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Yan T, Chen X, Kumari L, Lin J, Li M, Fan Q, Chi H, Meyer TJ, Zhang S, Ma X. Multiscale CO 2 Electrocatalysis to C 2+ Products: Reaction Mechanisms, Catalyst Design, and Device Fabrication. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10530-10583. [PMID: 37589482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis of value-added chemicals, directly from CO2, could foster achievement of carbon neutral through an alternative electrical approach to the energy-intensive thermochemical industry for carbon utilization. Progress in this area, based on electrogeneration of multicarbon products through CO2 electroreduction, however, lags far behind that for C1 products. Reaction routes are complicated and kinetics are slow with scale up to the high levels required for commercialization, posing significant problems. In this review, we identify and summarize state-of-art progress in multicarbon synthesis with a multiscale perspective and discuss current hurdles to be resolved for multicarbon generation from CO2 reduction including atomistic mechanisms, nanoscale electrocatalysts, microscale electrodes, and macroscale electrolyzers with guidelines for future research. The review ends with a cross-scale perspective that links discrepancies between different approaches with extensions to performance and stability issues that arise from extensions to an industrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Yan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lata Kumari
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jianlong Lin
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Minglu Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qun Fan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haoyuan Chi
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Xinbin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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Olbrich W, Kadyk T, Sauter U, Eikerling M. Modeling of wetting phenomena in cathode catalyst layers for PEM fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lei J, Liu X, Chen X, Luo H, Feng W, Zhang J, Liu F, Pei S, Zhang Y. Ultra-bubble-repellent sodium perfluorosulfonic acid membrane with a mussel-inspired intermediate layer for high-efficiency chlor-alkali electrolysis. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Protein Crystallization in a Microfluidic Contactor with Nafion ®117 Membranes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11080549. [PMID: 34436312 PMCID: PMC8398885 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein crystallization still remains mostly an empirical science, as the production of crystals with the required quality for X-ray analysis is dependent on the intensive screening of the best protein crystallization and crystal’s derivatization conditions. Herein, this demanding step was addressed by the development of a high-throughput and low-budget microfluidic platform consisting of an ion exchange membrane (117 Nafion® membrane) sandwiched between a channel layer (stripping phase compartment) and a wells layer (feed phase compartment) forming 75 independent micro-contactors. This microfluidic device allows for a simultaneous and independent screening of multiple protein crystallization and crystal derivatization conditions, using Hen Egg White Lysozyme (HEWL) as the model protein and Hg2+ as the derivatizing agent. This microdevice offers well-regulated crystallization and subsequent crystal derivatization processes based on the controlled transport of water and ions provided by the 117 Nafion® membrane. Diffusion coefficients of water and the derivatizing agent (Hg2+) were evaluated, showing the positive influence of the protein drop volume on the number of crystals and crystal size. This microfluidic system allowed for crystals with good structural stability and high X-ray diffraction quality and, thus, it is regarded as an efficient tool that may contribute to the enhancement of the proteins’ crystals structural resolution.
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Fouling reduction and recovery during forward osmosis of wastewater using an electroactive CNT composite membrane. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nesbitt NT, Burdyny T, Simonson H, Salvatore D, Bohra D, Kas R, Smith WA. Liquid–Solid Boundaries Dominate Activity of CO2 Reduction on Gas-Diffusion Electrodes. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T. Nesbitt
- Materials and Chemical Science and Technology (MCST) Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Thomas Burdyny
- Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Hunter Simonson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Danielle Salvatore
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Divya Bohra
- Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Recep Kas
- Materials and Chemical Science and Technology (MCST) Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Wilson A. Smith
- Materials and Chemical Science and Technology (MCST) Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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Uddin A, Dunsmore L, Zhang H, Hu L, Wu G, Litster S. High Power Density Platinum Group Metal-free Cathodes for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:2216-2224. [PMID: 31850728 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Low cost and high-performing platinum group metal-free (PGM-free) cathodes have the potential to transform the economics of polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) commercialization. Significant advancements have been made recently in terms of PGM-free catalyst activity and stability. However, before PGM-free catalysts become viable in PEFCs, several technical challenges must be addressed including cathode's fabrication, ionomer integration, and transport losses. Here, we present an integrated optimization of cathode performance that was achieved by simultaneously optimizing the catalyst morphology and electrode structure for high power density. The chemically doped metal-organic framework derived Fe-N-C catalyst we used allows precise tuning of the particle size over a wide range, enabling this unique study. Our results demonstrate the careful interplay between the catalyst primary particle size and the polymer electrolyte ionomer integration. The primary particles must be sufficiently large to permit uniform ionomer thin films throughout the surrounding pores, but not so large as to impact intraparticle transport to the active sites. The content of ionomer must be carefully balanced between sufficient loading for the complete catalyst coverage and adequate proton conductivity, while not being excessive and inducing large oxygen transport losses and liquid water flooding. With the optimal 100 nm size catalyst and ionomer loading, we achieved a high power density of 410 mW/cm2 at a rated voltage and a peak power density of 610 mW/cm2 in an automotive-relevant operating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Uddin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Lisa Dunsmore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Hanguang Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States
| | - Leiming Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States
| | - Shawn Litster
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
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Vulcan Carbon as Support for Sputtered Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-019-00549-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Li K, Han Y, Li J, Xing H, Chen L, Li G, Zhu X, Wang E. A Molybdenum Carbide Nanotubes Modified Electrode as the Functionalized Sensing Platform for Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic EnvironmentMinistry of EducationJilin Jianzhu University Changchun, Jilin 130118, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China
| | - Yanchao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China
| | - Huanhuan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic EnvironmentMinistry of EducationJilin Jianzhu University Changchun, Jilin 130118, PR China
| | - Guang Li
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic EnvironmentMinistry of EducationJilin Jianzhu University Changchun, Jilin 130118, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China
| | - Erkang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun, Jilin 130022, PR China
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Li X, Forouzandeh F, Kakanat AJ, Feng F, Banham DWH, Ye S, Kwok DY, Birss V. Surface Characteristics of Microporous and Mesoporous Carbons Functionalized with Pentafluorophenyl Groups. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:2130-2142. [PMID: 29236474 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The in situ diazonium reduction reaction is a reliable and well-known approach for the surface modification of carbon materials for use in a range of applications, including in energy conversion, as chromatography supports, in sensors, etc. Here, this approach was used for the first time with mesoporous colloid-imprinted carbons (CICs), materials that contain ordered monodisperse pores (10-100 nm in diameter) and are inherently highly hydrophilic, using a common microporous carbon (Vulcan carbon (VC)), which is relatively more hydrophobic, for a comparison. The ultimate goal of this work was to modify the CIC wettability without altering its nanostructure and also to lower its susceptibility to oxidation, as required in fuel cell and battery electrodes, by the attachment of pentafluorophenyl (-PhF5) groups onto their surfaces. This was shown to be successful for the CIC, with the -PhF5 groups uniformly coating the inner pore walls at a surface coverage of ca. 90% and allowing full solution access to the mesopores, while the -PhF5 groups deposited only on the outer VC surface, likely blocking its micropores. Contact angle kinetics measurements showed enhanced hydrophobicity, as anticipated, for both the -PhF5 modified CIC and VC materials, even revealing superhydrophobicity at times for the CIC materials. In contrast, water vapor sorption and cyclic voltammetry suggested that the micropores remained hydrophilic, arising from the deposition of smaller N- and O-containing surface groups, caused by a side reaction during the in situ diazonium functionalization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoan Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Farisa Forouzandeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Abraham Joseph Kakanat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Fangxia Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Dustin William H Banham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Ballard Power Systems , 9000 Glenlyon Parkway, Burnaby, British Columbia V5J 5J8, Canada
| | - Siyu Ye
- Ballard Power Systems , 9000 Glenlyon Parkway, Burnaby, British Columbia V5J 5J8, Canada
| | - Daniel Y Kwok
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Viola Birss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Monodisperse Mw-Pt NPs@VC as Highly Efficient and Reusable Adsorbents for Methylene Blue Removal. J CLUST SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-016-1054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Andersen SM, Skou E. Electrochemical performance and durability of carbon supported Pt catalyst in contact with aqueous and polymeric proton conductors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:16565-16576. [PMID: 25216270 DOI: 10.1021/am5028956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Significant differences in catalyst performance and durability are often observed between the use of a liquid electrolyte (e.g., sulfuric acid), and a solid polymer electrolyte (e.g., Nafion). To understand this phenomenon, we studied the electrochemical behavior of a commercially available carbon supported platinum catalyst in four different electrode structures: catalyst powder (CP), catalyst ionomer electrode (CIE), half membrane electrode assembly (HMEA), and full membrane electrode assembly (FMEA) in both ex situ and in situ experiments under a simulated start/stop cycle. We found that the catalyst performance and stability are very much influenced by the presence of the Nafion ionomers. The proton conducting phase provided by the ionomer and the self-assembled electrode structure render the catalysts a higher utilization and better stability. This is probably due to an enhanced dispersion, an improved proton-catalyst interface, the restriction of catalyst particle aggregation, and the improved stability of the ionomer phase especially after the lamination. Therefore, an innovative electrode HMEA design for ex-situ catalyst characterization is proposed. The electrode structure is identical to the one used in a real fuel cell, where the protons transport takes place solely through solid state proton conducting phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ma Andersen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark , Niels Bohrs Allé 1, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
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