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Inuzuka N, Shobayashi Y, Tateshima S, Sato Y, Ohba Y, Ishihara K, Teramura Y. Stable and Thin-Polymer-Based Modification of Neurovascular Stents with 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine Polymer for Antithrombogenicity. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:833. [PMID: 39199791 PMCID: PMC11351483 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The advent of intracranial stents has revolutionized the endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms. The utilization of stents has rendered numerous cerebral aneurysm amenable to endovascular treatment, thereby obviating the need for otherwise invasive open surgical options. Stent placement has become a mainstream approach because of its safety and efficacy. However, further improvements are required for clinically approved devices to avoid the frequent occurrence of thrombotic complications. Therefore, controlling the thrombotic complications associated with the use of devices is of significant importance. Our group has developed a unique stent coated with a 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)-based polymer. In this study, the surface characteristics of the polymer coating were verified using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Subsequently, the antithrombotic properties of the coating were evaluated by measuring platelet count and thrombin-antithrombin complex levels of whole human blood after 3 h of incubation in a Chandler loop model. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to examine thrombus formation on the stent surface. We observed that MPC polymer-coated stents significantly reduced thrombus formation as compared to bare stents and several clinically approved devices. Finally, the coated stents were further analyzed by implanting them in the internal thoracic arteries of pigs. Angiographic imaging and histopathological examinations that were performed one week after implantation revealed that the vascular lumen was well maintained and coated stents were integrated within the vascular endothelium without inducing adverse effects. Thus, we demonstrated the efficacy of MPC polymer coating as a viable strategy for avoiding the thrombotic risks associated with neurovascular stents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Inuzuka
- R&D Department, Japan Medical Device Startup Incubation Program, 3-7-2 Nihonbashihon-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023, Japan;
- R&D Department, N.B. Medical Inc., 3-7-2 Nihonbashihon-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shobayashi
- R&D Department, N.B. Medical Inc., 3-7-2 Nihonbashihon-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tateshima
- Division of Interventional Neuroradiology, Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, 757 Westwood Plaza, Suite 2129, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yuya Sato
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ohba
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute (CMB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Ibaraki, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan;
| | - Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Division of Materials & Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Teramura
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute (CMB), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Ibaraki, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan;
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Master’s/Doctoral Program in Life Science Innovation (T-LSI), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Ibaraki, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
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Oh C, Park B, Sundaresan V, Schaefer JL, Bohn PW. Closed Bipolar Electrode-Enabled Electrochromic Sensing of Multiple Metabolites in Whole Blood. ACS Sens 2023; 8:270-279. [PMID: 36547518 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We report a closed bipolar electrode (CBE)-based sensing platform for the detection of diagnostic metabolites in undiluted whole human blood. The sensor is enabled by electrode chemistry based on: (1) a mixed layer of blood-compatible adsorption-resistant phosphorylcholine (PPC) and phenylbutyric acid (PBA), (2) ferrocene (Fc) redox mediators, and (3) immobilized redox-active enzymes. This scheme is designed to overcome nonspecific protein adsorption and amplify sensing currents in whole human fluids. The scheme also incorporates a diffusing mediator to increase electronic communication between the immobilized redox enzyme and the working electrode. The use of both bound and freely diffusing mediators is synergistic in producing the electrochemical response. The sensor is realized by linking the analyte cell, containing the specific electrode surface architecture, through a CBE to a reporter cell containing the electrochromic reporter, methyl viologen (MV). The colorless-to-purple color change accompanying the 1e- reduction of MV2+ is captured using a smartphone camera. Subsequent red-green-blue analysis is performed on the acquired images to determine cholesterol, glucose, and lactate concentrations in whole blood. The CBE blood metabolite sensor produces a linear color change at clinically relevant concentration ranges for all metabolites with good reproducibility (∼5% or better) and with limits of detection of 79 μM for cholesterol, 59 μM for glucose, and 86 μM for lactate. Finally, metabolite concentration measurements from the CBE blood metabolite sensor are compared with results from commercially available FDA-approved blood cholesterol, glucose, and lactate meters, with an average difference of ∼3.5% across all three metabolites in the ranges studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
| | - Bumjun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
| | - Vignesh Sundaresan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
| | - Jennifer L Schaefer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana46556, United States
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Thami T, Ramonda M, Ferez L, Flaud V, Petit E, Cot D, Rebière B, Ameduri B. Growth-Induced Wrinkles and Dotlike Patterns of a Swollen Fluoroalkylated Thin Film by the Reaction of Surface-Attached Polymethylhydrosiloxane. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:14140-14152. [PMID: 36350015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The design of hydrophobic surfaces requires a material which has a low solid surface tension and a simple fabrication process for anchoring and controlling the surface morphology. A generic method for the spontaneous formation of robust instability patterns is proposed through the hydrosilylation of a fluoroalkene bearing dangling chains, Rf = C6F13(CH2)3-, with a soft polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) spin-coated gel polymer (0.8 μm thick) using Karstedt catalyst. These patterns were easily formed by an irreversible swelling reaction due to the attachment of a layer to various substrates. The buckling instability was created by two different approaches for a gel layer bound to a rigid silicon wafer substrate (A) and to a soft nonswelling silicone elastomer foundation (B). The observations of grafted Rf-PMHS films in the swollen state by microscopy revealed two distinct permanent patterns on various substrates: dotlike of wavelength λ = 0.4-0.7 μm (A) or wrinkle of wavelength λ = 4-7 μm (B). The elastic moduli ratios of film/substrate were determined using PeakForce quantitative nanomechanical mapping. The characteristic wavelengths (λ) of the patterns for systems A and B were quantitatively estimated in relation to the thickness of the top layer. A diversity of wrinkle morphologies can be achieved by grafting different side chains on pristine PMHS films. The water contact angle (WCA) hysteresis of fluorinated chain (Rf) was enhanced upon roughening the surfaces, giving highly hydrophobic surface properties for water with static/hysteresis WCAs of 136°/74° in the resulting wrinkle (B) and 119°/41° in the dotlike of lower roughness (A). The hydrophobic properties of grafted films on A with various mixtures of hexyl/fluoroalkyl chains were characterized by static CA: WCA 104-119°, ethylene glycol CA 80-96°, and n-hexadecane CA 17-61°. A very low surface energy of 15 mN/m for Rf-PMHS was found on the smoother dotlike pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Thami
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France34095
| | - Michel Ramonda
- Centre de Technologie de Montpellier, CTM, Université Montpellier, Bât. 5, cc007 Campus Saint Priest, Montpellier, France34095
| | - Lynda Ferez
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France34095
| | - Valérie Flaud
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier, ICGM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France34095
| | - Eddy Petit
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France34095
| | - Didier Cot
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France34095
| | - Bertrand Rebière
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier, ICGM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France34095
| | - Bruno Ameduri
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier, ICGM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France34095
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Ishihara K, Fukazawa K. Cell-membrane-inspired polymers for constructing biointerfaces with efficient molecular recognition. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:3397-3419. [PMID: 35389394 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00242f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication of devices that accurately recognize, detect, and separate target molecules from mixtures is a crucial aspect of biotechnology for applications in medical, pharmaceutical, and food sciences. This technology has also been recently applied in solving environmental and energy-related problems. In molecular recognition, biomolecules are typically complexed with a substrate, and specific molecules from a mixture are recognized, captured, and reacted. To increase sensitivity and efficiency, the activity of the biomolecules used for capture should be maintained, and non-specific reactions on the surface should be prevented. This review summarizes polymeric materials that are used for constructing biointerfaces. Precise molecular recognition occurring at the surface of cell membranes is fundamental to sustaining life; therefore, materials that mimic the structure and properties of this particular surface are emphasized in this article. The requirements for biointerfaces to eliminate nonspecific interactions of biomolecules are described. In particular, the major issue of protein adsorption on biointerfaces is discussed by focusing on the structure of water near the interface from a thermodynamic viewpoint; moreover, the structure of polymer molecules that control the water structure is considered. Methodologies enabling stable formation of these interfaces on material surfaces are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Fukazawa
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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Lin S, Li X, Wang K, Shang T, Zhou L, Zhang L, Wang J, Huang N. An Albumin Biopassive Polyallylamine Film with Improved Blood Compatibility for Metal Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E734. [PMID: 31018520 PMCID: PMC6523212 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, a variety of materials are employed to make numerous medical devices, including metals, polymers, ceramics, and others. Blood-contact devices are one of the major classes of these medical devices, and they have been widely applied in clinical settings. Blood-contact devices usually need to have good mechanical properties to maintain clinical performance. Metal materials are one desirable candidate to fabricate blood-contact devices due to their excellent mechanical properties and machinability, although the blood compatibility of existing blood-contact devices is better than other medical devices, such as artificial joints and artificial crystals. However, blood coagulation still occurs when these devices are used in clinical settings. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new generation of blood-contact devices with fewer complications, and the key factor is to develop novel biomaterials with good blood compatibility. In this work, one albumin biopassive polyallylamine film was successfully established onto the 316L stainless steel (SS) surface. The polyallylamine film was prepared by plasma polymerization in the vacuum chamber, and then polyallylamine film was annealed at 150 °C for 1 h. The chemical compositions of the plasma polymerized polyallylamine film (PPAa) and the annealed polyallylamine film (HT-PPAa) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR). Then, the wettability, surface topography, and thickness of the PPAa and HT-PPAa were also evaluated. HT-PPAa showed increased stability when compared with PPAa film. The major amino groups remained on the surface of HT-PPAa after annealing, indicating that this could be a good platform for numerous molecules' immobilization. Subsequently, the bovine serum albumin (BSA) was immobilized onto the HT-PPAa surface. The successful introduction of the BSA was confirmed by the FTIR and XPS detections. The blood compatibility of these modified films was evaluated by platelets adhesion and activation assays. The number of the platelets that adhered on BSA-modified HT-PPAa film was significantly decreased, and the activation degree of the adhered platelets was also decreased. These data revealed that the blood compatibility of the polyallylamine film was improved after BSA immobilized. This work provides a facile and effective approach to develop novel surface treatment for new-generation blood-contact devices with improved hemocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Lin
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China.
| | - Kebing Wang
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China.
| | - Tengda Shang
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China.
| | - Nan Huang
- Key Lab. of Advanced Technology for Materials of Education Ministry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China.
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Ishihara K. Blood-Compatible Surfaces with Phosphorylcholine-Based Polymers for Cardiovascular Medical Devices. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:1778-1787. [PMID: 30056709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For the acquisition of blood-compatible materials, various hydrophilic polymers for surface modification have been examined. Among them, polymers with a representative phospholipid polar group, the phosphorylcholine (PC) group, are a successful example. These polymers were designed from inspiration of the cell membrane surface and provide protein adsorption resistance even following contact with plasma. This important property is based on the unique hydration state of water molecules surrounding hydrated polymer; in other words, water molecules weakly interact with the polymers and maintain their favorable cluster structure through hydrogen bonding. These polymers are not only hydrophilic, but also electrically neutral, important characteristics which make hydrogen bonding with water molecules less likely to occur and avoid hydrophobic interactions. Phosphorylcholine groups and other zwitterionic structures are significant as hydrophilic functional groups meeting these important requirements. In this review, blood compatibility of a polymer having a PC group is introduced in relation to its hydration structure, followed by a description of the applications of this polymer to cardiovascular medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Department of Materials Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
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7
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Cao Z, Wu M, Zhao Y, Dai L, Zeng R, Tu M, Zhao J. Bioinspired double-positively charged phosphodicholine-chitosan and zwitterionic phosphorylcholine-chitosan conjugates: The associated water structure, biocompatibility and antibacterial action. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Sodzel D, Khranovskyy V, Beni V, Turner APF, Viter R, Eriksson MO, Holtz PO, Janot JM, Bechelany M, Balme S, Smyntyna V, Kolesneva E, Dubovskaya L, Volotovski I, Ubelis A, Yakimova R. Continuous sensing of hydrogen peroxide and glucose via quenching of the UV and visible luminescence of ZnO nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-015-1493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu X, Yuan L, Li D, Tang Z, Wang Y, Chen G, Chen H, Brash JL. Blood compatible materials: state of the art. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:5718-5738. [PMID: 32262016 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00881b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Devices that function in contact with blood are ubiquitous in clinical medicine and biotechnology. These devices include vascular grafts, coronary stents, heart valves, catheters, hemodialysers, heart-lung bypass systems and many others. Blood contact generally leads to thrombosis (among other adverse outcomes), and no material has yet been developed which remains thrombus-free indefinitely and in all situations: extracorporeally, in the venous circulation and in the arterial circulation. In this article knowledge on blood-material interactions and "thromboresistant" materials is reviewed. Current approaches to the development of thromboresistant materials are discussed including surface passivation; incorporation and/or release of anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents and thrombolytic agents; and mimicry of the vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liu
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
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Tanaka M, Yoshioka K, Hirata Y, Fujimaki M, Kuwahara M, Niwa O. Design and fabrication of biosensing interface for waveguide-mode sensor. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:13111-13120. [PMID: 24063697 DOI: 10.1021/la402802u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop a biosensing system with waveguide-mode sensor, fabrication of a biosensing interface on the silica surface of the sensing chip was carried out using triethoxysilane derivatives with anti-leptin antibody. Triethoxysilane derivatives bearing succinimide ester and oligoethylene glycol moieties were synthesized to immobilize the antibody and to suppress nonspecific adsorption of proteins, respectively. The chip modified with triethoxysilane derivatives bearing oligoethylene glycol moiety suppressed nonspecific adsorption of proteins derived from human serum effectively by rinse with PBS containing surfactant (0.05% Tween 20). On the other hand, it was confirmed that antibody was immobilized on the chip by immersion into antibody solution to show response of antigen-antibody reaction, where the chip was modified with triethoxysilane derivatives bearing succinimide ester moiety. When the interface was fabricated with antibody and a mixture of triethoxysilane derivatives bearing succinimide ester and oligoethylene glycol moieties, the response of antigen-antibody reaction depended on composition of the mixture and enhanced with the increase of ratio for triethoxysilane derivatives bearing succinimide ester moiety reflecting the antibody concentration immobilized on the chip. While introduction of excess triethoxysilane derivatives bearing succinimide ester moiety induced nonspecific adsorption of proteins derived from human serum, the immobilized antibody on the chip kept its activity after 1-month storage in a refrigerator. Taking into consideration those factors, the biosensing interface was fabricated using triethoxysilane derivatives with anti-leptin antibody to examine performance of the waveguide-mode sensor. It was found that the detection limits for human leptin were 50 ng/mL in PBS and 100 ng/mL in human serum. The results demonstrate that the waveguide-mode sensor powered by the biosensing interface fabricated with those triethoxysilane derivatives and antibody has potential to detect several tens of nanograms per milliliter of biomarkers in human serum with an unlabeled detection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuo Tanaka
- Biomedical Research Institute , Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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Thin phosphatidylcholine films as background surfaces with further possibilities of functionalization for biomedical applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 101:189-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Nanopore sensors: From hybrid to abiotic systems. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 38:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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