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Guo M, Brewster Ii JT, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Zhao Y. Challenges and Opportunities of Chemiresistors Based on Microelectromechanical Systems for Chemical Olfaction. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17778-17801. [PMID: 36355033 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microelectromechanical-system (MEMS)-based semiconductor gas sensors are considered one of the fastest-growing, interdisciplinary high technologies during the post-Moore era. Modern advancements within this arena include wearable electronics, Internet of Things, and artificial brain-inspired intelligence, among other modalities, thus bringing opportunities to drive MEMS-based gas sensors with higher performance, lower costs, and wider applicability. However, the high demand for miniature and micropower sensors with unified processes on a single chip imposes great challenges. This review focuses on recent developments and pitfalls in MEMS-based micro- and nanoscale gas sensors and details future trends. We also cover the background of the topic, seminal efforts, current applications and challenges, and opportunities for next-generation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - James T Brewster Ii
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Boulder Research & Development, Boulder, Colorado80301, United States
| | - Huacheng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore637371, Singapore
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore637371, Singapore
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2
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Arrabito G, Gulli D, Alfano C, Pignataro B. "Writing biochips": high-resolution droplet-to-droplet manufacturing of analytical platforms. Analyst 2022; 147:1294-1312. [PMID: 35275148 DOI: 10.1039/d1an02295d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-resolution molecular printing allows the engineering of analytical platforms enabling applications at the interface between chemistry and biology, i.e. in biosensing, electronics, single-cell biology, and point-of-care diagnostics. Their successful implementation stems from the combination of large area printing at resolutions from sub-100 nm up to macroscale, whilst controlling the composition and volume of the ink, and reconfiguring the deposition features in due course. Similar to handwriting pens, the engineering of continuous writing systems tackles the issue of the tedious ink replenishment between different printing steps. To this aim, this review article provides an unprecedented analysis of the latest continuous printing methods for bioanalytical chemistry, focusing on ink deposition systems based on specific sets of technologies that have been developed to this aim, namely nanofountain probes, microcantilever spotting, capillary-based polymer pens and continuous 3D printing. Each approach will be discussed revealing the most important applications in the fields of biosensors, lab-on-chips and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Arrabito
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Building 17, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| | - Daniele Gulli
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Building 17, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| | - Caterina Alfano
- Structural Biology and Biophysics Unit, Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Bruno Pignataro
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Building 17, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
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3
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Saygin V, Xu B, Andersson SB, Brown KA. Closed-Loop Nanopatterning of Liquids with Dip-Pen Nanolithography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:14710-14717. [PMID: 33725437 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability to reliably manipulate small quantities of liquids is the backbone of high-throughput chemistry, but the continual drive for miniaturization necessitates creativity in how nanoscale samples of liquids are handled. Here, we describe a closed-loop method for patterning liquid samples on pL to sub-fL scales using scanning probe lithography. Specifically, we employ tipless scanning probes and identify liquid properties that enable probe-sample transport that is readily tuned using probe withdrawal speed. Subsequently, we introduce a novel two-harmonic inertial sensing scheme for tracking the mass of liquid on the probe. Finally, this is combined with a fluid mechanics-based iterative control scheme that selects printing conditions to meet a target feature mass to enable closed-loop patterning with better than 1% accuracy and ∼4% precision in terms of mass. Taken together, these advances address a pervasive issue in scanning probe lithography, namely, real-time closed-loop control over patterning, and position scanning probe lithography of liquids as a candidate for the robust nanoscale manipulation of liquids for advanced high-throughput chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verda Saygin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Bowen Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Sean B Andersson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Division of Systems Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Keith A Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Physics Department and Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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4
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Suo S, Gan Y. Rupture of Liquid Bridges on Porous Tips: Competing Mechanisms of Spontaneous Imbibition and Stretching. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:13642-13648. [PMID: 33147041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Liquid bridges are commonly encountered in nature and the liquid transfer induced by their rupture is widely used in various industrial applications. In this work, with the focus on the porous tip, we studied the impacts of capillary effects on the liquid transfer induced by the rupture through numerical simulations. To depict the capillary effects of a porous tip, a time scale ratio, RT, is proposed to compare the competing mechanisms of spontaneous imbibition and external drag. In terms of RT, we then develop a theoretical model for estimating the liquid retention ratio considering the geometry, porosity, and wettability of tips. The mechanism presented in this work provides a possible approach to control the liquid transfer with better accuracy in microfluidics or microfabrications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Suo
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Yixiang Gan
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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5
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Arrabito G, Ferrara V, Bonasera A, Pignataro B. Artificial Biosystems by Printing Biology. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907691. [PMID: 32511894 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The continuous progress of printing technologies over the past 20 years has fueled the development of a plethora of applications in materials sciences, flexible electronics, and biotechnologies. More recently, printing methodologies have started up to explore the world of Artificial Biology, offering new paradigms in the direct assembly of Artificial Biosystems (small condensates, compartments, networks, tissues, and organs) by mimicking the result of the evolution of living systems and also by redesigning natural biological systems, taking inspiration from them. This recent progress is reported in terms of a new field here defined as Printing Biology, resulting from the intersection between the field of printing and the bottom up Synthetic Biology. Printing Biology explores new approaches for the reconfigurable assembly of designed life-like or life-inspired structures. This work presents this emerging field, highlighting its main features, i.e., printing methodologies (from 2D to 3D), molecular ink properties, deposition mechanisms, and finally the applications and future challenges. Printing Biology is expected to show a growing impact on the development of biotechnology and life-inspired fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Arrabito
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 17, Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Vittorio Ferrara
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 17, Palermo, 90128, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria, 6, Catania, 95125, Italy
| | - Aurelio Bonasera
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 17, Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Bruno Pignataro
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 17, Palermo, 90128, Italy
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6
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Liu G, Petrosko SH, Zheng Z, Mirkin CA. Evolution of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN): From Molecular Patterning to Materials Discovery. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6009-6047. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textile and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Sarah Hurst Petrosko
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textile and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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7
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Molecular interactions and forces of adhesion between single human neural stem cells and gelatin methacrylate hydrogels of varying stiffness. Acta Biomater 2020; 106:156-169. [PMID: 32084598 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Single Cell Force Spectroscopy was applied to measure the single cell de-adhesion between human neural stem cells (hNSC) and gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel with varying modulus in the range equivalent to brain tissue. The cell de-adhesion force and energy were predominately generated via unbinding of complexes formed between RGD groups of the GelMA and cell surface integrin receptors and the de-adhesion force/energy were found to increase with decreasing modulus of the GelMA hydrogel. For the softer GelMA hydrogels (160 Pa and 450 Pa) it was proposed that a lower degree of cross-linking enables a greater number of polymer chains to bind and freely extend to increase the force and energy of the hNSC-GelMA de-adhesion. In this case, the multiple polymer chains are believed to act together in parallel like 'molecular tensors' to generate tensile forces on the bound receptors until the cell detaches. Counterintuitively for softer substrates, this type of interaction gave rise to higher force loading rates, including the appearance of high and low dynamic force regimes in de-adhesion rupture force versus loading rate analysis. For the stiffer GelMA hydrogel (900 Pa) it was observed that the extension and elastic restoring forces of the polymer chains contributed less to the cell de-adhesion. Due to the apparent lower extent of freely interacting chains on the stiffer GelMA hydrogel the intrinsic RGD groups are presumed to be "more fixed" to the substrate. Hence, the cell de-adhesion is suggested to be mainly governed by the discrete unbinding of integrin-RGD complexes as opposed to elastic restoring forces of polymer chains, leading to smaller piconewton rupture forces and only a single lower dynamic force regime. Intriguingly, when integrin antibodies were introduced for binding integrin α5β1, β1- and αv-subunits it was revealed that the cell modifies the de-adhesion force depending on the substrate stiffness. The antibody binding supressed the de-adhesion on the softer GelMA hydrogel while on the stiffer GelMA hydrogel caused an opposing reinforcement in the de-adhesion. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Conceptual models on cell mechanosensing have provided molecular-level insight to rationalize the effects of substrate stiffness. However most experimental studies evaluate the cell adhesion by analysing the bulk material properties. As such there is a discrepancy in the scale between the bulk properties versus the nano- and micro-scale cell interactions. Furthermore there is a paucity of experimental studies on directly measuring the molecular-level forces of cell-material interactions. Here we apply Single Cell Force Spectroscopy to directly measure the adhesion forces between human neural stem cells and gelatin-methacrylate hydrogel. We elucidate the mechanisms by which single cells bind and physically interact with hydrogels of varying stiffness. The study highlights the use of single cell analysis tools to probe molecular-level interactions at the cell-material interface which is of importance in designing material cues for regulating cell function.
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Arrabito G, Ferrara V, Ottaviani A, Cavaleri F, Cubisino S, Cancemi P, Ho YP, Knudsen BR, Hede MS, Pellerito C, Desideri A, Feo S, Pignataro B. Imbibition of Femtoliter-Scale DNA-Rich Aqueous Droplets into Porous Nylon Substrates by Molecular Printing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:17156-17165. [PMID: 31790261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the first reported imbibition mechanism of femtoliter (fL)-scale droplets produced by microchannel cantilever spotting (μCS) of DNA molecular inks into porous substrates (hydrophilic nylon). Differently from macroscopic or picoliter droplets, the downscaling to the fL-size leads to an imbibition process controlled by the subtle interplay of evaporation, spreading, viscosity, and capillarity, with gravitational forces being quasi-negligible. In particular, the minimization of droplet evaporation, surface tension, and viscosity allows for a reproducible droplet imbibition process. The dwell time on the nylon surface permits further tuning of the droplet lateral size, in accord with liquid ink diffusion mechanisms. The functionality of the printed DNA molecules is demonstrated at different imbibed oligonucleotide concentrations by hybridization with a fluorolabeled complementary sequence, resulting in a homogeneous coverage of DNA within the imbibed droplet. This study represents a first step toward the μCS-enabled fabrication of DNA-based biosensors and microarrays into porous substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arrabito
- Department of Physics and Chemistry "Emilio Segrè" , University of Palermo , Building 17, V.le delle Scienze , Palermo 90128 , Italy
| | - V Ferrara
- Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Catania , Viale Andrea Doria 6 , Catania 95125 , Italy
| | - A Ottaviani
- Department of Biology , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica , Rome 00133 , Italy
| | - F Cavaleri
- Department of Physics and Chemistry "Emilio Segrè" , University of Palermo , Building 17, V.le delle Scienze , Palermo 90128 , Italy
| | - S Cubisino
- Department of Physics and Chemistry "Emilio Segrè" , University of Palermo , Building 17, V.le delle Scienze , Palermo 90128 , Italy
| | - P Cancemi
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies , University of Palermo , Building 16, V.le delle Scienze , Palermo 90128 , Italy
| | - Y P Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
- Centre for Novel Biomaterials , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - B R Knudsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Aarhus University , C.F. Møllers Allé 3 , Aarhus C 8000 , Denmark
- iNANO , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , Aarhus 8000 , Denmark
| | - M S Hede
- VPCIR.COM , CF. Møllers Alle 3 , Aarhus C 800 , Denmark
| | - C Pellerito
- Department of Physics and Chemistry "Emilio Segrè" , University of Palermo , Building 17, V.le delle Scienze , Palermo 90128 , Italy
| | - A Desideri
- Department of Biology , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica , Rome 00133 , Italy
| | - S Feo
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies , University of Palermo , Building 16, V.le delle Scienze , Palermo 90128 , Italy
| | - B Pignataro
- Department of Physics and Chemistry "Emilio Segrè" , University of Palermo , Building 17, V.le delle Scienze , Palermo 90128 , Italy
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9
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Tourtit Y, Gilet T, Lambert P. Rupture of a Liquid Bridge between a Cone and a Plane. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:11979-11985. [PMID: 31497966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a systematic experimental study of the rupture of an axially symmetric liquid bridge between a cone and a plane was performed, with focus on the volume distribution after break up. A model based on the Young-Laplace equation is presented, and its solutions are compared to experimental data. Cones and conical cavities with different aperture angles were used in our experiments. We found that this aperture influences the potential pinning of the contact line, the meniscus shape, and therefore the liquid transfer. For half aperture angles α < 70°, where no pinning was observed, the liquid bridge slips off from the cone and almost no transfer to the cone is observed. However, at α > 70°, contact line pinning on the cone induces a net liquid transfer to the cone at rupture. In the case of conical cavities, a maximum of liquid transfer is observed for at α = 110°. The distance at which the rupture of the liquid bridge occurs is also discussed. The model can fairly predict the transfer ratio and the rupture height of the liquid bridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youness Tourtit
- Transfers, Interfaces and Processes , Université Libre de Bruxelles , 50 Franklin D. Roosevelt , CP 165/67 B-1050 , Brussels , Belgium
- Microfluidics Lab, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering , University of Liège , quartier Polytech 1, Allée de la Découverte 13A , B52 4000 Liège , Belgium
| | - Tristan Gilet
- Microfluidics Lab, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering , University of Liège , quartier Polytech 1, Allée de la Découverte 13A , B52 4000 Liège , Belgium
| | - Pierre Lambert
- Transfers, Interfaces and Processes , Université Libre de Bruxelles , 50 Franklin D. Roosevelt , CP 165/67 B-1050 , Brussels , Belgium
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10
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Navikas V, Gavutis M, Rakickas T, Valiokas RN. Scanning Probe-Directed Assembly and Rapid Chemical Writing Using Nanoscopic Flow of Phospholipids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:28449-28460. [PMID: 31287949 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanofluidic systems offer a huge potential for discovery of new molecular transport and chemical phenomena that can be employed for future technologies. Herein, we report on the transport behavior of surface-reactive compounds in a nanometer-scale flow of phospholipids from a scanning probe. We have investigated microscopic deposit formation on polycrystalline gold by lithographic printing and writing of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and eicosanethiol mixtures, with the latter compound being a model case for self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). By analyzing the ink transport rates, we found that the transfer of thiols was fully controlled by the fluid lipid matrix allowing to achieve a certain jetting regime, i.e., transport rates previously not reported in dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) studies on surface-reactive, SAM-forming molecules. Such a transport behavior deviated significantly from the so-called molecular diffusion models, and it was most obvious at the high writing speeds, close to 100 μm s-1. Moreover, the combined data from imaging ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and spectroscopy revealed a rapid and efficient ink phase separation occurring in the AFM tip-gold contact zone. The force curve analysis indicated formation of a mixed ink meniscus behaving as a self-organizing liquid. Based on our data, it has to be considered as one of the co-acting mechanisms driving the surface reactions and self-assembly under such highly nonequilibrium, crowded environment conditions. The results of the present study significantly extend the capabilities of DPN using standard AFM instrumentation: in the writing regime, the patterning speed was already comparable to that achievable by using electron beam systems. We demonstrate that lipid flow-controlled chemical patterning process is directly applicable for rapid prototyping of solid-state devices having mesoscopic features as well as for biomolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytautas Navikas
- Department of Nanoengineering , Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Savanorių 231 , Vilnius LT-02300 , Lithuania
| | - Martynas Gavutis
- Department of Nanoengineering , Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Savanorių 231 , Vilnius LT-02300 , Lithuania
| | - Tomas Rakickas
- Department of Nanoengineering , Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Savanorių 231 , Vilnius LT-02300 , Lithuania
| | - Ramu Nas Valiokas
- Department of Nanoengineering , Center for Physical Sciences and Technology , Savanorių 231 , Vilnius LT-02300 , Lithuania
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Liu G, Hirtz M, Fuchs H, Zheng Z. Development of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN) and Its Derivatives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900564. [PMID: 30977978 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is a unique nanofabrication tool that can directly write a variety of molecular patterns on a surface with high resolution and excellent registration. Over the past 20 years, DPN has experienced a tremendous evolution in terms of applicable inks, a remarkable improvement in fabrication throughput, and the development of various derivative technologies. Among these developments, polymer pen lithography (PPL) is the most prominent one that provides a large-scale, high-throughput, low-cost tool for nanofabrication, which significantly extends DPN and beyond. These developments not only expand the scope of the wide field of scanning probe lithography, but also enable DPN and PPL as general approaches for the fabrication or study of nanostructures and nanomaterials. In this review, a focused summary and historical perspective of the technological development of DPN and its derivatives, with a focus on PPL, in one timeline, are provided and future opportunities for technological exploration in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Pereiro I, Cors JF, Pané S, Nelson BJ, Kaigala GV. Underpinning transport phenomena for the patterning of biomolecules. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:1236-1254. [PMID: 30671579 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00852c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Surface-based assays are increasingly being used in biology and medicine, which in turn demand increasing quantitation and reproducibility. This translates into more stringent requirements on the patterning of biological entities on surfaces (also referred to as biopatterning). This tutorial focuses on mass transport in the context of existing and emerging biopatterning technologies. We here develop a step-by-step analysis of how analyte transport affects surface kinetics, and of the advantages and limitations this entails in major categories of patterning methods, including evaporating sessile droplets, laminar flows in microfluidics or electrochemistry. Understanding these concepts is key to obtaining the desired pattern uniformity, coverage, analyte usage or processing time, and equally applicable to surface assays. A representative technological review accompanies each section, highlighting the technical progress enabled by transport control in e.g. microcontact printing, inkjet printing, dip-pen nanolithography and microfluidic probes. We believe this tutorial will serve researchers to better understand available patterning methods/principles, optimize conditions and to help design protocols/assays. By highlighting fundamental challenges and available approaches, we wish to trigger the development of new surface patterning methods and assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iago Pereiro
- IBM Research - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, Rüschlikon, 8803, Switzerland.
| | - Julien F Cors
- IBM Research - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, Rüschlikon, 8803, Switzerland. and Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Salvador Pané
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Govind V Kaigala
- IBM Research - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, Rüschlikon, 8803, Switzerland.
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13
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Ma H, Jiang Z, Xie X, Huang L, Huang W. Multiplexed Biomolecular Arrays Generated via Parallel Dip-Pen Nanolithography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:25121-25126. [PMID: 29986136 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The capability of transferring target materials especially functionality-reliable biomolecules, into specific locations and with arbitrarily designed patterns are of critical importance for high-throughput disease diagnosis, multiplexing, and drug screening. Herein, we report the simultaneous patterning of two types of biomolecules using the parallel dip-pen nanolithography technology where an array of the atomic force microscope (AFM) tips can be selectively and alternately coated with target biomolecules via a specially designed inkwell array. Moreover, mixing target biomolecules at a proper volumetric ratio with polyethylene glycol dissolved in PBS buffer solution that works as an ink carrier can not only facilitate the smooth transfer of ink materials from the AFM tip to the substrate, it can also help to adjust the ink diffusion constant of different biomolecules to be highly similar so that the multiplexed biofunctional dot and/or line arrays at similar sizes can be reliably generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Zhang Jiang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Xiaoji Xie
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Ling Huang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM) , Nanjing Tech University , 30 South Puzhu Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
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Dawood F, Wang J, Schulze PA, Sheehan CJ, Buck MR, Dennis AM, Majumder S, Krishnamurthy S, Ticknor M, Staude I, Brener I, Goodwin PM, Amro NA, Hollingsworth JA. The Role of Liquid Ink Transport in the Direct Placement of Quantum Dot Emitters onto Sub-Micrometer Antennas by Dip-Pen Nanolithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801503. [PMID: 29952107 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) is used to precisely position core/thick-shell ("giant") quantum dots (gQDs; ≥10 nm in diameter) exclusively on top of silicon nanodisk antennas (≈500 nm diameter pillars with a height of ≈200 nm), resulting in periodic arrays of hybrid nanostructures and demonstrating a facile integration strategy toward next-generation quantum light sources. A three-step reading-inking-writing approach is employed, where atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of the pre-patterned substrate topography are used as maps to direct accurate placement of nanocrystals. The DPN "ink" comprises gQDs suspended in a non-aqueous carrier solvent, o-dichlorobenzene. Systematic analyses of factors influencing deposition rate for this non-conventional DPN ink are described for flat substrates and used to establish the conditions required to achieve small (sub-500 nm) feature sizes, namely: dwell time, ink-substrate contact angle and ink volume. Finally, it is shown that the rate of solvent transport controls the feature size in which gQDs are found on the substrate, but also that the number and consistency of nanocrystals deposited depends on the stability of the gQD suspension. Overall, the results lay the groundwork for expanded use of nanocrystal liquid inks and DPN for fabrication of multi-component nanostructures that are challenging to create using traditional lithographic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Dawood
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Peter A Schulze
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Chris J Sheehan
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Matthew R Buck
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Allison M Dennis
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Somak Majumder
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Sachi Krishnamurthy
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Matthew Ticknor
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Isabelle Staude
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia
| | - Igal Brener
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | - Peter M Goodwin
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Nabil A Amro
- Advanced Creative Solutions Technology, Carlsbad, CA, 92008, USA
| | - Jennifer A Hollingsworth
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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15
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Farmakidis N, Brown KA. Quantifying Liquid Transport and Patterning Using Atomic Force Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:5173-5178. [PMID: 28489945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides unique insight into the nanoscale properties of materials. It has been challenging, however, to use AFM to study soft materials such as liquids or gels because of their tendency to flow in response to stress. We propose an AFM-based technique for quantitatively analyzing the transport of soft materials from an AFM probe to a surface. Specifically, we present a method for loading an AFM probe with a single 0.3 to 30 pL droplet of liquid and subsequently measuring the mass of this liquid by observing the change in the vibrational resonance frequency of the cantilever. Using this approach, the mass of this liquid was detected with picogram-scale precision by a commercial AFM system. Additionally, sub-femtoliter droplets of liquid were transferred from the probe to a surface with agreement found between the real-time change in mass of the liquid-loaded probe and the volume of the feature written on the surface. To demonstrate the utility of this approach in studying nanoscale capillary and transport phenomena, we experimentally determine that the quantity of liquid transported from the tip to a surface in a given patterning operation scales as the mass of liquid on the probe to the 1.35 power. In addition to providing new avenues for studying the dynamics of soft materials on the nanoscale, this method can improve nanopatterning of soft materials by providing in situ feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Farmakidis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Keith A Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering and Physics Department, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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16
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Mecozzi L, Gennari O, Rega R, Battista L, Ferraro P, Grilli S. Simple and Rapid Bioink Jet Printing for Multiscale Cell Adhesion Islands. Macromol Biosci 2016; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mecozzi
- Institute of Applied Science and Intelligent Systems of the National Council of Research (CNR-ISASI); Via Campi Flegrei 34 80078 Pozzuoli NA Italy
| | - Oriella Gennari
- Institute of Applied Science and Intelligent Systems of the National Council of Research (CNR-ISASI); Via Campi Flegrei 34 80078 Pozzuoli NA Italy
| | - Romina Rega
- Institute of Applied Science and Intelligent Systems of the National Council of Research (CNR-ISASI); Via Campi Flegrei 34 80078 Pozzuoli NA Italy
| | - Luigi Battista
- Institute of Applied Science and Intelligent Systems of the National Council of Research (CNR-ISASI); Via Campi Flegrei 34 80078 Pozzuoli NA Italy
| | - Pietro Ferraro
- Institute of Applied Science and Intelligent Systems of the National Council of Research (CNR-ISASI); Via Campi Flegrei 34 80078 Pozzuoli NA Italy
| | - Simonetta Grilli
- Institute of Applied Science and Intelligent Systems of the National Council of Research (CNR-ISASI); Via Campi Flegrei 34 80078 Pozzuoli NA Italy
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17
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Development of in situ soft colloidal probe atomic force microscopy for probing the adhesion between wood extractives and model surfaces. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Kandemir AC, Erdem D, Ma H, Reiser A, Spolenak R. Polymer nanocomposite patterning by dip-pen nanolithography. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:135303. [PMID: 26909592 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/13/135303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate aim of this study is to construct polymer nanocomposite patterns by dip-pen nanolithography (DPN). Recent investigations have revealed the effect of the amount of ink (Laplace pressure) on the mechanism of liquid ink writing. In this study it is shown that not only the amount of ink, but also physisorption and surface diffusion are relevant. After a few writing steps, physisorption and surface diffusion outweigh the influence of the amount of ink, allowing consistent patterning governed by dwell times and writing speeds. Polymer matrices can be utilized as a delivery medium to deposit functional particles. DPN patterning of polymer nanocomposites allows for local tuning of the functionality and mechanical strength of the written patterns in high resolution, with the benefit of pattern flexibility. Typically polymer matrices with volatile components are used as a delivery medium for nanoparticle deposition, with subsequent removal of loosely bound matrix material by heating or oxygen plasma. In our study, nanocomposite patterns were constructed, and the differences between polymer and nanocomposite patterning were investigated. Cross-sectional SEM and TEM analysis confirmed that nanoparticles can be deposited with the liquid-polymer ink and are evenly distributed in the polymer matrix.
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19
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Urtizberea A, Hirtz M, Fuchs H. Ink transport modelling in Dip-Pen Nanolithography and Polymer Pen Lithography. NANOFABRICATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/nanofab-2015-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDip-pen nanolithography (DPN) and Polymer pen lithography (PPL) are powerful lithography techniques being able to pattern a wide range of inks. Transport and surface spreading depend on the ink physicochemical properties, defining its diffusive and fluid character. Structure assembly on surface arises from a balance between the entanglement of the ink itself and the interaction with the substrate. According to the transport characteristics, different models have been proposed. In this article we review the common types of inks employed for patterning, the particular physicochemical characteristics that make them flow following different dynamics as well as the corresponding transport mechanisms and models that describe them.
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20
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Xie Z, Zhou Y, Hedrick JL, Chen PC, He S, Shahjamali MM, Wang S, Zheng Z, Mirkin CA. On-Tip Photo-Modulated Molecular Printing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Urtizberea A, Hirtz M. A diffusive ink transport model for lipid dip-pen nanolithography. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:15618-34. [PMID: 26267408 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite diverse applications, phospholipid membrane stacks generated by dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) still lack a thorough and systematic characterization that elucidates the whole ink transport process from writing to surface spreading, with the aim of better controlling the resulting feature size and resolution. We report a quantitative analysis and modeling of the dependence of lipid DPN features (area, height and volume) on dwell time and relative humidity. The ink flow rate increases with humidity in agreement with meniscus size growth, determining the overall feature size. The observed time dependence indicates the existence of a balance between surface spreading and the ink flow rate that promotes differences in concentration at the meniscus/substrate interface. Feature shape is controlled by the substrate surface energy. The results are analyzed within a modified model for the ink transport of diffusive inks. At any humidity the dependence of the area spread on the dwell time shows two diffusion regimes: at short dwell times growth is controlled by meniscus diffusion while at long dwell times surface diffusion governs the process. The critical point for the switch of regime depends on the humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Urtizberea
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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22
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Xie Z, Zhou Y, Hedrick JL, Chen P, He S, Shahjamali MM, Wang S, Zheng Z, Mirkin CA. On‐Tip Photo‐Modulated Molecular Printing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12894-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Xie
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
- Nanotechnology Center, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR (China)
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - James L. Hedrick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Peng‐Cheng Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Shu He
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Mohammad M. Shahjamali
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Shunzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Nanotechnology Center, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR (China)
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
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23
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Chen PC, Liu G, Zhou Y, Brown KA, Chernyak N, Hedrick JL, He S, Xie Z, Lin QY, Dravid VP, O’Neill-Slawecki SA, Mirkin CA. Tip-Directed Synthesis of Multimetallic Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:9167-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stacy A. O’Neill-Slawecki
- Advanced
Manufacturing Technologies, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
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24
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Chen C, Li M, Gao Y, Nie J, Sun F. A study of nanogels with different polysiloxane chain lengths for photopolymerization stress reduction and modification of polymer network properties. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02394g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysiloxane-based nanogels with different chain lengths can not only reduce polymerization stress, but also improve the flexibility, thermostability and hydrophobic properties of photopolymerization materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- People's Republic of China
- College of Science
| | - Minglei Li
- College of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjing Gao
- College of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- People's Republic of China
- College of Science
| | - Fang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- People's Republic of China
- College of Science
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25
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26
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Yu Y, Jiang S, Sun F. Synthesis and Properties of a Photopolymerizable Carbene-Mediated Poly Phosphinate Flame Retardant by Carbene Polymerization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie502023v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, ‡College of Science, and §College of Materials
Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, ‡College of Science, and §College of Materials
Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, ‡College of Science, and §College of Materials
Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
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27
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O'Connell CD, Higgins MJ, Sullivan RP, Moulton SE, Wallace GG. Ink-on-probe hydrodynamics in atomic force microscope deposition of liquid inks. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:3717-3728. [PMID: 24861023 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The controlled deposition of attolitre volumes of liquids may engender novel applications such as soft, nano-tailored cell-material interfaces, multi-plexed nano-arrays for high throughput screening of biomolecular interactions, and localized delivery of reagents to reactions confined at the nano-scale. Although the deposition of small organic molecules from an AFM tip, known as dip-pen nanolithography (DPN), is being continually refined, AFM deposition of liquid inks is not well understood, and is often fraught with inconsistent deposition rates. In this work, the variation in feature-size over long term printing experiments for four model inks of varying viscosity is examined. A hierarchy of recurring phenomena is uncovered and there are attributed to ink movement and reorganisation along the cantilever itself. Simple analytical approaches to model these effects, as well as a method to gauge the degree of ink loading using the cantilever resonance frequency, are described. In light of the conclusions, the various parameters which need to be controlled in order to achieve uniform printing are dicussed. This work has implications for the nanopatterning of viscous liquids and hydrogels, encompassing ink development, the design of probes and printing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathal D O'Connell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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28
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Eichelsdoerfer DJ, Brown KA, Mirkin CA. Capillary bridge rupture in dip-pen nanolithography. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:5603-5608. [PMID: 24965488 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00997e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Here, we explore fluid transfer from a nanoscale tip to a surface and elucidate the role of fluid flows in dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) of liquid inks. We find that while fluid transfer in this context is affected by dwell time and tip retraction speed from the substrate, their specific roles are dictated by the contact angle of the ink on the surface. This is shown by two observations: (1) the power law scaling of transferred fluid with dwell time depends on contact angle, and (2) slower retraction speeds result in more transfer on hydrophilic surfaces, but less transfer on hydrophobic surfaces. These trends, coupled with the observation of a transition from quasi-static to dynamic capillary rupture at a capillary number of 6 × 10(-6), show that the transfer process is a competition between surface energy and viscosity. Based on this, we introduce retraction speed as an important parameter in DPN and show that it is possible to print polymer features as small as 14 nm. Further explorations of this kind may provide a useful platform for studying capillary phenomena at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Eichelsdoerfer
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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