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Ketkar RN, Dey P, Sodnawar T, Sharma S, M M, Dutta Choudhury S, Sadhukhan N. Dual Functional Microcapsule based on Monodisperse Short PEG Amphiphile for Drug Encapsulation and Protein Affinity Controlled Release. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400144. [PMID: 38487959 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
A short monodisperse poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and a neutral organic rotamer conjugate TEG-BTA-2 amphiphile was designed for the construction of a stimuli-responsive switchable self-assembled structure for drug encapsulation by noncovalent interaction and targeted controlled delivery. A short PEG, tetraethylene glycol (TEG) was covalently attached with a neutral organic rotamer benzothiazole dye (BTA-2) affording the neutral TEG-BTA-2 (<500 D). The TEG-BTA-2 is self-assembled into a microsphere in an aqueous medium, but remarkably undergoes morphology change switching to a rice-like microcapsule for curcumin encapsulation. Curcumin-loaded microcapsules were stable in an aqueous solution, however, were noticed disintegrating upon the addition of BSA protein. This is possibly due to an interaction with BSA protein leading to a protein affinity-controlled curcumin release in a neutral PBS buffer. Moreover, cell internalization of the neutral amphiphile TEG-BTA-2 into A549 cells was observed by fluorescence microscopy, providing an opportunity for application as a molecular vehicle for targeted drug delivery and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit N Ketkar
- Department of Speciality Chemicals Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Paritosh Dey
- Department of Speciality Chemicals Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Triveni Sodnawar
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Shilpy Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Manikandan M
- Medicinal Chemistry and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400005, India
| | - Sharmistha Dutta Choudhury
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Nabanita Sadhukhan
- Department of Speciality Chemicals Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
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Rahman M, Almalki WH, Afzal O, Alfawaz Altamimi AS, Najib Ullah SNM, Abul Barkat M, Beg S. Chiral-engineered supraparticles: Emerging tools for drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103420. [PMID: 36309193 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The handedness of chiral-engineered supraparticles (CE-SPs) influences their interactions with cells and proteins, as evidenced by the increased penetration of breast, cervical, and myeloma cell membranes by d-chirality-coordinated SPs. Quartz crystal dissipation and isothermal titration calorimetry have been used to investigate such chiral-specific interactions. d-SPs are more thermodynamically stable compared with l-SPs in terms of their adhesion. Proteases and other endogenous proteins can be shielded by the opposite chirality of d-SPs, resulting in longer half-lives. Incorporating nanosystems with d-chirality increases uptake by cancer cells and prolongs in vivo stability, demonstrating the importance of chirality in biomaterials. Thus, as we discuss here, chiral nanosystems could enhance drug delivery systems, tumor markers, and biosensors, among other biomaterial-based technologies, by allowing for better control over their features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfoozur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, SIHAS, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, India.
| | - Waleed H Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Md Abul Barkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarwar Beg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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3
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Caccamo MT, Magazù S. Multiscale Spectral Analysis on Lysozyme Aqueous Solutions in the Presence of PolyEthyleneGlycol. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248760. [PMID: 36557893 PMCID: PMC9781088 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy measurements were performed on Lysozyme aqueous solutions also in the presence of PolyEthylene Glycol (PEG 400) as a function of an increasing temperature from T = 27 °C to 90 °C, and, successively in sequence, by decreasing temperatures from T = 90 °C to 27 °C. Data were analyzed by evaluating the spectral difference with respect to the initial spectrum collected at 27 °C. This procedure allows to quantitatively evaluate the thermal restraint related to the thermal scan from T = 27 °C to 90 °C, as well as to introduce a spectral resilience concerning the entire increasing and decreasing thermal paths which allow to highlight the bioprotectant effectiveness of low molecular weight PEG. In particular, the main purpose of the present work is to highlight the effects of a thermal treatment on a mixture of Lysozyme/water and of Lysozyme/water/PEG 400 during an increasing temperature scan, and then after a successive decreasing temperature scan, in order to highlight the bioprotectant role of PEG 400. On that score, an evaluation of the spectral distances of the registered spectra as a function of increasing and decreasing temperatures has been performed and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Caccamo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze Della Terra, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Scienze Fisiche Applicate (CISFA), Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.T.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Salvatore Magazù
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze Della Terra, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Scienze Fisiche Applicate (CISFA), Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.T.C.); (S.M.)
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Bendrea AD, Cianga L, Ailiesei GL, Ursu EL, Göen Colak D, Cianga I. 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) End-Group Functionalized Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL): Self-Assembly in Organic Solvents and Its Coincidentally Observed Peculiar Behavior in Thin Film and Protonated Media. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2720. [PMID: 34451259 PMCID: PMC8400159 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
End-group functionalization of homopolymers is a valuable way to produce high-fidelity nanostructured and functional soft materials when the structures obtained have the capacity for self-assembly (SA) encoded in their structural details. Herein, an end-functionalized PCL with a π-conjugated EDOT moiety, (EDOT-PCL), designed exclusively from hydrophobic domains, as a functional "hydrophobic amphiphile", was synthesized in the bulk ROP of ε-caprolactone. The experimental results obtained by spectroscopic methods, including NMR, UV-vis, and fluorescence, using DLS and by AFM, confirm that in solvents with extremely different polarities (chloroform and acetonitrile), EDOT-PCL presents an interaction- and structure-based bias, which is strong and selective enough to exert control over supramolecular packing, both in dispersions and in the film state. This leads to the diversity of SA structures, including spheroidal, straight, and helical rods, as well as orthorhombic single crystals, with solvent-dependent shapes and sizes, confirming that EDOT-PCL behaves as a "block-molecule". According to the results from AFM imaging, an unexpected transformation of micelle-type nanostructures into single 2D lamellar crystals, through breakout crystallization, took place by simple acetonitrile evaporation during the formation of the film on the mica support at room temperature. Moreover, EDOT-PCL's propensity for spontaneous oxidant-free oligomerization in acidic media was proposed as a presumptive answer for the unexpected appearance of blue color during its dissolution in CDCl3 at a high concentration. FT-IR, UV-vis, and fluorescence techniques were used to support this claim. Besides being intriguing and unforeseen, the experimental findings concerning EDOT-PCL have raised new and interesting questions that deserve to be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca-Dana Bendrea
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A, Grigore-Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.-D.B.); (E.-L.U.)
| | - Luminita Cianga
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A, Grigore-Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.-D.B.); (E.-L.U.)
| | - Gabriela-Liliana Ailiesei
- NMR Spectroscopy Department, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A, Grigore-Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Elena-Laura Ursu
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A, Grigore-Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.-D.B.); (E.-L.U.)
| | - Demet Göen Colak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey;
| | - Ioan Cianga
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A, Grigore-Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.-D.B.); (E.-L.U.)
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Sundar S, Sandilya AA, Priya MH. Unraveling the Influence of Osmolytes on Water Hydrogen-Bond Network: From Local Structure to Graph Theory Analysis. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:3927-3944. [PMID: 34379415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Water structure in aqueous osmolyte solutions, deduced from the slight alteration in the water-water radial distribution function, the decrease in water-water hydrogen bonding, and tetrahedral ordering based only on the orientation of nearest water molecules derived from the molecular dynamics simulations, appears to have been perturbed. A careful analysis, however, reveals that the hydrogen bonding and the tetrahedral ordering around a water molecule in binary solutions remain intact as in neat water when the contribution of osmolyte-water interactions is appropriately incorporated. Furthermore, the distribution of the water binding energies and the water excess chemical potential of solvation in solutions are also pretty much the same as in neat water. Osmolytes are, therefore, well integrated into the hydrogen-bond network of water. Indeed, osmolytes tend to preferentially hydrogen bond with water molecules and their interaction energies are strongly correlated to their hydrogen-bonding capability. The graph network analysis, further, illustrates that osmolytes act as hubs in the percolated hydrogen-bond network of solutions. The degree of hydrogen bonding of osmolytes predominantly determines all of the network properties. Osmolytes like ethanol that form fewer hydrogen bonds than a water molecule disrupt the water hydrogen-bond network, while other osmolytes that form more hydrogen bonds effectively increase the connectivity among water molecules. Our observation of minimal variation in the local structure and the vitality of osmolyte-water hydrogen bonds on the solution network properties clearly imply that the direct interaction between protein and osmolytes is solely responsible for the protein stability. Further, the relevance of hydrogen bonds on solution properties suggests that the hydrogen-bonding interaction among protein, water, and osmolyte could be the key determinant of the protein conformation in solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smrithi Sundar
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Avilasha A Sandilya
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - M Hamsa Priya
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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Yeom J, Guimaraes PPG, Ahn HM, Jung B, Hu Q, McHugh K, Mitchell MJ, Yun CO, Langer R, Jaklenec A. Chiral Supraparticles for Controllable Nanomedicine. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903878. [PMID: 31686433 PMCID: PMC6986383 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Chirality is ubiquitous in nature and hard-wired into every biological system. Despite the prevalence of chirality in biological systems, controlling biomaterial chirality to influence interactions with cells has only recently been explored. Chiral-engineered supraparticles (SPs) that interact differentially with cells and proteins depending on their handedness are presented. SPs coordinated with d-chirality demonstrate greater than threefold enhanced cell membrane penetration in breast, cervical, and multiple myeloma cancer cells. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation and isothermal titration calorimetry measurements reveal the mechanism of these chiral-specific interactions. Thermodynamically, d-SPs show more stable adhesion to lipid layers composed of phospholipids and cholesterol compared to l-SPs. In vivo, d-SPs exhibit superior stability and longer biological half-lives likely due to opposite chirality and thus protection from endogenous proteins including proteases. This work shows that incorporating d-chirality into nanosystems enhances uptake by cancer cells and prolonged in vivo stability in circulation, providing support for the importance of chirality in biomaterials. Thus, chiral nanosystems may have the potential to provide a new level of control for drug delivery systems, tumor detection markers, biosensors, and other biomaterial-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyeon Yeom
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Pedro P. G. Guimaraes
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Hyo Min Ahn
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - BoKyeong Jung
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Quanyin Hu
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Kevin McHugh
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Michael J. Mitchell
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Ana Jaklenec
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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7
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Kuttich B, Grillo I, Schöttner S, Gallei M, Stühn B. Polymer conformation in nanoscopic soft confinement. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:6709-6717. [PMID: 28829089 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01179b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We study the conformation of a polymer (polyethylene glycol) in a nanoscopic soft confinement with attractive walls. The polymer is added to a water-in-oil microemulsion based on the deuterated anionic surfactant AOT, d-octane and D2O. Three different droplet sizes and up to three polymers per droplet are investigated with small angle scattering combining X-rays and neutrons. This allows determining the confinement size and polymer conformation on identical samples. Whereas polymer conformation in bulk is found to be well described with the model of a Gaussian coil its radius of gyration is drastically increased in the droplet. At the same time it is compressed on a local scale. This supports the picture of a polymer strongly adsorbed on the surfactant layer with a thickness of several Angstroms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Kuttich
- Experimental Condensed Matter Physics, TU Darmstadt, Germany.
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Poulsen NN, Østergaard J, Petersen NJ, Daasbjerg K, Iruthayaraj J, Dedinaite A, Makuska R, Jensen H. Automated coating procedures to produce poly(ethylene glycol) brushes in fused-silica capillaries. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:779-788. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesper Østergaard
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Kim Daasbjerg
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Joseph Iruthayaraj
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
- Biological and Chemical Engineering Division; Aarhus University; Aarhus N Denmark
| | - Andra Dedinaite
- Department of Chemistry; Surface and Corrosion Science; School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ricardas Makuska
- Department of Polymer Chemistry; Vilnius University; Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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Bekale L, Agudelo D, Tajmir-Riahi H. The role of polymer size and hydrophobic end-group in PEG–protein interaction. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 130:141-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Sadhukhan N, Muraoka T, Ui M, Nagatoishi S, Tsumoto K, Kinbara K. Protein stabilization by an amphiphilic short monodisperse oligo(ethylene glycol). Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:8457-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc10301g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phenyl-appended octa(ethylene glycol) suppresses aggregation of thermally and chemically denatured lysozyme, demonstrating that octa(ethylene glycol) is almost the shortest oligoethylene glycol for providing the capability of stabilizing proteins to molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabanita Sadhukhan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8577
- Japan
| | - Takahiro Muraoka
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8577
- Japan
- PRESTO
| | - Mihoko Ui
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8577
- Japan
| | | | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
| | - Kazushi Kinbara
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8577
- Japan
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Rodriguez-Lorenzo L, Fytianos K, Blank F, von Garnier C, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Petri-Fink A. Fluorescence-encoded gold nanoparticles: library design and modulation of cellular uptake into dendritic cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1341-1350. [PMID: 24482355 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201302889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to harness the unique properties of nanoparticles for novel clinical applications and to modulate their uptake into specific immune cells we designed a new library of homo- and hetero-functional fluorescence-encoded gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) using different poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(ethylene glycol)-based polymers for particle coating and stabilization. The encoded particles were fully characterized by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, zeta potential and dynamic light scattering. The uptake by human monocyte derived dendritic cells in vitro was studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy and quantified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. We show how the chemical modification of particle surfaces, for instance by attaching fluorescent dyes, can conceal fundamental particle properties and modulate cellular uptake. In order to mask the influence of fluorescent dyes on cellular uptake while still exploiting its fluorescence for detection, we have created hetero-functionalized Au-NPs, which again show typical particle dependent cellular interactions. Our study clearly prove that the thorough characterization of nanoparticles at each modification step in the engineering process is absolutely essential and that it can be necessary to make substantial adjustments of the particles in order to obtain reliable cellular uptake data, which truly reflects particle properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rodriguez-Lorenzo
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Route de l'Ancienne Papeterie, P.O. Box 209, Marly 1723, (Switzerland)
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