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Huang S, Yang J, Hao N, Ishaq MW, Wang J, Jiang N, Li L. Conformational Transition and Interchain Association of Hypergraft HB-PS- g-P tBA Copolymer Chains with Varied Copolymer Compositions and Block Lengths in a Selective Solvent. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Huang
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jinxian Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecules Science and Processing, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Nairong Hao
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Muhammad Waqas Ishaq
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Naisheng Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecules Science and Processing, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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2
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Zhang X, Li W. Periodic Patchy Spheres Self-Assembled by A mBCA n' Multiblock Terpolymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4407-4414. [PMID: 35352945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We have designed AmBCAn' multiblock terpolymers and studied their self-assembly using self-consistent field theory, aiming to generate the periodically arranged patchy spheres and thus to clarify the regulation mechanism of the number of patches. A number of two-dimensional phase diagrams are constructed for three typical architectures A2BCA2', A2BCA3', and A3BCA2'. Four kinds of stable patchy spheres with the number of patches as 2 (S2), 4 (S4), 5 (S5), and 6 (S6) are obtained. These phases follow a common transition sequence of S2 → S4 → S5 → S6 along with the increasing of the volume fraction of C-block (fC), which forms the core sphere patched with B-domains. Moreover, the S6 phase exhibits the widest stability window, while S5 has the narrowest one. The increased arms of A'-blocks in A2BCA3' architecture deflect the phase boundaries toward large fC and accordingly expand the regions of these patchy spheres due to the amplified effect of spontaneous curvature. In contrast, the increased arms of A-blocks in A3BCA2' remarkably expands the window of S6 but narrows those of the other patchy spheres, which is mainly caused by increased packing frustration resulting from the reduced extension of the more divided A-blocks. The widest window of the S6 phase reaches ΔfC ∼ 0.13, which is readily accessed by experiment. Our work not only demonstrates a self-assembly strategy to engineer the patchy spheres, but also sheds light on the regulation mechanism of the patchy number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Weihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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3
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Radlauer MR, Arora A, Matta ME, Bates FS, Dorfman KD, Hillmyer MA. Order and Disorder in ABCA' Tetrablock Terpolymers. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:10266-10275. [PMID: 33136393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of poly(styrene)-block-poly(isoprene)-block-poly(lactide)-block-poly(styrene) (PS-PI-PLA-PS' or SILS') tetrablock terpolymers, where the volume fractions of the first three blocks are nearly equivalent, was studied both experimentally and using the self-consistent field theory (SCFT). SCFT indicates that addition of the terminal PS' chain to a low-molecular-mass, hexagonally packed cylinders forming, SIL precursor can produce a disordered state due to preferential mixing of the polystyrene end-blocks with the PI and PLA midblocks in the SILS' tetrablock, alleviating the unfavorable contact between the highly incompatible PI and PLA segments. In contrast, SCFT predicts that higher-molar-mass triblock precursors will maintain an ordered morphology upon addition of the terminal PS' block due to stronger overall segregation strengths. These predictions were tested using three sets of SILS' polymers that were synthesized based on three precursor SIL triblock polymers differing in total molar mass (14, 30, and 47 kg mol-1) and varying the length of the terminal PS' chain. In the lowest-molar-mass set of tetrablock polymers, the shift from order to disorder was observed in the materials at ambient temperature as the molar mass of the terminal PS' block was increased, consistent with SCFT calculations. Disorder with longer S' chain lengths was not found in the two higher-molar-mass polymer sets; the medium-molar-mass set showed both microphase separation and long-range order based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), while the largest of these block polymers microphase separated but showed limited long-range order. The combination of the experimental and theoretical results presented in this work provides insights into the self-assembly of ABCA'-type polymers and highlights potential complications that arise from frustration in accessing well-ordered materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalyn R Radlauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.,Department of Chemistry, San José State University, San José, California 95192, United States
| | - Akash Arora
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Megan E Matta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kevin D Dorfman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Marc A Hillmyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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4
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Chidanguro T, Ghimire E, Liu CH, Simon YC. Polymersomes: Breaking the Glass Ceiling? SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802734. [PMID: 30369045 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polymer vesicles, also known as polymersomes, have garnered a lot of interest even before the first report of their fabrication in the mid-1990s. These capsules have found applications in areas such as drug delivery, diagnostics and cellular models, and are made via the self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers, predominantly with soft, rubbery hydrophobic segments. Comparatively, and despite their remarkable impermeability, glassy polymersomes (GPs) have been less pervasive due to their rigidity, lack of biodegradability and more restricted fabrication strategies. GPs are now becoming more prominent, thanks to their ability to undergo stable shape-change (e.g., into non-spherical morphologies) as a response to a predetermined trigger (e.g., light, solvent). The basics of block copolymer self-assembly with an emphasis on polymersomes and GPs in particular are reviewed here. The principles and advantages of shape transformation of GPs as well as their general usefulness are also discussed, together with some of the challenges and opportunities currently facing this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamuka Chidanguro
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr. #5050, Hattiesburg, 39406, MS, USA
| | - Elina Ghimire
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr. #5050, Hattiesburg, 39406, MS, USA
| | - Cheyenne H Liu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr. #5050, Hattiesburg, 39406, MS, USA
| | - Yoan C Simon
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Dr. #5050, Hattiesburg, 39406, MS, USA
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5
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Liu D, Wang YY, Sun YC, Han YY, Cui J, Jiang W. Self-assembly Behavior of Symmetrical Linear ABCA Tetrablock Copolymer: A Self-consistent Field Theory Study. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-018-2106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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6
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Tan H, Yu C, Lu Z, Zhou Y, Yan D. A dissipative particle dynamics simulation study on phase diagrams for the self-assembly of amphiphilic hyperbranched multiarm copolymers in various solvents. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:6178-6188. [PMID: 28798969 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01170a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of amphiphilic hyperbranched multiarm copolymers (HMCs) has shown great potential for preparing all kinds of delicate supramolecular structures in all scales and dimensions in solution. However, theoretical studies on the influencing factors for the self-assembly of HMCs have been greatly lagging behind. The phase diagram of HMCs in selective solvents is very necessary but has not been disclosed up to now. Here, the self-assembly of HMCs with different hydrophilic fractions in various solvents was studied systematically by using dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations. Three morphological phase diagrams are constructed and a rich variety of morphologies, ranging from spherical micelles, worm-like micelles, membranes, vesicles, vesosomes, small micellar aggregates (SMAs), and aggregates of spherical and worm-like micelles to helical micelles, are obtained. In addition, both the self-assembly mechanisms and the dynamic processes for the formation of these self-assemblies have been systematically investigated. The simulation results are consistent with available experimental observations. Besides, several novel structures, like aggregates of spherical and worm-like micelles, vesosomes and helical micelles, are firstly discovered for HMC self-assembly. We believe the current work will extend the knowledge on the self-assembly of HMCs, especially on the control of supramolecular structures and on fabricating novel self-assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haina Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China.
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8
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Akram R, Cheng M, Guo F, Iqbal S, Shi F. Toward Understanding Whether Interactive Surface Area Could Direct Ordered Macroscopic Supramolecular Self-Assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:3617-3622. [PMID: 27029028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The mismatching phenomena are ubiquitous in complex and advanced self-assembly, such as hierarchical assembly, macroscopic supramolecular assembly, and so on. Recently, for macroscopic supramolecular assembly, the strategy of maximizing the interactive surface area was used and supposed to handle this problem; however, now there is little understanding of whether interactive surface area is the dominant factor to guide the assembly patterns. Herein by taking millimeter cylinder building blocks with different diameter/height (d/h) ratios as model systems, we have investigated the interactive-surface-area-dependent assembling behaviors in macroscopic supramolecular assembly. The results showed that the increasing d/h ratio of cylinders contributed to selectivity of face-to-face assembled pattern over face-to-side or side-to-side geometries, thus having improved the ordering degree of the assembled structures; however, the mismatching phenomena could not be totally avoided due to high colliding chances in kinetics and the thermally favorable stability of these structures. We further confirmed the above hypothesis by in situ measurements of interactive forces of building blocks with different assembled patterns. This work of macroscopic supramolecular assembly provides an in situ visible platform, which is significant to clarify the influences of interactive surface area on the assembly behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheel Akram
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Mengjiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Fengli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Saleem Iqbal
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering & Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , 100029 Beijing, China
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9
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Ma J, Cui J, Han Y, Jiang W, Sun Y. Monte Carlo study of the micelles constructed by ABCA tetrablock copolymers and their formation in A-selective solvents. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11865d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Micelles with hamburger-type and Janus-type solvophobic parts, asymmetric vesicles with multicompartment outer surface formed by ABCA tetrablock copolymers in A-selective solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Ma
- Northeast Normal University
- School of Physics
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
| | - Jie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Yingchun Sun
- Northeast Normal University
- School of Physics
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
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10
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Wang Y, He J, Liu C, Chong WH, Chen H. Thermodynamik und Kinetik in der Nanosynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Wang Y, He J, Liu C, Chong WH, Chen H. Thermodynamics versus Kinetics in Nanosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:2022-51. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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12
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Sheng Y, Yan N, An J, Zhu Y. Multicompartment nanoparticles from the self-assembly of mixtures of ABC and AC block copolymers in C-selective solvents. Chem Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Cui J, Han Y, Jiang W. Asymmetric vesicle constructed by AB/CB diblock copolymer mixture and its behavior: a Monte Carlo study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:9219-9227. [PMID: 25029409 DOI: 10.1021/la501674a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric vesicles constructed from AB/CB diblock copolymer mixture in a selective solvent for A and C blocks are studied using Monte Carlo simulation. The effects of the mixed ratio of the two diblock copolymers, the solution pH, and the hydrophilic chain length on the distributions of hydrophilic blocks on the surfaces of asymmetric vesicles are studied systematically. The simulation results show that asymmetric vesicle, in which the inner and outer surfaces are constructed from different hydrophilic blocks, can be obtained from AB/CB diblock copolymer mixture. The formation of ABC or CBA three-layer asymmetric vesicle depends on the composition of the mixture, the chain length of hydrophilic block, and the solution pH. The hydrophilic block with the same charge (induced by the solution pH), or longer chain length, or lower content in the mixture is more likely to distribute on the outer surface of the vesicle. Moreover, the transition from ABC to CBA three-layer asymmetric vesicle in which blocks C are charged can occur by adjusting the composition of the mixture. On the other hand, the investigations of the interfacial energy density of asymmetric vesicles elucidate the distribution regularity of hydrophilic blocks. When the hydrophilic chain lengths are equal, the difference between the outer and inner interfacial energies is the main factor that determines the asymmetric vesicle structures; that is, the distributions of different hydrophilic blocks on asymmetric vesicles always tend to gain the largest difference between the outer and inner interfacial energies. However, when the hydrophilic chain lengths are different, the chain conformational entropy becomes the main driving force for determining the distribution of hydrophilic blocks on asymmetric vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
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14
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Wang Y, Li B, Jin H, Zhou Y, Lu Z, Yan D. Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation Study on Vesicles Self-Assembled from Amphiphilic Hyperbranched Multiarm Copolymers. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:2281-8. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Gao Y, Li B, Zhong L, Zhang L, Ding Z. Functions of Nano-Amphiphilic Cellulose: Dispersibility and Modifiability in Polyethersulfone Membranes. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2014.888518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Guo Y, Ma Z, Ding Z, Li RKY. Kinetics of laterally nanostructured vesicle formation by self-assembly of miktoarm star terpolymers in aqueous solution. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:12811-12817. [PMID: 24041399 DOI: 10.1021/la4023807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulation was used to study the self-assembly of laterally nanostructured vesicles in aqueous solution from μ-[poly(ethylethylene)]-[poly(ethylene oxide)][poly(perfluoropropylene oxide)] (μ-EOF) star terpolymers. The simulated results show that the laterally nanostructured vesicle forms when the length of the hydrophilic O blocks are relatively short. In the lateral nanostructure, the hexagonally packed domains formed by the hydrophobic F blocks are immersed in a two-dimensional hydrophobic E block matrix. The formation conditions and microstructure of the vesicles in our simulation agree with the reported experimental results from the literature. The complicated formation pathway of laterally nanostructured vesicles follows three stages: (1) combination of spherical and short cylindrical raspberry-like micelles into an intermediate polygonal sheet; (2) the intermediate polygonal sheet grows to form a larger polygonal sheet with a tail; (3) the large polygonal sheet with a tail eventually folds and forms a vesicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Guo
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
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17
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Greenall MJ, Marques CM. Can amphiphile architecture directly control vesicle size? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:088301. [PMID: 23473205 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.088301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bilayer membranes self-assembled from simple amphiphiles in solution always have a planar ground-state shape. This is a consequence of several internal relaxation mechanisms of the membrane and prevents the straightforward control of vesicle size. Here, we show that this principle can be circumvented and that direct size control by molecular design is a realistic possibility. Using coarse-grained calculations, we design tetrablock copolymers that form membranes with a preferred curvature and demonstrate how to form low-polydispersity vesicles while suppressing micellization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Greenall
- Institut Charles Sadron, University of Strasbourg, CNRS-UPR 22, 23, rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
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Chang HY, Lin YL, Sheng YJ, Tsao HK. Multilayered Polymersome Formed by Amphiphilic Asymmetric Macromolecular Brushes. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3007366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Chang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, R.O.C
| | - Yung-Lung Lin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Jane Sheng
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, R.O.C
| | - Heng-Kwong Tsao
- Department of Chemical
and Materials Engineering, Department
of Physics, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan 320, R.O.C
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Patti A, Ramsch R, Marsà CS. Solvent-Free Model for Self-Assembling Amphiphilic Cyclodextrins. An Off-Lattice Monte Carlo Approach in Two Dimensions. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:2687-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jp212448q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Patti
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia
(IQAC−CSIC) and CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/Jordi Girona,
18-26−08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roland Ramsch
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia
(IQAC−CSIC) and CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/Jordi Girona,
18-26−08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Conxita Solans Marsà
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia
(IQAC−CSIC) and CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), C/Jordi Girona,
18-26−08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam O. Moughton
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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