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Misawa N, Tomida M, Murakami Y, Mitsuno H, Kanzaki R. Xenopus laevis Oocyte Array Fluidic Device Integrated with Microelectrodes for A Compact Two-Electrode Voltage Clamping System. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2370. [PMID: 36904573 PMCID: PMC10007382 DOI: 10.3390/s23052370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report on a compact two-electrode voltage clamping system composed of microfabricated electrodes and a fluidic device for Xenopus laevis oocytes. The device was fabricated by assembling Si-based electrode chips and acrylic frames to form fluidic channels. After the installation of Xenopus oocytes into the fluidic channels, the device can be separated in order to measure changes in oocyte plasma membrane potential in each channel using an external amplifier. Using fluid simulations and experiments, we investigated the success rates of Xenopus oocyte arrays and electrode insertion with respect to the flow rate. We successfully located each oocyte in the array and detected oocyte responses to chemical stimuli using our device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Misawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Tomida
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi 441-8580, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuji Murakami
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, 2200-2 Toyosawa, Fukuroi 437-8555, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Mitsuno
- Research Centre for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku 153-8904, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kanzaki
- Research Centre for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku 153-8904, Tokyo, Japan
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Kolker Baravik I, Capua E, Ainbinder E, Naaman R. Sensing Cellular Metabolic Activity via a Molecular-Controlled Semiconductor Resistor. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:8550-8556. [PMID: 30023585 PMCID: PMC6045411 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, we have developed a molecular-controlled semiconductor resistor (MOCSER) device that is highly sensitive to variations in its surface potentials. This device was applied as a molecular sensor both in the gas phase and in solutions. The device is based on an AlGaAs/GaAs structure. In the current work, we developed an electronic biosensor for real-time, label-free monitoring of cellular metabolic activity by culturing HeLa cells directly on top of the device's conductive channel. Several properties of GaAs make it attractive for developing biosensors, among others its high electron mobility and ability to control the device's properties by proper epitaxial growing. However, GaAs is very reactive and sensitive to oxidation in aqueous solutions, and its arsenic residues are highly toxic. Nevertheless, we have managed to overcome this inherent chemical instability by developing a surface-protecting layer using polymerized (3-mercaptopropyl)-trimethoxysilane (MPTMS). To improve cell adhesion and biocompatibility, the MPTMS-coated devices were further modified with an additional layer of (3-aminopropyl)-trimethoxysilane (APTMS). HeLa cells were found to grow successfully on these devices, and MOCSER devices cultured with these cells were stable and sensitive to cellular metabolic activity. The sensitivity of the MOCSER device results from the sensing of extracellular acidification in the microenvironment of the cell-MOCSER interspace. We have found that this sensitivity is maintained only when the device is partially covered with the cellular layer, whereas at full coverage the sensitivity is lost. This phenomenon is related to the negatively charged cellular membrane potentials that lead to a reduction in the channel's conductivity. We propose that the coated MOCSER device can be applied for real-time and continuous monitoring of cellular viability and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilina Kolker Baravik
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics and Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Eyal Capua
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics and Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Elena Ainbinder
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics and Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics and Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- E-mail: (R.N.)
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Sakaguchi N, Kimura Y, Hirano-Iwata A, Ogino T. Fabrication of Au-Nanoparticle-Embedded Lipid Bilayer Membranes Supported on Solid Substrates. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:4474-4481. [PMID: 28414450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We fabricated gold nanoparticle (Au-NP)-embedded supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) by two methods. In the vesicle-vesicle fusion method, vesicles with hydrophobized Au-NPs are ruptured and fused on SiO2/Si substrates. In the vesicle-membrane fusion method, SLBs without Au-NPs were preformed on the substrate and then vesicles with Au-NPs were fused into the preformed membranes. In the former method, Au-NP incorporation into the SLBs was observed as an increase in the membrane thickness in atomic force microscopy (AFM) images and directly observed by transmission electron microscopy. In the latter method, fusion of vesicles into the preformed membranes was confirmed by the fluorescent color change in the preformed membranes, and Au-NP incorporation was also confirmed by an increase in the membrane thickness in the AFM images. Key techniques for the successful vesicle-membrane fusion are hydrophobization of Au-NPs, approach control of vesicles by mixing the charged lipids, and destabilization of the lipid bilayers by adding lipids with a small polar headgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotoshi Sakaguchi
- Yokohama National University , 79-1, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kimura
- Tokyo University of Technology , 1404-1, Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | | | - Toshio Ogino
- Yokohama National University , 79-1, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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Abstract
We design sensors where information is transferred between the sensing event and the actuator via quantum relaxation processes, through distances of a few nanometers. We thus explore the possibility of sensing using intrinsically quantum mechanical phenomena that are also at play in photobiology, bioenergetics, and information processing. Specifically, we analyze schemes for sensing based on charge transfer and polarization (electronic relaxation) processes. These devices can have surprising properties. Their sensitivity can increase with increasing separation between the sites of sensing (the receptor) and the actuator (often a solid-state substrate). This counterintuitive response and other quantum features give these devices favorable characteristics, such as enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. Using coherent phenomena at the core of molecular sensing presents technical challenges but also suggests appealing schemes for molecular sensing and information transfer in supramolecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - David N Beratan
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708; and
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Das BB, Park SH, Opella SJ. Membrane protein structure from rotational diffusion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1848:229-45. [PMID: 24747039 PMCID: PMC4201901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The motional averaging of powder pattern line shapes is one of the most fundamental aspects of sold-state NMR. Since membrane proteins in liquid crystalline phospholipid bilayers undergo fast rotational diffusion, all of the signals reflect the angles of the principal axes of their dipole-dipole and chemical shift tensors with respect to the axis defined by the bilayer normal. The frequency span and sign of the axially symmetric powder patterns that result from motional averaging about a common axis provide sufficient structural restraints for the calculation of the three-dimensional structure of a membrane protein in a phospholipid bilayer environment. The method is referred to as rotationally aligned (RA) solid-state NMR and demonstrated with results on full-length, unmodified membrane proteins with one, two, and seven trans-membrane helices. RA solid-state NMR is complementary to other solid-state NMR methods, in particular oriented sample (OS) solid-state NMR of stationary, aligned samples. Structural distortions of membrane proteins from the truncations of terminal residues and other sequence modifications, and the use of detergent micelles instead of phospholipid bilayers have also been demonstrated. Thus, it is highly advantageous to determine the structures of unmodified membrane proteins in liquid crystalline phospholipid bilayers under physiological conditions. RA solid-state NMR provides a general method for obtaining accurate and precise structures of membrane proteins under near-native conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhuti B Das
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307 USA
| | - Sang Ho Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307 USA
| | - Stanley J Opella
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0307 USA.
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Römhildt L, Gang A, Baraban L, Opitz J, Cuniberti G. High yield formation of lipid bilayer shells around silicon nanowires in aqueous solution. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:355601. [PMID: 23917521 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/35/355601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The combination of nanoscaled materials and biological self-assembly is a key step for the development of novel approaches for biotechnology and bionanoelectronic devices. Here we propose a route to merge these two subsystems and report on the formation of highly concentrated aqueous solutions of silanized silicon nanowires wrapped in a lipid bilayer shell. We developed protocols and investigated the dynamics of lipid films on both planar surfaces and silicon nanowires using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, demonstrating fully intact and fluid bilayers without the presence of a lipid molecule reservoir. Finally, the experimental setup allowed for in situ observation of spontaneous bilayer formation around the nanowire by lipid diffusion from a vesicle to the nanowire. Such aqueous solutions of lipid coated nanowires are a versatile tool for characterization purposes and are relevant for newly emerging bioinspired electronics and nanosensorics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Römhildt
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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Tatikonda AK, Tkachev M, Naaman R. A highly sensitive hybrid organic–inorganic sensor for continuous monitoring of hemoglobin. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 45:201-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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