1
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Thota V, Puddu V, Perry CC. Phage Display Panning on Silica: Optimization of Elution Conditions for Selection of Strong Binders. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40. [PMID: 39014914 PMCID: PMC11295192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Phage display panning is a powerful tool to select strong peptide binders to a given target, and when applied to inorganic materials (e.g., silica) as a target, it provides information on binding events and molecular recognition at the peptide-mineral interface. The panning process has limitations with the phage chemical elution being affected by bias toward positively charged binders, resulting in the potential loss of information on binder diversity; the presence of fast growing phages with an intrinsic growth advantage; and the presence of false positives from target unrelated peptides. To overcome some of these limitations, we developed a panning approach based on the sequential use of different eluents (Gly-HCl, pH-2.2; MgCl2, pH-6.1; and TEA, pH-11.0), or pH conditions (Gly-HCl 2.2 < pH < 11.0) that allows the identification of a diverse and comprehensive pool of strong binders. We have assessed and tested the authenticity of the identified silica binders via a complementary experimental (in vivo phage recovery rates and TEM imaging) and bioinformatics approach. We provide experimental evidence of the nonspecificity of the Gly-HCl eluent as typically used. Using a fluorimetric assay, we investigate in vitro binding of two peptides that differ by pI-S4 (HYIDFRW, pI 7.80) and S5 (YSLKQYQ, pI 9.44)─modified at the C terminal with an amide group to simulate net charges in the phage display system, confirming the vital role of electrostatic interactions as driving binding forces in the phage panning process. The presented optimized phage panning approach provides an opportunity to match known surface interactions at play with suitable elution conditions; to select only sequences relevant to a particular interfacial system. The approach has the potential to open up avenues to design interfacial systems to advance our understanding of peptide-assisted mineral growth, among other possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeranjaneyulu Thota
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research
Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, U.K.
| | - Valeria Puddu
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research
Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, U.K.
| | - Carole C. Perry
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research
Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, U.K.
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2
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Qi X, Pfaendtner J. High-Throughput Computational Screening of Solid-Binding Peptides. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:2959-2968. [PMID: 38499981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Inspired by biomineralization, a naturally occurring, protein-facilitated process, solid-binding peptides (SBPs) have gained much attention for their potential to fabricate various shaped nanocrystals and hierarchical nanostructures. The advantage of SBPs over other traditionally used synthetic polymers or short ligands is their tunable interaction with the solid material surface via carefully programmed sequence and being solution-dependent simultaneously. However, designing a sequence with targeted binding affinity or selectivity often involves intensive processes such as phage display, and only a limited number of sequences can be identified. Other computational efforts have also been introduced, but the validation process remains prohibitively expensive once a suitable sequence has been identified. In this paper, we present a new model to rapidly estimate the binding free energy of any given sequence to a solid surface. We show how the overall binding of a polypeptide can be estimated from the free energy contribution of each residue based on the statistics of the thermodynamically stable structure ensemble. We validated our model using five silica-binding peptides of different binding affinities and lengths and showed that the model is accurate and robust across a wider range of chemistries and binding strengths. The computational cost of this method can be as low as 3% of the commonly used enhanced sampling scheme for similar studies and has a great potential to be used in high-throughput algorithms to obtain larger training data sets for machine learning SBP screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Qi
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03784, United States
| | - Jim Pfaendtner
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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3
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Alizadeh Sahraei A, Mejia Bohorquez B, Tremblay D, Moineau S, Garnier A, Larachi F, Lagüe P. Insight into the Binding Mechanisms of Quartz-Selective Peptides: Toward Greener Flotation Processes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:17922-17937. [PMID: 37010879 PMCID: PMC10103053 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mining practices, chiefly froth flotation, are being critically reassessed to replace their use of biohazardous chemical reagents in favor of biofriendly alternatives as a path toward green processes. In this regard, this study aimed at evaluating the interactions of peptides, as potential floatation collectors, with quartz using phage display and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Quartz-selective peptide sequences were initially identified by phage display at pH = 9 and further modeled by a robust simulation scheme combining classical MD, replica exchange MD, and steered MD calculations. Our residue-specific analyses of the peptides revealed that positively charged arginine and lysine residues were favorably attracted by the quartz surface at basic pH. The negatively charged residues at pH 9 (i.e., aspartic acid and glutamic acid) further showed affinity toward the quartz surface through electrostatic interactions with the positively charged surface-bound Na+ ions. The best-binding heptapeptide combinations, however, contained both positively and negatively charged residues in their composition. The flexibility of peptide chains was also shown to directly affect the adsorption behavior of the peptide. While attractive intrapeptide interactions were dominated by a weak peptide-quartz binding, the repulsive self-interactions in the peptides improved the binding propensity to the quartz surface. Our results showed that MD simulations are fully capable of revealing mechanistic details of peptide adsorption to inorganic surfaces and are an invaluable tool to accelerate the rational design of peptide sequences for mineral processing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Alizadeh Sahraei
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Université
Laval, 1065 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Barbara Mejia Bohorquez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Université
Laval, 1065 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- PROTEO,
The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 1045
Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Denise Tremblay
- PROTEO,
The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 1045
Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- IBIS,
Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sylvain Moineau
- PROTEO,
The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 1045
Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- IBIS,
Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Alain Garnier
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Université
Laval, 1065 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- PROTEO,
The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 1045
Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Faïçal Larachi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Université
Laval, 1065 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Patrick Lagüe
- PROTEO,
The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering,
and Applications, 1045
Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- IBIS,
Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
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4
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Pantaleone S, Sodupe M, Ugliengo P, Rimola A. On the stability of peptide secondary structures on the TiO 2 (101) anatase surface: a computational insight. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 25:392-401. [PMID: 36477070 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04395e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The biological activity of proteins is partly due to their secondary structures and conformational states. Peptide chains are rather flexible so that finding ways inducing protein folding in a well-defined state is of great importance. Among the different constraint techniques, the interaction of proteins with inorganic surfaces is a fruitful strategy to stabilize selected folded states. Surface-induced peptide folding can have potential applications in different biomedicine areas, but it can also be of fundamental interest in prebiotic chemistry since the biological activity of a peptide can turn-on when folded in a given state. In this work, periodic quantum mechanical simulations (including implicit solvation effects) at the PBE-D2* level have been carried out to study the adsorption and the stability of the secondary structures (α-helix and β-sheet) of polypeptides with different chemical composition (i.e., polyglycine, polyalanine, polyglutamic acid, polylysine, and polyarginine) on the TiO2 (101) anatase surface. The computational cost is reduced by applying periodic boundary conditions to both the surface and the peptides, thus obtaining full periodic polypeptide/TiO2 surface systems. At variance with polyglycine, the interaction of the other polypeptides with the surface takes place with the lateral chain functionalities, leaving the secondary structures almost undistorted. Results indicate that the preferred conformation upon adsorption is the α-helix over the β-sheet, with the exception of the polyglutamic acid. According to the calculated adsorption energies, the affinity trend of the polypeptides with the (101) anatase surface is: polyarginine ≈ polylysine > polyglutamic acid > polyglycine ≈ polyalanine, both when adsorbed in gas phase and in presence of the implicit water solvent, which is very similar to the trend for the single amino acids. A set of implications related to the areas of surface-induced peptide folding, biomedicine and prebiotic chemistry are finally discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pantaleone
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain. .,Dipartimento di Chimica and Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces (NIS) Inter-Departmental Centre, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Mariona Sodupe
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Piero Ugliengo
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces (NIS) Inter-Departmental Centre, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Albert Rimola
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain.
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5
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Suyetin M, Rauwolf S, Schwaminger SP, Turrina C, Wittmann L, Bag S, Berensmeier S, Wenzel W. Peptide adsorption on silica surfaces: Simulation and experimental insights. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 218:112759. [PMID: 36027680 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of interactions between proteins with silica surface is crucial for a wide range of different applications: from medical devices, drug delivery and bioelectronics to biotechnology and downstream processing. We show the application of EISM (Effective Implicit Surface Model) for discovering the set of peptide interactions with silica surface. The EISM is employed for a high-speed computational screening of peptides to model the binding affinity of small peptides to silica surfaces. The simulations are complemented with experimental data of peptides with silica nanoparticles from microscale thermophoresis and from infrared spectroscopy. The experimental work shows excellent agreement with computational results and verifies the EISM model for the prediction of peptide-surface interactions. 57 peptides, with amino acids favorable for adsorption on Silica surface, are screened by EISM model for obtaining results, which are worth to be considered as a guidance for future experimental and theoretical works. This model can be used as a broad platform for multiple challenges at surfaces which can be applied for multiple surfaces and biomolecules beyond silica and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Suyetin
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Rauwolf
- Bioseparation Engineering Group, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Patrick Schwaminger
- Bioseparation Engineering Group, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany; Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Chiara Turrina
- Bioseparation Engineering Group, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Leonie Wittmann
- Bioseparation Engineering Group, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Saientan Bag
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sonja Berensmeier
- Bioseparation Engineering Group, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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6
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Freitas AI, Domingues L, Aguiar TQ. Bare silica as an alternative matrix for affinity purification/immobilization of His-tagged proteins. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Liu C, Steer DL, Song H, He L. Superior Binding of Proteins on a Silica Surface: Physical Insight into the Synergetic Contribution of Polyhistidine and a Silica-Binding Peptide. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1609-1616. [PMID: 35142521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Controllable protein attachment onto solid interfaces is essential for the functionality of proteins with broad applications. Silica-binding peptides (SBPs) have emerged as an important tool enabling convenient binding of proteins onto a silica surface. Surprisingly, we found that removal of polyhistidines, a common tag for protein purification, dramatically decrease the binding affinity of a SBP-tagged nanobody onto a silica surface. We hypothesized that polyhistidines and SBPs can be combined to enhance affinity. Through a series of purposely designed SBPs, we identified that the relative orientation of amino acids is a key factor affecting the surface binding strength. One re-engineered SBP, SBP4, exhibits a 4000-fold improvement compared to the original sequence. Guided by physical insights, the work provides a simple strategy that can dramatically improve affinity between a SBP and a silica surface, promising a new way for controllable immobilization of proteins, as demonstrated using nanobodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - David L Steer
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Haipeng Song
- Shenzhen Innova Nanobodi Company, 1301 Sightseeing Road, Shengzhen, Guangdong 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhong He
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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8
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Pushpavanam K, Ma J, Cai Y, Naser NY, Baneyx F. Solid-Binding Proteins: Bridging Synthesis, Assembly, and Function in Hybrid and Hierarchical Materials Fabrication. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2021; 12:333-357. [PMID: 33852353 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-102020-015923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the development of hybrid organic-inorganic materials because of the potential for harvesting the unique capabilities that each system has to offer. Proteins are an especially attractive organic component owing to the high amount of chemical information encoded in their amino acid sequence, their amenability to molecular and computational (re)design, and the many structures and functions they specify. Genetic installation of solid-binding peptides (SBPs) within protein frameworks affords control over the position and orientation of adhesive and morphogenetic segments, and a path toward predictive synthesis and assembly of functional materials and devices, all while harnessing the built-in properties of the host scaffold. Here, we review the current understanding of the mechanisms through which SBPs bind to technologically relevant interfaces, with an emphasis on the variables that influence the process, and highlight the last decade of progress in the use of solid-binding proteins for hybrid and hierarchical materials synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Pushpavanam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA;
| | - Jinrong Ma
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA
| | - Yifeng Cai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA;
| | - Nada Y Naser
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA;
| | - François Baneyx
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA; .,Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA
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9
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Pantaleone S, Rimola A, Sodupe M. Canonical, deprotonated, or zwitterionic? II. A computational study on amino acid interaction with the TiO 2(110) rutile surface: comparison with the anatase (101) surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:16862-16876. [PMID: 32666992 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01429j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption of 11 amino acids (Gly, Leu, Met, Phe, Ser, Cys, Glu, Gln, Arg, Lys, and His) on the TiO2(110) rutile surface is investigated adopting a theoretical approach, using the PBE-D2* functional as implemented in the periodic VASP code. The adsorption of the amino acids is considered in their canonical, deprotonated and zwitterionic forms. For all cases, the most stable adsorption mode adopts a bidentate (O,O) binding with surface undercoordinated Ti atoms, in agreement with previous experimental and computational studies using glycine as a test case. Such a binding mode is possible due to the surface morphology, because the Ti-Ti distances match very well with the carboxylic O-O distance. The most stable adsorption states are the deprotonated and the zwitterionic ones, the canonical one lying significantly above in energy. The relative stability between the deprotonated and the zwitterionic states results in a delicate trade-off among dative interactions (O, N, and S atoms of the amino acids with Ti atoms of the surface), H-bond interactions, dispersive forces and, to a lesser extent, steric hindrance of the amino acidic lateral chains. Finally, the difference in the amino acid adsorption between the (110) rutile and the (101) anatase surfaces is discussed both from the energetic and surface morphological standpoints, highlighting the larger reactivity of the rutile polymorph in adsorbing and deprotonating the amino acids compared with the anatase one.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pantaleone
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
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10
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Zapata A, Nguyen ML, Ling C, Rogers J, Domiano S, Hayzelden C, Wheeler KE. The role of human serum and solution chemistry in fibrinogen peptide-nanoparticle interactions. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:2429-2440. [PMID: 32864565 PMCID: PMC7448706 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00793h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In living systems, the biomolecules that coat nanoparticles (NPs) alter the NP biological identity and response. Although some biomolecules are more effective in mediating NP stability or biological fate, it is difficult to monitor an individual biomolecule within the complexity of the biota. To understand the dependence of protein-NP interactions on common variations in blood, we have evaluated binding between silica NPs and a model gamma-fibrinogen (GF) peptide. Fibrinogen is commonly identified within the protein corona fingerprint of human serum, but its abundance on the NP varies. To assess the relative importance of human serum and solution conditions, GF peptide and silica NP interactions were evaluated with and without serum across pH, NaCl concentrations, and glucose concentrations. Initial evaluation of the GF peptide and silica NP complexes using circular dichroism and dynamic light scattering show little change in the secondary structure of the peptide and no significant agglomeration of NPs, suggesting peptide-NP complexes are stable across study conditions. Fluorescence anisotropy was used to monitor GF peptide-NP binding. Both with and without serum, binding constants for the gamma-fibrinogen peptide vary significantly upon addition of diluted HS (1:500) and 29 mM sodium chloride. Yet, results indicated that gamma-fibrinogen binding interactions with silica NPs are comparatively insensitive to physiologically relevant pH changes and dramatic increases in glucose concentrations. Results highlight the importance of blood chemistries, which vary across individuals and disease states, in mediating protein corona formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Zapata
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Santa Clara UniversitySanta ClaraCA 95053USA
| | - Mai-Loan Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Santa Clara UniversitySanta ClaraCA 95053USA
| | - Caleb Ling
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Santa Clara UniversitySanta ClaraCA 95053USA
| | - Jacqueline Rogers
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Santa Clara UniversitySanta ClaraCA 95053USA
| | - Sangeetha Domiano
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Santa Clara UniversitySanta ClaraCA 95053USA
| | - Clive Hayzelden
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State UniversitySan FranciscoCA 94132USA
| | - Korin E. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Santa Clara UniversitySanta ClaraCA 95053USA
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11
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Hellner B, Alamdari S, Pyles H, Zhang S, Prakash A, Sprenger KG, De Yoreo JJ, Baker D, Pfaendtner J, Baneyx F. Sequence–Structure–Binding Relationships Reveal Adhesion Behavior of the Car9 Solid-Binding Peptide: An Integrated Experimental and Simulation Study. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2355-2363. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shuai Zhang
- Physical Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | | | | | - James J. De Yoreo
- Physical Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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12
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Grasso G, Mercuri S, Danani A, Deriu MA. Biofunctionalization of Silica Nanoparticles with Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Adsorption Mechanism and Binding Energy Estimation. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:10622-10630. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b08106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianvito Grasso
- Istituto Dalle Molle di studi sull’Intelligenza Artificiale (IDSIA), Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera italiana (SUPSI), Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Centro Galleria 2, Manno, CH-6928, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Mercuri
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, IT-10128, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Danani
- Istituto Dalle Molle di studi sull’Intelligenza Artificiale (IDSIA), Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera italiana (SUPSI), Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Centro Galleria 2, Manno, CH-6928, Switzerland
| | - Marco A. Deriu
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, IT-10128, Torino, Italy
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13
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Hellner B, Lee SB, Subramaniam A, Subramanian VR, Baneyx F. Modeling the Cooperative Adsorption of Solid-Binding Proteins on Silica: Molecular Insights from Surface Plasmon Resonance Measurements. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:5013-5020. [PMID: 30869906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Combinatorially selected solid-binding peptides (SBPs) provide a versatile route for synthesizing advanced materials and devices, especially when they are installed within structurally or functionally useful protein scaffolds. However, their promise has not been fully realized because we lack a predictive understanding of SBP-material interactions. Thermodynamic and kinetic binding parameters obtained by fitting quartz crystal microbalance and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) data with the Langmuir model whose assumptions are rarely satisfied provide limited information on underpinning molecular interactions. Using SPR, we show here that a technologically useful SBP called Car9 confers proteins to which is fused a sigmoidal adsorption behavior modulated by partner identity, quaternary structure, and ionic strength. We develop a two-step cooperative model that accurately captures the kinetics of silica binding and provides insights into how SBP-SBP interactions, fused scaffold, and solution conditions modulate adsorption. Because cooperative binding can be converted to Langmuir adhesion by mutagenesis, our approach offers a path to identify and to better understand and design practically useful SBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney Hellner
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Box 351750 Seattle , 98195 Washington , United States
| | - Seong Beom Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Box 351750 Seattle , 98195 Washington , United States
| | - Akshay Subramaniam
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Box 351750 Seattle , 98195 Washington , United States
| | - Venkat R Subramanian
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Box 351750 Seattle , 98195 Washington , United States
| | - François Baneyx
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Box 351750 Seattle , 98195 Washington , United States
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14
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Li G, He Y, Zhu P, Zhao T, Sun R, Lu D, Wong CP. Tailored surface chemistry of SiO2 particles with improved rheological, thermal-mechanical and adhesive properties of epoxy based composites for underfill applications. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Limo MJ, Sola-Rabada A, Boix E, Thota V, Westcott ZC, Puddu V, Perry CC. Interactions between Metal Oxides and Biomolecules: from Fundamental Understanding to Applications. Chem Rev 2018; 118:11118-11193. [PMID: 30362737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metallo-oxide (MO)-based bioinorganic nanocomposites promise unique structures, physicochemical properties, and novel biochemical functionalities, and within the past decade, investment in research on materials such as ZnO, TiO2, SiO2, and GeO2 has significantly increased. Besides traditional approaches, the synthesis, shaping, structural patterning, and postprocessing chemical functionalization of the materials surface is inspired by strategies which mimic processes in nature. Would such materials deliver new technologies? Answering this question requires the merging of historical knowledge and current research from different fields of science. Practically, we need an effective defragmentation of the research area. From our perspective, the superficial accounting of material properties, chemistry of the surfaces, and the behavior of biomolecules next to such surfaces is a problem. This is particularly of concern when we wish to bridge between technologies in vitro and biotechnologies in vivo. Further, besides the potential practical technological efficiency and advantages such materials might exhibit, we have to consider the wider long-term implications of material stability and toxicity. In this contribution, we present a critical review of recent advances in the chemistry and engineering of MO-based biocomposites, highlighting the role of interactions at the interface and the techniques by which these can be studied. At the end of the article, we outline the challenges which hamper progress in research and extrapolate to developing and promising directions including additive manufacturing and synthetic biology that could benefit from molecular level understanding of interactions occurring between inanimate (abiotic) and living (biotic) materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion J Limo
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom.,Interface and Surface Analysis Centre, School of Pharmacy , University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Anna Sola-Rabada
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom
| | - Estefania Boix
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom.,Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems , Aalto University , P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - Veeranjaneyulu Thota
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom
| | - Zayd C Westcott
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Puddu
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom
| | - Carole C Perry
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS , United Kingdom
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16
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Imai K, Shimizu K, Kamimura M, Honda H. Interaction between porous silica gel microcarriers and peptides for oral administration of functional peptides. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10971. [PMID: 30030485 PMCID: PMC6054636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional peptides, peptides that have biological activities, have attracted attention as active ingredients of functional foods and health foods. In particular, for food applications, because orally ingested peptides are degraded by digestive enzymes in the stomach, novel oral administration methods that can prevent peptide degradation and successfully deliver them intestinally are desired. In the present study, we focused on porous silica gel, which has many useful characteristics, such as large surface area, pH responsive functional groups, size controllable pores, and approval as food additives. We investigated the possibility of using porous silica gel as a peptide degradation protective microcarrier. As a result, we found that heat treatment of the silica gel at 600 °C for 2 h remarkably enhanced the adsorbed amount of many peptides under acidic conditions, and negatively charged and highly hydrophobic peptides had suitable characteristics for oral intestinal delivery with silica gel. Finally, we demonstrated the degree of protection from pepsin degradation and found that the protection of DFELEDD peptide was 57.1 ± 3.9% when DFELEDD was mixed with the heat-treated silica gel. These results indicated that the heat-treated silica gel is promising for efficient oral intestinal delivery of hydrophobic negatively charged peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Imai
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimizu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kamimura
- Fuji Silysia Chemical Ltd., 1846, 2-Chome, Kozoji-Cho, Kasugai-Shi, Aichi, 487-0013, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.
- Innovative Research Center for Preventive Medical Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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17
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Sola-Rabada A, Michaelis M, Oliver DJ, Roe MJ, Colombi Ciacchi L, Heinz H, Perry CC. Interactions at the Silica-Peptide Interface: Influence of the Extent of Functionalization on the Conformational Ensemble. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:8255-8263. [PMID: 29924624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, the effect of silica particle size (28 and 210 nm) and surface chemistry (i.e., hydroxyl, methyl, or amino groups) on peptide binding response is studied with a specific emphasis on the effect of the extent of functionalization on binding. Exhaustive characterization of the silica surfaces was crucial for knowledge of the chemistry and topography of the solid surface under study and, thus, to understand their impact on adsorption and the conformational ensemble of the peptides. The extent of surface functionalization was shown to be particle-size dependent, a higher level of 3-aminopropyl functionality being obtained for smaller particles, whereas a higher degree of methyl group functionality was found for the larger particles. We demonstrated that peptide interactions at the aqueous interface were not only influenced by the surface chemistry but also by the extent of functionalization where a "switch" of peptide adsorption behavior was observed, whereas the changes in the conformational ensemble revealed by circular dichroism were independent of the extent of functionalization. In addition to electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding driving interaction at the silica-peptide interface, the data obtained suggested that stronger interactions such as hydrophobic and/or covalent interactions may moderate the interaction. The insights gained from this peptide-mineral study give a more comprehensive view of mechanisms concerning mineral-peptide interactions which may allow for the design and synthesis of novel (nano)materials with properties tailored for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sola-Rabada
- Biomolecular and Materials Interface Research Group, Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane , Nottingham NG11 8NS , U.K
| | - Monika Michaelis
- Biomolecular and Materials Interface Research Group, Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane , Nottingham NG11 8NS , U.K
- Hybrid Materials Interfaces Group, Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science (BCCMS) and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), Faculty of Production Engineering , University of Bremen , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Daniel J Oliver
- Biomolecular and Materials Interface Research Group, Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane , Nottingham NG11 8NS , U.K
| | - Martin J Roe
- Advanced Materials Research Group, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Faculty of Engineering , The University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K
| | - Lucio Colombi Ciacchi
- Hybrid Materials Interfaces Group, Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science (BCCMS) and Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), Faculty of Production Engineering , University of Bremen , 28359 Bremen , Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes , University of Bremen , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Hendrik Heinz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Carole C Perry
- Biomolecular and Materials Interface Research Group, Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane , Nottingham NG11 8NS , U.K
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18
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Suzuki Y, Shindo H. Binding sites and structure of peptides bound to SiO2 nanoparticles studied by solution NMR spectroscopy. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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19
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Volkov VV, Belton DJ, Perry CC. Do Material Discontinuities in Silica Affect Vibration Modes? J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:4997-5003. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b01688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor V. Volkov
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Belton
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Carole C. Perry
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
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20
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Hernandez-Montelongo J, Corrales Ureña Y, Machado D, Lancelloti M, Pinheiro M, Rischka K, Lisboa-Filho P, Cotta M. Electrostatic immobilization of antimicrobial peptides on polyethylenimine and their antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 164:370-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Hwang J, Son J, Seo Y, Jo Y, Lee K, Lee D, Khan MS, Chavan S, Park C, Sharma A, Gilad AA, Choi J. Functional silica nanoparticles conjugated with beta-glucan to deliver anti-tuberculosis drug molecules. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Dellacherie MO, Li AW, Lu BY, Mooney DJ. Covalent Conjugation of Peptide Antigen to Mesoporous Silica Rods to Enhance Cellular Responses. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:733-741. [PMID: 29318872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Short peptides are the minimal modality of antigen recognized by cellular immunity and are therefore considered a safe and highly specific source of antigen for vaccination. Nevertheless, successful peptide immunotherapy is limited by the short half-life of peptide antigens in vivo as well as their weak immunogenicity. We recently reported a vaccine strategy based on dendritic cell-recruiting Mesoporous Silica Rod (MSR) scaffolds to enhance T-cell responses against subunit antigen. In this study, we investigated the effect of covalently conjugating peptide antigens to MSRs to increase their retention in the scaffolds. Using both stable thioether and reducible disulfide linkages, peptide conjugation greatly increased peptide loading compared to passive adsorption. In vitro, Bone Marrow derived Dendritic Cells (BMDCs) could present Ovalbumin (OVA)-derived peptides conjugated to MSRs and induce antigen-specific T-cell proliferation. Stable conjugation decreased presentation in vitro while reducible conjugation maintained levels of presentation as high as soluble peptide. Compared to soluble peptide, in vitro, expansion of OT-II T-cells was not affected by adsorption or stable conjugation to MSRs but was enhanced with reversible conjugation to MSRs. Both conjugation schemes increased peptide residence time in MSR scaffolds in vivo compared to standard bolus injections or a simple adsorption method. When MSR scaffolds loaded with GM-CSF and CpG-ODN were injected subcutaneously, recruited dendritic cells could present antigen in situ with the stable conjugation increasing presentation capacity. Overall, this simple conjugation approach could serve as a versatile platform to efficiently incorporate peptide antigens in MSR vaccines and potentiate cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence O Dellacherie
- John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering , Harvard University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Aileen W Li
- John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering , Harvard University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Beverly Y Lu
- John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering , Harvard University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - David J Mooney
- John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering , Harvard University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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23
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Shi B, Shin YK, Hassanali AA, Singer SJ. Biomolecules at the amorphous silica/water interface: Binding and fluorescence anisotropy of peptides. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 157:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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24
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Walsh TR, Knecht MR. Biointerface Structural Effects on the Properties and Applications of Bioinspired Peptide-Based Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12641-12704. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R. Walsh
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Marc R. Knecht
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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25
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Johnston RK, Harper JC, Tartis MS. Control over Silica Particle Growth and Particle-Biomolecule Interactions Facilitates Silica Encapsulation of Mammalian Cells with Thickness Control. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2098-2109. [PMID: 29202010 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last twenty years, many strategies utilizing sol-gel chemistry to integrate biological cells into silica-based materials have been reported. One such strategy, Sol-Generating Chemical Vapor into Liquid (SG-CViL) deposition, shows promise as an efficient encapsulation technique due to the ability to vary the silica encapsulation morphology obtained by this process through variation of SG-CViL reaction conditions. In this report, we develop SG-CViL as a tunable, multi-purpose silica encapsulation strategy by investigating the mechanisms governing both silica particle generation and subsequent interaction with phospholipid assemblies (liposomes and living cells). Using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements, linear and exponential silica particle growth dynamics were observed which were dependent on deposition buffer ion constituents and ion concentration. Silica particle growth followed a cluster-cluster growth mechanism at acidic pH, and a monomer-cluster growth mechanism at neutral to basic pH. Increasing silica sol aging temperature resulted in higher rates of particle growth and larger particles. DLS measurements employing PEG coated liposomes and cationic liposomes, serving as model phospholipid assemblies, revealed electrostatic interactions promote more stable liposome-silica interactions than hydrogen bonding and facilitate silica coating on suspension cells. However, continued silica reactivity leads to aggregation of silica coated suspensions cells, revealing the need for cell isolation to tune deposited silica thickness. Utilizing these mechanistic study insights, silica was deposited onto adherent HeLa cells under biocompatible conditions with micron scale control over silica thickness, minimal cell manipulation steps, and retained cell viability over several days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Johnston
- Department of Materials Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Pl, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, United States
| | - Jason C Harper
- Sandia National Laboratories, Bioenergy and Biodefense Technologies, Albuquerque New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Michaelann S Tartis
- Department of Materials Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Pl, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Pl, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, United States.,Department of Biology, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Pl, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, United States
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26
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Affinity purification of Car9-tagged proteins on silica matrices: Optimization of a rapid and inexpensive protein purification technology. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 135:70-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Calkins AL, Yin J, Rangel JL, Landry MR, Fuller AA, Stokes GY. A Thermodynamic Description of the Adsorption of Simple Water-Soluble Peptoids to Silica. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:11690-11697. [PMID: 27756123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The first report of a water-soluble peptoid adsorbed to silica monitored by second harmonic generation (SHG) at the liquid/solid interface is presented here. The molecular insights gained from these studies will inform the design and preparation of novel peptoid coatings. Simple 6- and 15-residue peptoids were dissolved in phosphate buffered saline and adsorbed to bare silica surfaces. Equilibrium binding constants and relative surface concentrations of adsorbed peptoids were determined from fits to the Langmuir model. Complementary fluorescence spectroscopy studies were used to quantify the maximum surface excess. Binding constants, determined here by SHG, were comparable to those previously reported for cationic proteins and small molecules. Enthalpies and free energies of adsorption were determined to elucidate thermodynamic driving forces. Circular dichroism spectra confirm that minimal conformational changes occur when peptoids are adsorbed to silica while pH studies indicate that electrostatic interactions impact adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Calkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University , 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
| | - Jennifer Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University , 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
| | - Jacenda L Rangel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University , 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
| | - Madeleine R Landry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University , 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
| | - Amelia A Fuller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University , 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
| | - Grace Y Stokes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Santa Clara University , 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, California 95053, United States
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28
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de Oliveira LF, Bouchmella K, Gonçalves KDA, Bettini J, Kobarg J, Cardoso MB. Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles As an Alternative Platform for Targeted Drug-Delivery of Water Insoluble Drugs. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:3217-25. [PMID: 26930039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The selective action of drugs in tumor cells is a major problem in cancer therapy. Most chemotherapy drugs act nonspecifically and damage both cancer and healthy cells causing various side effects. In this study, the preparation of a selective drug delivery system, which is able to act as a carrier for hydrophobic and anticancer drugs is reported. Amino-functionalized silica nanoparticles loaded with curcumin were successfully synthesized via sol-gel approach and duly characterized. Thereafter, the targeting ligand, folate, was covalently attached to amino groups of nanoparticle surface through amide bond formation. The cytotoxic effect of nanoparticles on prostate cancer cells line was evaluated and compared to normal cells line (prostate epithelial cell). Cytotoxicity experiments demonstrated that folate-functionalized nanoparticles were significantly cytotoxic to tumor cells, whereas normal cells were much less affected by the presence of these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane França de Oliveira
- Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (LNLS) , CEP 13083-970, Caixa Postal 6192, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karim Bouchmella
- Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (LNLS) , CEP 13083-970, Caixa Postal 6192, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jefferson Bettini
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia (LNNano) , CEP 13083-970, Caixa Postal 6192, Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Jörg Kobarg
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas e Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual - Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) , CEP 13083-970, Caixa Postal 6154, Campinas, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mateus Borba Cardoso
- Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (LNLS) , CEP 13083-970, Caixa Postal 6192, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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29
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Heinz H. Adsorption of biomolecules and polymers on silicates, glasses, and oxides: mechanisms, predictions, and opportunities by molecular simulation. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Heinz H, Ramezani-Dakhel H. Simulations of inorganic-bioorganic interfaces to discover new materials: insights, comparisons to experiment, challenges, and opportunities. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:412-48. [PMID: 26750724 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00890e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Natural and man-made materials often rely on functional interfaces between inorganic and organic compounds. Examples include skeletal tissues and biominerals, drug delivery systems, catalysts, sensors, separation media, energy conversion devices, and polymer nanocomposites. Current laboratory techniques are limited to monitor and manipulate assembly on the 1 to 100 nm scale, time-consuming, and costly. Computational methods have become increasingly reliable to understand materials assembly and performance. This review explores the merit of simulations in comparison to experiment at the 1 to 100 nm scale, including connections to smaller length scales of quantum mechanics and larger length scales of coarse-grain models. First, current simulation methods, advances in the understanding of chemical bonding, in the development of force fields, and in the development of chemically realistic models are described. Then, the recognition mechanisms of biomolecules on nanostructured metals, semimetals, oxides, phosphates, carbonates, sulfides, and other inorganic materials are explained, including extensive comparisons between modeling and laboratory measurements. Depending on the substrate, the role of soft epitaxial binding mechanisms, ion pairing, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and conformation effects is described. Applications of the knowledge from simulation to predict binding of ligands and drug molecules to the inorganic surfaces, crystal growth and shape development, catalyst performance, as well as electrical properties at interfaces are examined. The quality of estimates from molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations is validated in comparison to measurements and design rules described where available. The review further describes applications of simulation methods to polymer composite materials, surface modification of nanofillers, and interfacial interactions in building materials. The complexity of functional multiphase materials creates opportunities to further develop accurate force fields, including reactive force fields, and chemically realistic surface models, to enable materials discovery at a million times lower computational cost compared to quantum mechanical methods. The impact of modeling and simulation could further be increased by the advancement of a uniform simulation platform for organic and inorganic compounds across the periodic table and new simulation methods to evaluate system performance in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Heinz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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31
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Xiong J, Liu K, Liu X, Liang L, Zeng Q. Molecular simulation of methane adsorption in slit-like quartz pores. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22803h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The GCMC and MD methods were used to investigate the structural properties and adsorption behaviors of methane in quartz nanopores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- China
| | - Xiangjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- China
| | - Lixi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation
- Southwest Petroleum University
- Chengdu 610500
- China
| | - Qun Zeng
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- Engineering Physical Academy of China
- Mianyang 621999
- China
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32
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Ley K, Christofferson A, Penna M, Winkler D, Maclaughlin S, Yarovsky I. Surface-water Interface Induces Conformational Changes Critical for Protein Adsorption: Implications for Monolayer Formation of EAS Hydrophobin. Front Mol Biosci 2015; 2:64. [PMID: 26636091 PMCID: PMC4644811 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The class I hydrophobin EAS is part of a family of small, amphiphilic fungal proteins best known for their ability to self-assemble into stable monolayers that modify the hydrophobicity of a surface to facilitate further microbial growth. These proteins have attracted increasing attention for industrial and biomedical applications, with the aim of designing surfaces that have the potential to maintain their clean state by resisting non-specific protein binding. To gain a better understanding of this process, we have employed all-atom molecular dynamics to study initial stages of the spontaneous adsorption of monomeric EAS hydrophobin on fully hydroxylated silica, a commonly used industrial and biomedical substrate. Particular interest has been paid to the Cys3-Cys4 loop, which has been shown to exhibit disruptive behavior in solution, and the Cys7-Cys8 loop, which is believed to be involved in the aggregation of EAS hydrophobin at interfaces. Specific and water mediated interactions with the surface were also analyzed. We have identified two possible binding motifs, one which allows unfolding of the Cys7-Cys8 loop due to the surfactant-like behavior of the Cys3-Cys4 loop, and another which has limited unfolding due to the Cys3-Cys4 loop remaining disordered in solution. We have also identified intermittent interactions with water which mediate the protein adsorption to the surface, as well as longer lasting interactions which control the diffusion of water around the adsorption site. These results have shown that EAS behaves in a similar way at the air-water and surface-water interfaces, and have also highlighted the need for hydrophilic ligand functionalization of the silica surface in order to prevent the adsorption of EAS hydrophobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamron Ley
- Health Innovations Research Institute and School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Christofferson
- Health Innovations Research Institute and School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew Penna
- Health Innovations Research Institute and School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Australian Research Council (ARC) Research Hub for Australian Steel Manufacturing Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Dave Winkler
- CSIRO, Manufacturing Flagship Clayton, VIC, Australia ; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University Parkville, VIC, Australia ; Institute for Molecular Science, Latrobe University Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Shane Maclaughlin
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Research Hub for Australian Steel Manufacturing Wollongong, NSW, Australia ; BlueScope Steel Research Laboratories Port Kembla, NSW, Australia
| | - Irene Yarovsky
- Health Innovations Research Institute and School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Australian Research Council (ARC) Research Hub for Australian Steel Manufacturing Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Hammami M, Soussou A, Idoudi F, Cohen-Bouhacina T, Bouhaouala-Zahar B, Baccar ZM. Development of an Immunosensor Based on Layered Double Hydroxides for MMR Cancer Biomarker Detection. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2015; 14:688-93. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2015.2462025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Corno M, Delle Piane M, Monti S, Moreno-Couranjou M, Choquet P, Ugliengo P. Computational Study of Acidic and Basic Functionalized Crystalline Silica Surfaces as a Model for Biomaterial Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:6321-6331. [PMID: 26010674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In silico modeling of acidic (CH2COOH) or basic (CH2NH2) functionalized silica surfaces has been carried out by means of a density functional approach based on a gradient-corrected functional to provide insight into the characterization of experimentally functionalized surfaces via a plasma method. Hydroxylated surfaces of crystalline cristobalite (sporting 4.8 OH/nm(2)) mimic an amorphous silica interface as unsubstituted material. To functionalize the silica surface we transformed the surface Si-OH groups into Si-CH2COOH and Si-CH2NH2 moieties to represent acidic/basic chemical character for the substitution. Structures, energetics, electronic, and vibrational properties were computed and compared as a function of the increasing loading of the functional groups (from 1 to 4 per surface unit cell). Classical molecular dynamics simulations of selected cases have been performed through a Reax-FF reactive force field to assess the mobility of the surface added chains. Both DFT and force field calculations identify the CH2NH2 moderate surface loading (1 group per unit cell) as the most stable functionalization, at variance with the case of the CH2COOH group, where higher loadings are preferred (2 groups per unit cell). The vibrational fingerprints of the surface functionalities, which are the ν(C═O) stretching and δ(NH2) bending modes for acidic/basic cases, have been characterized as a function of substitution percentage in order to guide the assignment of the experimental data. The final results highlighted the different behavior of the two types of functionalization. On the one hand, the frequency associated with the ν(C═O) mode shifts to lower wavenumbers as a function of the H-bond strength between the surface functionalities (both COOH and SiOH groups), and on the other hand, the δ(NH2) frequency shift seems to be caused by a subtle balance between the H-bond donor and acceptor abilities of the NH2 moiety. Both sets of data are in general agreement with experimental measurements on the corresponding silica-functionalized materials and provide finer details for a deeper interpretation of experimental spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Corno
- †Dipartimento di Chimica and NIS - Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces - Centre, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Delle Piane
- †Dipartimento di Chimica and NIS - Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces - Centre, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Susanna Monti
- ‡CNR Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds, Area della Ricerca, via G. Moruzzi l, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maryline Moreno-Couranjou
- §Materials Research and Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Patrick Choquet
- §Materials Research and Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Piero Ugliengo
- †Dipartimento di Chimica and NIS - Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces - Centre, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Alkhammash HI, Li N, Berthier R, de Planque MRR. Native silica nanoparticles are powerful membrane disruptors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:15547-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05882h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles permeabilize liposomal membranes as a function of nanoparticle size, surface chemistry and biocoating as well as membrane charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend I. Alkhammash
- Electronics and Computer Science & Institute for Life Sciences
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
- Department of Physics
| | - Nan Li
- Electronics and Computer Science & Institute for Life Sciences
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
| | - Rémy Berthier
- Electronics and Computer Science & Institute for Life Sciences
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
| | - Maurits R. R. de Planque
- Electronics and Computer Science & Institute for Life Sciences
- University of Southampton
- Southampton
- UK
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36
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Schick I, Lorenz S, Gehrig D, Tenzer S, Storck W, Fischer K, Strand D, Laquai F, Tremel W. Inorganic Janus particles for biomedical applications. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:2346-62. [PMID: 25551063 PMCID: PMC4273258 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Based on recent developments regarding the synthesis and design of Janus nanoparticles, they have attracted increased scientific interest due to their outstanding properties. There are several combinations of multicomponent hetero-nanostructures including either purely organic or inorganic, as well as composite organic-inorganic compounds. Janus particles are interconnected by solid state interfaces and, therefore, are distinguished by two physically or chemically distinct surfaces. They may be, for instance, hydrophilic on one side and hydrophobic on the other, thus, creating giant amphiphiles revealing the endeavor of self-assembly. Novel optical, electronic, magnetic, and superficial properties emerge in inorganic Janus particles from their dimensions and unique morphology at the nanoscale. As a result, inorganic Janus nanoparticles are highly versatile nanomaterials with great potential in different scientific and technological fields. In this paper, we highlight some advances in the synthesis of inorganic Janus nanoparticles, focusing on the heterogeneous nucleation technique and characteristics of the resulting high quality nanoparticles. The properties emphasized in this review range from the monodispersity and size-tunability and, therefore, precise control over size-dependent features, to the biomedical application as theranostic agents. Hence, we show their optical properties based on plasmonic resonance, the two-photon activity, the magnetic properties, as well as their biocompatibility and interaction with human blood serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Schick
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffen Lorenz
- Medizinische Klinik und Polyklinik, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dominik Gehrig
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Max-Planck-Forschungsgruppe für Organische Optoelektronik, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Medizinische Klinik und Polyklinik, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wiebke Storck
- Medizinische Klinik und Polyklinik, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl Fischer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Jakob-Welder-Weg 11, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dennis Strand
- Medizinische Klinik und Polyklinik, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Frédéric Laquai
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Max-Planck-Forschungsgruppe für Organische Optoelektronik, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Tremel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Duesbergweg 10–14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Wang M, Bao WJ, Wang J, Wang K, Xu JJ, Chen HY, Xia XH. A green approach to the synthesis of novel "Desert rose stone"-like nanobiocatalytic system with excellent enzyme activity and stability. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6606. [PMID: 25308506 PMCID: PMC4194442 DOI: 10.1038/srep06606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
3D hierarchical layer double hydroxides (LDHs) have attracted extensive interest due to their unique electronic and catalytic properties. Unfortunately, the existing preparation methods require high temperature or toxic organic compounds, which limits the applications of the 3D hierarchical LDHs in biocatalysis and biomedicine. Herein, we present a green strategy to synthesize “Desert Rose Stone”-like Mg-Al-CO3 LDH nanoflowers in situ deposited on aluminum substrates via a coprecipitation method using atmospheric carbon dioxide. Using this method, we construct a novel “Desert Rose Stone”-like nanobiocatalytic system by using HRP as the model enzyme. Compared with the free HRP, the HRP/Mg-Al-LDH nanobiocatalytic system exhibits higher catalytic activity and stability. A smaller apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (0.16 mM) of this system suggests that the encapsulated HRP shows higher affinity towards H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wen-Jing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Kang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xing-Hua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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