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Zhong J, Riordon J, Zandavi SH, Xu Y, Persad AH, Mostowfi F, Sinton D. Capillary Condensation in 8 nm Deep Channels. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:497-503. [PMID: 29323911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b03003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Condensation on the nanoscale is essential to understand many natural and synthetic systems relevant to water, air, and energy. Despite its importance, the underlying physics of condensation initiation and propagation remain largely unknown at sub-10 nm, mainly due to the challenges of controlling and probing such small systems. Here we study the condensation of n-propane down to 8 nm confinement in a nanofluidic system, distinct from previous studies at ∼100 nm. The condensation initiates significantly earlier in the 8 nm channels, and it initiates from the entrance, in contrast to channels just 10 times larger. The condensate propagation is observed to be governed by two liquid-vapor interfaces with an interplay between film and bridging effects. We model the experimental results using classical theories and find good agreement, demonstrating that this 8 nm nonpolar fluid system can be treated as a continuum from a thermodynamic perspective, despite having only 10-20 molecular layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhong
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Jason Riordon
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Seyed Hadi Zandavi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Aaron H Persad
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Farshid Mostowfi
- Schlumberger-Doll Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David Sinton
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
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Zeng Y, Prasetyo L, Tan SJ, Fan C, Do D, Nicholson D. On the hysteresis of adsorption and desorption of simple gases in open end and closed end pores. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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3
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Zhong J, Zandavi SH, Li H, Bao B, Persad AH, Mostowfi F, Sinton D. Condensation in One-Dimensional Dead-End Nanochannels. ACS NANO 2017; 11:304-313. [PMID: 27977139 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Phase change at the nanoscale is at the heart of many biological and geological phenomena. The recent emergence and global implications of unconventional oil and gas production from nanoporous shale further necessitate a higher understanding of phase behavior at these scales. Here, we directly observe condensation and condensate growth of a light hydrocarbon (propane) in discrete sub-100 nm (∼70 nm) channels. Two different condensation mechanisms at this nanoscale are distinguished, continuous growth and discontinuous growth due to liquid bridging ahead of the meniscus, both leading to similar net growth rates. The growth rates agree well with those predicted by a suitably defined thermofluid resistance model. In contrast to phase change at larger scales (∼220 and ∼1000 nm cases), the rate of liquid condensate growth in channels of sub-100 nm size is found to be limited mainly by vapor flow resistance (∼70% of the total resistance here), with interface resistance making up the difference. The condensation-induced vapor flow is in the transitional flow regime (Knudsen flow accounting for up to 13% of total resistance here). Collectively, these results demonstrate that with confinement at sub-100 nm scales, such as is commonly found in porous shale and other applications, condensation conditions deviate from the microscale and larger bulk conditions chiefly due to vapor flow and interface resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhong
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
| | - Seyed Hadi Zandavi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
| | - Huawei Li
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
| | - Bo Bao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
| | - Aaron H Persad
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
| | - Farshid Mostowfi
- Schlumberger-Doll Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - David Sinton
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
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Zeng Y, Do DD, Nicholson D. A novel algorithm to accelerate the convergence of grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation of non-uniform fluids. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2016.1261137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Zeng
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - D. D. Do
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - D. Nicholson
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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Huber P. Soft matter in hard confinement: phase transition thermodynamics, structure, texture, diffusion and flow in nanoporous media. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:103102. [PMID: 25679044 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/10/103102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Spatial confinement in nanoporous media affects the structure, thermodynamics and mobility of molecular soft matter often markedly. This article reviews thermodynamic equilibrium phenomena, such as physisorption, capillary condensation, crystallisation, self-diffusion, and structural phase transitions as well as selected aspects of the emerging field of spatially confined, non-equilibrium physics, i.e. the rheology of liquids, capillarity-driven flow phenomena, and imbibition front broadening in nanoporous materials. The observations in the nanoscale systems are related to the corresponding bulk phenomenologies. The complexity of the confined molecular species is varied from simple building blocks, like noble gas atoms, normal alkanes and alcohols to liquid crystals, polymers, ionic liquids, proteins and water. Mostly, experiments with mesoporous solids of alumina, gold, carbon, silica, and silicon with pore diameters ranging from a few up to 50 nm are presented. The observed peculiarities of nanopore-confined condensed matter are also discussed with regard to applications. A particular emphasis is put on texture formation upon crystallisation in nanoporous media, a topic both of high fundamental interest and of increasing nanotechnological importance, e.g. for the synthesis of organic/inorganic hybrid materials by melt infiltration, the usage of nanoporous solids in crystal nucleation or in template-assisted electrochemical deposition of nano structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Huber
- Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, Eißendorfer Str. 42, D-21073 Hamburg-Harburg (Germany
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Ceratti DR, Faustini M, Sinturel C, Vayer M, Dahirel V, Jardat M, Grosso D. Critical effect of pore characteristics on capillary infiltration in mesoporous films. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:5371-5382. [PMID: 25723817 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03021d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Capillary phenomena governing the mass-transport (capillary filling, condensation/evaporation) has been experimentally investigated in around 20 different silica thin films exhibiting various porosities with pores dimension ranging from 2 to 200 nm. Films have been prepared by sol-gel chemistry combined with soft-templating approaches and controlled dip coating process. Environmental ellipsometric porosimetry combined with electronic microscopy were used to assess the porosity characteristics. Investigation of lateral capillary filling was performed by following the natural infiltration of water and ionic liquids at the edge of a sessile drop in open air or underneath a PDMS cover. The Washburn model was applied to the displacement of the liquid front within the films to deduce the kinetic constants. The role of the different capillary phenomena were discussed with respect to the porosity characteristics (porosity vol%, pore dimensions and constrictions). We show that correlation between capillary filling rate and pore dimensions is not straightforward. Generally, with a minimum of constrictions, faster filling is observed for larger pores. In the case of mesopores (<50 nm in diameter), the presence of bottle necks considerably slows down the infiltration rate. At such a small dimension, evaporation/capillary condensation dynamics, taking place at the meniscus inside the porosity, has to be considered to explain the transport mode. This fundamental study is of interest for applications involving liquids at the interface of mesoporous networks such as nanofluidics, purification, separation, water harvesting or heat transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Ceratti
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, UMR 7574, Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France.
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Bruschi L, Mistura G, Nguyen PTM, Do DD, Nicholson D, Park SJ, Lee W. Adsorption in alumina pores open at one and at both ends. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:2587-2596. [PMID: 25578390 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06469k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have studied adsorption in regular, self-ordered alumina pores open at both ends or only at one end. The straight, non-connected pores have diameters ranging from 22 to 83 nm, with a relative dispersion below 1% in the pore size. Adsorption isotherms measured in open pores with a torsional microbalance show pronounced hysteresis loops characterized by nearly vertical and parallel adsorption and desorption branches. Blocking one end of the pores with glue has a strong influence on adsorption, as expected from classical macroscopic arguments. However, the experimental measurements show an unexpectedly rich phenomenology dependent on the pore size. For large pores (Dp ≥ 67 nm), the isotherms for closed end pores present much narrower hysteresis loops whose adsorption and desorption boundaries envelop the desorption branches of the isotherms for the corresponding open pores of the same size. The loop for small closed end pores (Dp = 22 nm) is slightly wider than that for open pores while the adsorption branches coincide. For large pores, in contrast, the desorption branches of pores with the same Dp overlap regardless of the pore opening. These observations are in agreement with our grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations for a cylindrical pore model with constrictions, suggesting that the alumina pores could be modeled using a constricted pore model whose adsorption isotherm depends on the ratio of the constriction size to the pore size (Dc/Dp).
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Fan C, Zeng Y, Do D, Nicholson D. A molecular simulation study of adsorption and desorption in closed end slit pores: Is there a hysteresis loop? Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sengupta A, Adhikari J. A grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation study of argon and krypton confined inside weakly attractive slit pores. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2014.951352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Fan C, Do D, Nicholson D. On the existence of a hysteresis loop in open and closed end pores. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2013.869805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sengupta A, Behera P, Adhikari J. Molecular simulation study of triangle-well fluids confined in slit pores. Mol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2013.877166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ogoshi T, Sueto R, Yoshikoshi K, Yamagishi TA. One-dimensional channels constructed from per-hydroxylated pillar[6]arene molecules for gas and vapour adsorption. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15209-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06591c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report that one-dimensional channels constructed from per-hydroxylated pillar[6]arene molecules with a diameter of 6.7 Å can capture various gases, such as CO2, N2 and n-butane, and vapours of saturated hydrocarbons such as n-hexane and cyclohexane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Ogoshi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa, Japan
- JST
- PRESTO
| | - Ryuta Sueto
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yoshikoshi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tada-aki Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa, Japan
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Continuous adsorption in highly ordered porous matrices made by nanolithography. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2966. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Fan C, Do DD, Nicholson D. Condensation and Evaporation in Capillaries with Nonuniform Cross Sections. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie402549z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Fan
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St.
Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - D. D. Do
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St.
Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - D. Nicholson
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St.
Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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16
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On the hysteresis of argon adsorption in a uniform closed end slit pore. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 405:201-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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