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Sahin MA, Werner H, Udani S, Di Carlo D, Destgeer G. Flow lithography for structured microparticles: fundamentals, methods and applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4007-4042. [PMID: 35920614 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00421f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Structured microparticles, with unique shapes, customizable sizes, multiple materials, and spatially-defined chemistries, are leading the way for emerging 'lab on a particle' technologies. These microparticles with engineered designs find applications in multiplexed diagnostics, drug delivery, single-cell secretion assays, single-molecule detection assays, high throughput cytometry, micro-robotics, self-assembly, and tissue engineering. In this article we review state-of-the-art particle manufacturing technologies based on flow-assisted photolithography performed inside microfluidic channels. Important physicochemical concepts are discussed to provide a basis for understanding the fabrication technologies. These photolithography technologies are compared based on the structural as well as compositional complexity of the fabricated particles. Particles are categorized, from 1D to 3D particles, based on the number of dimensions that can be independently controlled during the fabrication process. After discussing the advantages of the individual techniques, important applications of the fabricated particles are reviewed. Lastly, a future perspective is provided with potential directions to improve the throughput of particle fabrication, realize new particle shapes, measure particles in an automated manner, and adopt the 'lab on a particle' technologies to other areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Akif Sahin
- Control and Manipulation of Microscale Living Objects, Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Helen Werner
- Control and Manipulation of Microscale Living Objects, Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Shreya Udani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Ghulam Destgeer
- Control and Manipulation of Microscale Living Objects, Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, Munich 81675, Germany.
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Manzoor AA, Hwang DK. Modeling and Numerical Studies of Three‐Dimensional Conically Shaped Microwells Using Non‐Uniform Photolithography. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.202100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ali Manzoor
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto ON M5B 2K3 Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science St. Michael's Hospital 30 Bond Street Toronto ON M5B 1W8 Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST) A Partnership Between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital 30 Bond Street Toronto ON M5B 1W8 Canada
| | - Dae Kun Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering Ryerson University 350 Victoria Street Toronto ON M5B 2K3 Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science St. Michael's Hospital 30 Bond Street Toronto ON M5B 1W8 Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST) A Partnership Between Ryerson University and St. Michael's Hospital 30 Bond Street Toronto ON M5B 1W8 Canada
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3
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Shen F, Yu Y, Li Y, Feng H, Wu T, Chen Y. Microscale magnetic field modulation using rapidly patterned soft magnetic microstructures. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34660-34668. [PMID: 35494774 PMCID: PMC9042693 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06173a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to locally modulate the magnetic field distribution is a prerequisite for efficient manipulation in magnetic force-based microfluidic devices. Here, we report a simple, robust, and fast fabrication method of magnetic microstructures for locally modulating magnetic fields. In the proposed method, a photosensitive magnetic composite consisting of carbonyl-iron microparticles in a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) matrix was utilized to photolithographically fabricate magnetic microstructures. The magnetic behavior of the composite was first evaluated, and then various complicated patterns were fabricated on a glass slide within a few minutes. To demonstrate the capability of magnetic microstructures as a magnetic field concentrator, magnetic microstructures with different orientations to the external magnetic field were designed and fabricated, such as square arrays and grid-like magnetic microstructures. The modulated magnetic fields from such magnetic microstructures were numerically analyzed and then experimentally validated by trapping magnetic hydrogel beads. Further, the magnetically labeled cells were applied to the magnetic microstructures to prove the possibility of cell confinement via magnetic guidance in regions that exhibit enhanced magnetic field gradients. Overall, the proposed approach facilitates simple and fast fabrication of soft magnetic microstructures for microscale modulation of magnetic fields, which exhibits an immense application potential in magnetic force-based microfluidic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengshan Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen China
| | - Yan Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen China
| | - Yuexuan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen China
| | - Hongtao Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen China
| | - Tianzhun Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen China
| | - Yan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen China
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Highly Magnetized Encoded Hydrogel Microparticles with Enhanced Rinsing Capabilities for Efficient microRNA Detection. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070848. [PMID: 34356912 PMCID: PMC8301431 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Encoded hydrogel microparticles mounting DNA probes are powerful tools for high-performance microRNA (miRNA) detection in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and multiplex detection capability. However, several particle rinsing steps in the assay procedure present challenges for rapid and efficient detection. To overcome this limitation, we encapsulated dense magnetic nanoparticles to reduce the rinsing steps and duration via magnetic separation. A large number of magnetic nanoparticles were encapsulated into hydrogel microparticles based on a discontinuous dewetting technique combined with degassed micromolding lithography. In addition, we attached DNA probes targeting three types of miRNAs related to preeclampsia to magnetically encoded hydrogel microparticles by post-synthesis conjugation and achieved sensitivity comparable to that of conventional nonmagnetic encoded hydrogel microparticles. To demonstrate the multiplex capability of magnetically encoded hydrogel microparticles while maintaining the advantages of the simplified rinsing process when addressing multiple samples, we conducted a triplex detection of preeclampsia-related miRNAs. In conclusion, the introduction of magnetically encoded hydrogel microparticles not only allowed efficient miRNA detection but also provided comparable sensitivity and multiplexed detectability to conventional nonmagnetic encoded hydrogel microparticles.
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Chen LH, Doyle PS. Design and Use of a Thermogelling Methylcellulose Nanoemulsion to Formulate Nanocrystalline Oral Dosage Forms. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008618. [PMID: 34096099 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oral drug products have become indispensable in modern medicine because of their exceptional patient compliance. However, poor bioavailability of ubiquitous low-water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and lack of efficient oral drug formulations remain as significant challenges. Nanocrystalline formulations are an attractive route to increase API solubility, but typically require abrasive mechanical milling and several processing steps to create an oral dosage form. Using the dual amphiphilic and thermoresponsive properties of methylcellulose (MC), a new thermogelling nanoemulsion and a facile thermal dripping method are developed for efficient formulation of composite particles with the MC matrix embedded with precisely controlled API nanocrystals. Moreover, a fast and tunable release performance is achieved with the combination of a fast-eroding MC matrix and fast-dissolving API nanocrystals. Using the versatile thermal processing approach, the thermogelling nanoemulsion is easily formulated into a wide variety of dosage forms (nanoparticle suspension, drug tablet, and oral thin film) in a manner that avoids nanomilling. Overall, the proposed thermogelling nanoemulsion platform not only broadens the applications of thermoresponsive nanoemulsions but also shows great promise for more efficient formulation of oral drug products with high quality and tunable fast release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Hsun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Patrick S Doyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise, Singapore, 138602, Singapore
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Kim HU, Roh YH, Mun SJ, Bong KW. Discontinuous Dewetting in a Degassed Mold for Fabrication of Homogeneous Polymeric Microparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:53318-53327. [PMID: 33196158 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Discontinuous dewetting (DD) is an attractive technique that enables the production of large liquid arrays in microwells and is applicable to the synthesis of anisotropic microparticles with complex morphologies. However, such loading of liquids into microwells presents a significant challenge, as the liquids used in this technique should exhibit low mold surface wettability. This study introduces DD in a degassed mold (DM), a simple yet powerful technique that achieves uniform loading of microparticle precursors into large microwell arrays within 1 min. Using this technique, hydrogel microparticles are produced by different polymerization mechanisms with various shapes and sizes, ranging from a few micrometers to hundreds of micrometers. Hydrophobic oil microparticles are produced by the simple plasma treatment of the DM, and agarose microparticles encapsulating bovine serum albumin (in a well-dispersed state) are produced by submerging the DM in fluorinated oil. To demonstrate additional functionality of microparticles using this technique, high concentrations of magnetic nanoparticles are loaded into microparticles for particle-based immunoassays performed in a microwell plate, and the immunoassay performance is comparable to that of ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Ung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ho Roh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Joon Mun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wan Bong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
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8
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Tian Y, Wang L. Complex three‐dimensional microparticles from microfluidic lithography. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1491-1502. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong
- College of Medicine and Biological Information EngineeringNortheastern University Shenyang P.R. China
- HKU‐Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU‐ZIRI) Hangzhou P.R. China
| | - Liqiu Wang
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Hong Kong
- HKU‐Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU‐ZIRI) Hangzhou P.R. China
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Wolff HJM, Linkhorst J, Göttlich T, Savinsky J, Krüger AJD, de Laporte L, Wessling M. Soft temperature-responsive microgels of complex shape in stop-flow lithography. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:285-295. [PMID: 31802080 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00749k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stop-flow lithography (SFL) has emerged as a facile high-throughput fabrication method for μm-sized anisometric particles; yet, the fabrication of soft, anisometric microgels has not frequently been addressed in the literature. Furthermore, and to the best of the authors' knowledge, no soft, complex-shaped microgels with temperature-responsive behavior have been fabricated with this technology before. However, such microgels have tremendous potential as building blocks and actuating elements in rapidly developing fields, such as tissue engineering and additive manufacturing of soft polymeric building blocks, bio-hybrid materials, or soft micro-robotics. Given their great potential, we prove in this work that SFL is a viable method for the fabrication of soft, temperature-responsive, and complex-shaped microgels. The microgels, fabricated in this work, consist of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm), which is crosslinked with N,N'-methylenebis(acrylamide). The results confirm that the shape of the pNIPAm microgels is determined by the transparency mask, used in SFL. Furthermore, it is shown that, in order to realize stable microgels, a minimum threshold of crosslinker concentration of 2 wt% is required. Above this threshold, the stiffness of pNIPAm microgels can be deliberately altered by adjusting the concentration of the crosslinker. The fabricated pNIPAm microgels show the targeted temperature-responsive behavior. Within this context, temperature-dependent reversible swelling is confirmed, even for fractal-like geometries, such as micro snowflakes. Thus, these microgels provide the targeted unique combination of softness, shape complexity, and temperature responsiveness and increase the freedom of design for actuated building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna J M Wolff
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT.CVT - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - John Linkhorst
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT.CVT - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Tim Göttlich
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT.CVT - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Johann Savinsky
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT.CVT - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas J D Krüger
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura de Laporte
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany and RWTH Aachen University, ITMC - Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT.CVT - Chemical Process Engineering, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany. and DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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10
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Cui J, Björnmalm M, Ju Y, Caruso F. Nanoengineering of Poly(ethylene glycol) Particles for Stealth and Targeting. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:10817-10827. [PMID: 30132674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of particles composed solely or mainly of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is an emerging area that is gaining increasing interest within bio-nano science. PEG, widely considered to be the "gold standard" among polymers for drug delivery, is providing a platform for exploring fundamental questions and phenomena at the interface between particle engineering and biomedicine. These include the targeting and stealth behaviors of synthetic nanomaterials in biological environments. In this feature article, we discuss recent work in the nanoengineering of PEG particles and explore how they are enabling improved targeting and stealth performance. Specific examples include PEG particles prepared through surface-initiated polymerization, mesoporous silica replication via postinfiltration, and particle assembly through metal-phenolic coordination. This particle class exhibits unique in vivo behavior (e.g., biodistribution and immune cell interactions) and has recently been explored for drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, and the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong 250100 , China
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and the Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Mattias Björnmalm
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and the Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical Engineering , Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | - Yi Ju
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and the Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and the Department of Chemical Engineering , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
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11
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Lee H, Roh YH, Kim HU, Bong KW. Low temperature flow lithography. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:054105. [PMID: 30310526 PMCID: PMC6153115 DOI: 10.1063/1.5047016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Flow lithography (FL) is a microfluidic technique distinguished for its ability to produce hydrogel microparticles of various geometrical and chemical designs. While FL is typically performed in room temperature, this paper reports a new technique called low temperature flow lithography that uses low synthesis temperature to increase the degree of polymerization of microparticles without compromising other aspects of flow lithography. We suggest that decreased oxygen diffusivity in low temperature is responsible for the increase in polymerization. Microparticles that exhibit a higher degree of polymerization display a more developed polymer network, ultimately resulting in a more defined morphology, higher incorporation of materials of interest, and improved functional performance. This work demonstrates the increase in the degree of polymerization by examining the temperature effect on both the physical and chemical structures of particles. We show applications of this technique in synthesizing thin microparticles and enhancing microparticle-based detection of microRNA. Low temperature FL offers a simple and easy method of improving the degree of polymerization, which can be implemented in a wide range of FL applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lee
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Y H Roh
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - H U Kim
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - K W Bong
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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12
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Hou X, Zhang YS, Trujillo-de Santiago G, Alvarez MM, Ribas J, Jonas SJ, Weiss PS, Andrews AM, Aizenberg J, Khademhosseini A. Interplay between materials and microfluidics. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2017; 2:17016. [PMID: 38993477 PMCID: PMC11237287 DOI: 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Developments in the field of microfluidics have triggered technological revolutions in many disciplines, including chemical synthesis, electronics, diagnostics, single-cell analysis, micro- and nanofabrication, and pharmaceutics. In many of these areas, rapid growth is driven by the increasing synergy between fundamental materials development and new microfluidic capabilities. In this Review, we critically evaluate both how recent advances in materials fabrication have expanded the frontiers of microfluidic platforms and how the improved microfluidic capabilities are, in turn, furthering materials design. We discuss how various inorganic and organic materials enable the fabrication of systems with advanced mechanical, optical, chemical, electrical and biointerfacial properties - in particular, when these materials are combined into new hybrids and modular configurations. The increasing sophistication of microfluidic techniques has also expanded the range of resources available for the fabrication of new materials, including particles and fibres with specific functionalities, 3D (bio)printed composites and organoids. Together, these advances lead to complex, multifunctional systems, which have many interesting potential applications, especially in the biomedical and bioengineering domains. Future exploration of the interactions between materials science and microfluidics will continue to enrich the diversity of applications across engineering as well as the physical and biomedical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Hou
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Grissel Trujillo-de Santiago
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Microsystems Technologies Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Mario Moisés Alvarez
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Microsystems Technologies Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - João Ribas
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3030-789, Portugal
| | - Steven J Jonas
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
- California NanoSystems Institute and Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Paul S Weiss
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute and Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Anne M Andrews
- California NanoSystems Institute and Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Microsystems Technologies Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Krutkramelis K, Xia B, Oakey J. Monodisperse polyethylene glycol diacrylate hydrogel microsphere formation by oxygen-controlled photopolymerization in a microfluidic device. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1457-65. [PMID: 26987384 PMCID: PMC4829474 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00254d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PEG-based hydrogels have become widely used as drug delivery and tissue scaffolding materials. Common among PEG hydrogel-forming polymers are photopolymerizable acrylates such as polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA). Microfluidics and microfabrication technologies have recently enabled the miniaturization of PEGDA structures, thus enabling many possible applications for nano- and micro- structured hydrogels. The presence of oxygen, however, dramatically inhibits the photopolymerization of PEGDA, which in turn frustrates hydrogel formation in environments of persistently high oxygen concentration. Using PEGDA that has been emulsified in fluorocarbon oil via microfluidic flow focusing within polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) devices, we show that polymerization is completely inhibited below critical droplet diameters. By developing an integrated model incorporating reaction kinetics and oxygen diffusion, we demonstrate that the critical droplet diameter is largely determined by the oxygen transport rate, which is dictated by the oxygen saturation concentration of the continuous oil phase. To overcome this fundamental limitation, we present a nitrogen micro-jacketed microfluidic device to reduce oxygen within the droplet, enabling the continuous on-chip photopolymerization of microscale PEGDA particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Krutkramelis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, USA.
| | - B Xia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, USA.
| | - J Oakey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, USA.
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Tumbleston JR, Shirvanyants D, Ermoshkin N, Janusziewicz R, Johnson AR, Kelly D, Chen K, Pinschmidt R, Rolland JP, Ermoshkin A, Samulski ET, DeSimone JM. Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects. Science 2015; 347:1349-52. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa2397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1253] [Impact Index Per Article: 139.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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An HZ, Eral HB, Chen L, Chen MB, Doyle PS. Synthesis of colloidal microgels using oxygen-controlled flow lithography. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:7595-605. [PMID: 25119975 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm01400f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report a synthesis approach based on stop-flow lithography (SFL) for fabricating colloidal microparticles with any arbitrary 2D-extruded shape. By modulating the degree of oxygen inhibition during synthesis, we achieved previously unattainable particle sizes. Brownian diffusion of colloidal discs in bulk suggests the out-of-plane dimension can be as small as 0.8 μm, which agrees with confocal microscopy measurements. We measured the hindered diffusion of microdiscs near a solid surface and compared our results to theoretical predictions. These colloidal particles can also flow through physiological microvascular networks formed by endothelial cells undergoing vasculogensis under minimal hydrostatic pressure (∼5 mm H2O). This versatile platform creates future opportunities for on-chip parametric studies of particle geometry effects on particle passage properties, distribution and cellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Z An
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Stop-flow Lithography to Continuously Fabricate Microlens Structures Utilizing an Adjustable Three-Dimensional Mask. MICROMACHINES 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/mi5030667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Breul AM, Hager MD, Schubert US. Fluorescent monomers as building blocks for dye labeled polymers: synthesis and application in energy conversion, biolabeling and sensors. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:5366-407. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35478d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Desmarais SM, Haagsman HP, Barron AE. Microfabricated devices for biomolecule encapsulation. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2639-49. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Henk P. Haagsman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology; Utrecht University; Utrecht; The Netherlands
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Microfluidic-Based Synthesis of Hydrogel Particles for Cell Microencapsulation and Cell-Based Drug Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/polym4021084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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