be around the other TBA cation in the unit cell. Solid-state 13C NMR spectra showed that the TBA cation was clearly disordered at 173 K, but not at 239 K. NMR peaks from the acrylate anion were not observed at either temperature. This is probably because of the strong restriction on the acrylate anion by hydrogen bonding with the lattice water. Some of the characteristics of the anion and cation of the ionic guest incorporated in the hydrate structure have yet to be defined. Further research is needed to clarify complexation of the ionic clathrate hydrate and the ionic guest, and the resulting structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanehiro Muromachi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
| | - Masato Kida
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takeya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Yamamoto
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
| | - Ryo Ohmura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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13
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Chazallon B, Ziskind M, Carpentier Y, Focsa C. CO2 Capture Using Semi-Clathrates of Quaternary Ammonium Salt: Structure Change Induced by CO2 and N2 Enclathration. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:13440-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jp507789z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Chazallon
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules
(PhLAM), UMR CNRS 8523, University Lille 1, Bat. P5, F-59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Michael Ziskind
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules
(PhLAM), UMR CNRS 8523, University Lille 1, Bat. P5, F-59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Yvain Carpentier
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules
(PhLAM), UMR CNRS 8523, University Lille 1, Bat. P5, F-59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Cristian Focsa
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules
(PhLAM), UMR CNRS 8523, University Lille 1, Bat. P5, F-59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
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14
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Kang H, Jung S, Koh DY, Ahn YH, Park S, Park J, Lee H. Physicochemical properties of semi-clathrate hydrates as revealed by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Park S, Lee S, Lee Y, Seo Y. CO2 capture from simulated fuel gas mixtures using semiclathrate hydrates formed by quaternary ammonium salts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:7571-7577. [PMID: 23718261 DOI: 10.1021/es400966x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the feasibility of semiclathrate hydrate-based precombustion CO2 capture, thermodynamic, kinetic, and spectroscopic studies were undertaken on the semiclathrate hydrates formed from a fuel gas mixture of H2 (60%) + CO2 (40%) in the presence of quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) such as tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (TBAB) and fluoride (TBAF). The inclusion of QASs demonstrated significantly stabilized hydrate dissociation conditions. This effect was greater for TBAF than TBAB. However, due to the presence of dodecahedral cages that are partially filled with water molecules, TBAF showed a relatively lower gas uptake than TBAB. From the stability condition measurements and compositional analyses, it was found that with only one step of semiclathrate hydrate formation with the fuel gas mixture from the IGCC plants, 95% CO2 can be enriched in the semiclathrate hydrate phase at room temperature. The enclathration of both CO2 and H2 in the cages of the QAS semiclathrate hydrates and the structural transition that results from the inclusion of QASs were confirmed through Raman and (1)H NMR measurements. The experimental results obtained in this study provide the physicochemical background required for understanding selective partitioning and distributions of guest gases in the QAS semiclathrate hydrates and for investigating the feasibility of a semiclathrate hydrate-based precombustion CO2 capture process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Park
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
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16
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Lee Y, Lee S, Park S, Kim Y, Lee JW, Seo Y. 2-Propanol as a co-guest of structure II hydrates in the presence of help gases. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:2449-55. [PMID: 23402346 DOI: 10.1021/jp310487w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enclathration of 2-propanol (2-PrOH) as a co-guest of structure II (sII) hydrates in the presence of CH4 and CO2 was experimentally verified with a focus on macroscopic phase behaviors and microscopic analytical methods such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and NMR spectroscopy. 2-PrOH functioned as a hydrate promoter in the CH4 + 2-PrOH systems, whereas it functioned as an apparent hydrate inhibitor in the CO2 + 2-PrOH systems despite the inclusion of 2-PrOH in the hydrate lattices. From the PXRD patterns, both double CH4 + 2-PrOH and double CO2 + 2-PrOH hydrates were identified to be cubic (Fd3m) sII hydrates. From the (13)C NMR spectra, it was found that, at a lower 2-PrOH concentration, the small 5(12) cages of the sII hydrate were occupied by CH4 molecules only, whereas the large 5(12)6(4) cages were shared by CH4 and 2-PrOH molecules. However, at a stoichiometric concentration, the large cages were occupied by 2-PrOH molecules only, and the corresponding chemical formula for this concentration is 1.50CH4·0.98 2-PrOH·17H2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjun Lee
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
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17
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Koh DY, Kang H, Park J, Jung S, Han D, Park J, Lee H. Guest molecule dynamics and guest-specific degassing phenomenon of binary gas hydrate investigated by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40516h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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Lee S, Lee Y, Park S, Seo Y. Structural Transformation of Isopropylamine Semiclathrate Hydrates in the Presence of Methane as a Coguest. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:13476-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jp308640m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Lee
- Green Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ulsan 681-802,
Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjun Lee
- School
of Urban and Environmental
Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwon Park
- School
of Urban and Environmental
Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongwon Seo
- School
of Urban and Environmental
Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
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19
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Lee S, Lee Y, Park S, Kim Y, Lee JD, Seo Y. Thermodynamic and Spectroscopic Identification of Guest Gas Enclathration in the Double Tetra-n-butylammonium Fluoride Semiclathrates. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:9075-81. [PMID: 22775988 DOI: 10.1021/jp302647c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Lee
- Green Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ulsan 681-802,
Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjun Lee
- School
of Urban and Environmental
Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwon Park
- School
of Urban and Environmental
Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunju Kim
- School
of Urban and Environmental
Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Dong Lee
- Green Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ulsan 681-802,
Republic of Korea
| | - Yongwon Seo
- School
of Urban and Environmental
Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
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