1
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Chira A, Bucur B, Radu GL. Investigation of the corrosion inhibition properties of new phenyl aldehyde organic layers functionalized with different amino alcohols electrodeposited on copper. CR CHIM 2021. [DOI: 10.5802/crchim.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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2
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Gillan L, Teerinen T, Johansson LS, Smolander M. Controlled diazonium electrodeposition towards a biosensor for C-reactive protein. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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3
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Yao X, Sun X, Lafolet F, Lacroix JC. Long-Range Charge Transport in Diazonium-Based Single-Molecule Junctions. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6899-6907. [PMID: 32786941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thin layers of cobalt and ruthenium polypyridyl-oligomers with thicknesses between 2 and 8 nm were deposited on gold by electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts. A scanning tunneling microscope was used to create single-molecule junctions (SMJs). The charge transport properties of the Au-[Co(tpy)2]n-Au (n = 1-4) SMJs do not depend markedly on the oligomer length, have an extremely low attenuation factor (β ∼ 0.19 nm-1), and do not show a thickness-dependent transition between two mechanisms. Resonant charge transport is proposed as the main transport mechanism. The SMJ conductance decreases by 1 order of magnitude upon changing the metal from Co to Ru. In Au-[Ru(tpy)2]n-Au and Au-[Ru(bpy)3]n-Au SMJs, a charge transport transition from direct tunneling to hopping is evidenced by a break in the length-dependent β-plot. The three different mechanisms observed are a clear molecular signature on transport in SMJs. Most importantly, these results are in good agreement with those obtained on large-area molecular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Yao
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Xiaonan Sun
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Frédéric Lafolet
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lacroix
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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4
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Troian-Gautier L, Mattiuzzi A, Reinaud O, Lagrost C, Jabin I. Use of calixarenes bearing diazonium groups for the development of robust monolayers with unique tailored properties. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:3624-3637. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00070a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Calixarene-based diazonium salts can be easily synthesized in a few steps. This review surveys recent examples that illustrate the key advantages of these highly reactive molecular platforms for surface modification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Mattiuzzi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
- X4C
| | - Olivia Reinaud
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques
- CNRS UMR 8601
- Université de Paris
- 75006 Paris
- France
| | | | - Ivan Jabin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
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5
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López I, Dabos-Seignon S, Breton T. Use of Selective Redox Cross-Inhibitors for the Control of Organic Layer Formation Obtained via Diazonium Salt Reduction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:11048-11055. [PMID: 31299159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The controlled electrochemical deposition of a series of four diazonium salts (4-bromobenzene, 4-iodobenzene, 4-methoxybenzene, and 4-diethylaminobenzene diazonium) on carbon surfaces has been achieved by exploiting the use of three redox mediators: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, chloranil, and dichlone. The efficiency of the method rests on a fast redox cross-reaction in the diffusion layer between the diazonium compound and the reduced form of the selected inhibitor, characterized by an outer-sphere electron transfer. The effect of the inhibitor addition in the deposition solution was characterized using electrochemical techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Near-monolayers are obtained when the potential of the redox mediator is at least 100 mV lower than the reduction potential of the diazonium salt concerned. A judicious choice of the redox entity can allow, via a fine control of the experimental conditions, to modulate the thickness of organic layers by varying the grafting potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro López
- MOLTECH Anjou-UMR CNRS 6200, Université; d'Angers, SFR MATRIX , 2 Bd Lavoisier , 49045 Angers Cedex , France
| | - Sylvie Dabos-Seignon
- MOLTECH Anjou-UMR CNRS 6200, Université; d'Angers, SFR MATRIX , 2 Bd Lavoisier , 49045 Angers Cedex , France
| | - Tony Breton
- MOLTECH Anjou-UMR CNRS 6200, Université; d'Angers, SFR MATRIX , 2 Bd Lavoisier , 49045 Angers Cedex , France
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6
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Clancy AJ, Sirisinudomkit P, Anthony DB, Thong AZ, Greenfield JL, Salaken Singh MK, Shaffer MSP. Real-time mechanistic study of carbon nanotube anion functionalisation through open circuit voltammetry. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3300-3306. [PMID: 30996916 PMCID: PMC6428032 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04970j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of the functionalisation of reduced single walled carbon nanotubes with organobromides was monitored by open circuit voltammetry throughout the reaction and further elucidated through a series of comparative reactions. The degree of functionalisation was mapped against the reagent reduction potential, degree of electron donation of substituents (Hammett parameter), and energies calculated, ab initio, for dissociation and heterolytic cleavage of the C-Br bond. In contrast to the previously assumed reduction/homolytic cleavage mechanism, the reaction was shown to consist of a rapid association of carbon-halide bond to the reduced nanotube as a complex, displacing surface-condensed countercations, leading to an initial increase in the net nanotube surface negative charge. The complex subsequently slowly degrades through charge transfer from the reduced single-walled carbon nanotube to the organobromide, utilizing charge, and the carbon-halide bond breaks heterolytically. Electron density on the C-Br bond in the initial reagent is the best predictor for degree of functionalisation, with more electron donating substituents increasing the degree of functionalisation. Both the mechanism and the new application of OCV to study such reactions are potentially relevant to a wide range of related systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Clancy
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , WC1E 7JE , UK .
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Pichamon Sirisinudomkit
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
- Department of Materials , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - David B Anthony
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Aaron Z Thong
- Department of Materials , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - Jake L Greenfield
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK
| | | | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
- Department of Materials , Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ , UK
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7
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Richard W, Evrard D, Busson B, Humbert C, Dalstein L, Tadjeddine A, Gros P. The reduction of 4-nitrobenzene diazonium electrografted layer: An electrochemical study coupled to in situ sum-frequency generation spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Pillai KC, Shalini Devi KS, Senthil Kumar A, Moon IS. Selective and low potential electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH using a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl immobilized graphene oxide-modified glassy carbon electrode. J Solid State Electrochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-018-4029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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López I, Cesbron M, Levillain E, Breton T. Diazonium Grafting Control through a Redox Cross-Reaction: Elucidation of the Mechanism Involved when using 2,2-Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl as an Inhibitor. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201701331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro López
- MOLTECH-Anjou - UMR 6200 CNRS; Université d'Angers; 2 Boulevard Lavoisier 49045 ANGERS Cedex FRANCE
| | - Marius Cesbron
- MOLTECH-Anjou - UMR 6200 CNRS; Université d'Angers; 2 Boulevard Lavoisier 49045 ANGERS Cedex FRANCE
| | - Eric Levillain
- MOLTECH-Anjou - UMR 6200 CNRS; Université d'Angers; 2 Boulevard Lavoisier 49045 ANGERS Cedex FRANCE
| | - Tony Breton
- MOLTECH-Anjou - UMR 6200 CNRS; Université d'Angers; 2 Boulevard Lavoisier 49045 ANGERS Cedex FRANCE
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10
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Ahmadi A, Kassaee MZ, Fattahi A. Does gold cluster promote or scavenge radicals? A controversy at DFT. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | | | - Alireza Fattahi
- Department of Chemistry; Sharif University of Technology; Tehran Iran
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11
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Hicks JM, Wong ZY, Scurr DJ, Silman N, Jackson SK, Mendes PM, Aylott JW, Rawson FJ. Tailoring the Electrochemical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Modified Indium Tin Oxide via in Situ Grafting of Aryl Diazonium. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:4924-4933. [PMID: 28459585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Our ability to tailor the electronic properties of surfaces by nanomodification is paramount for various applications, including development of sensing, fuel cell, and solar technologies. Moreover, in order to improve the rational design of conducting surfaces, an improved understanding of structure/function relationships of nanomodifications and effect they have on the underlying electronic properties is required. Herein, we report on the tuning and optimization of the electrochemical properties of indium tin oxide (ITO) functionalized with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). This was achieved by controlling in situ grafting of aryl amine diazonium films on the nanoscale which were used to covalently tether SWCNTs. The structure/function relationship of these nanomodifications on the electronic properties of ITO was elucidated via time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and electrochemical and physical characterization techniques which has led to new mechanistic insights into the in situ grafting of diazonium. We discovered that the connecting bond is a nitro group which is covalently linked to a carbon on the aryl amine. The increased understanding of the surface chemistry gained through these studies enabled us to fabricate surfaces with optimized electron transfer kinetics. The knowledge gained from these studies allows for the rational design and tuning of the electronic properties of ITO-based conducting surfaces important for development of various electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhi Yi Wong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - David J Scurr
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Nigel Silman
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 OJG, U.K
| | - Simon K Jackson
- School of Biomedical & Healthcare Sciences, University of Plymouth , Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, U.K
| | - Paula M Mendes
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Jonathan W Aylott
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Frankie J Rawson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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12
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Aryldiazonium salt derived mixed organic layers: From surface chemistry to their applications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Breton T, Downard AJ. Controlling Grafting from Aryldiazonium Salts: A Review of Methods for the Preparation of Monolayers. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Surface modification by grafting from aryldiazonium salts has been widely studied and applied to many substrates as a simple and versatile method for preparing strongly adherent organic coatings. Unless special precautions or conditions are used, the usual film structure is a loosely packed disordered multilayer; however, over the past decade, attention has been paid to establishing strategies for grafting just a monolayer of modifiers to the surface. To date, four general approaches to monolayer preparation have emerged: use of aryldiazonium ions with cleavable protection groups; use of aryldiazonium ions with steric constraints; grafting in the presence of a radical scavenger; and grafting from ionic liquids. This review describes these approaches, illustrates some of their applications, and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each.
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14
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Ounnunkad K, Patten HV, Velický M, Farquhar AK, Brooksby PA, Downard AJ, Dryfe RAW. Electrowetting on conductors: anatomy of the phenomenon. Faraday Discuss 2017; 199:49-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00252h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that reversible electrowetting can be observed on the basal plane of graphite, without the presence of a dielectric layer, in both liquid/air and liquid/liquid configurations. The influence of carbon structure on the wetting phenomenon is investigated in more detail here. Specifically, it is shown that the adsorption of adventitious impurities on the graphite surface markedly suppresses the electrowetting response. Similarly, the use of pyrolysed carbon films, although exhibiting a roughness below the threshold previously identified as the barrier to wetting on basal plane graphite, does not give a noticeable electrowetting response, which leads us to conclude that specific interactions at the water–graphite interface as well as graphite crystallinity are responsible for the reversible response seen in the latter case. Preliminary experiments on mechanically exfoliated and chemical vapour deposition grown graphene are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kontad Ounnunkad
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
- Chiang Mai University
| | | | - Matěj Velický
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Anna K. Farquhar
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
| | - Paula A. Brooksby
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
| | - Alison J. Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
| | - Robert A. W. Dryfe
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
- National Graphene Institute
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15
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Nguyen VQ, Sun X, Lafolet F, Audibert JF, Miomandre F, Lemercier G, Loiseau F, Lacroix JC. Unprecedented Self-Organized Monolayer of a Ru(II) Complex by Diazonium Electroreduction. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:9381-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Van Quynh Nguyen
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODyS, UMR
7086 CNRS-15, rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Department
of Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Science
and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Xiaonan Sun
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODyS, UMR
7086 CNRS-15, rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Frédéric Lafolet
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODyS, UMR
7086 CNRS-15, rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Département
de Chimie Moléculaire, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS
UMR 5250, BP53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Frédéric Audibert
- PPSM CNRS UMR8531,
Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Université Paris-Saclay, 61 Avenue
du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan Cedex, France
| | - Fabien Miomandre
- PPSM CNRS UMR8531,
Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Université Paris-Saclay, 61 Avenue
du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Lemercier
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODyS, UMR
7086 CNRS-15, rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Univ. Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Institut Chimie
Moléculaire Reims, UMR 7312 CNRS, BP1039, 56187 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Frédérique Loiseau
- Département
de Chimie Moléculaire, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS
UMR 5250, BP53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lacroix
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODyS, UMR
7086 CNRS-15, rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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16
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Quercetagetin loaded in soy protein isolate–κ-carrageenan complex: Fabrication mechanism and protective effect. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Menanteau T, Benoît C, Breton T, Cougnon C. Enhancing the performance of a diazonium-modified carbon supercapacitor by controlling the grafting process. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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18
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González-Domínguez JM, Santidrián A, Criado A, Hadad C, Kalbáč M, Da Ros T. Multipurpose Nature of Rapid Covalent Functionalization on Carbon Nanotubes. Chemistry 2015; 21:18631-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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19
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Bashouti MY, Resch S, Ristein J, Mačković M, Spiecker E, Waldvogel SR, Christiansen SH. Functionalization of Silver Nanowires Surface using Ag-C Bonds in a Sequential Reductive Method. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:21657-21661. [PMID: 26393815 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowires (Ag-NW) assembled in interdigitated webs have shown an applicative potential as transparent and conducting electrodes. However, upon integration in practical device designs, the presence of silver oxide, which instantaneously forms on the Ag-NW surfaces in ambient conditions, is unwanted. Here, we report on the functionalization of Ag-NWs with 4-nitrophenyl moieties through A-C bonds using a versatile two step reduction process, i.e., ascorbate reduction combined electrografting. We show that 40% of the Ag atop sites were terminated and provide high surface stability toward oxidation for more than 2 months while keeping the same intrinsic conductivity as in bulk silver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Y Bashouti
- Physics Department, Max-Planck-Institute of the Science of Light , Günther-Scharowsky-Str. 1, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - Sebastian Resch
- Department for Organic Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg-University Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ristein
- Department for Laser Physics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Staudtstrasse 1, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
| | - Mirza Mačković
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (WW9) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstrasse 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research (WW9) & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstrasse 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department for Organic Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg-University Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz D-55128, Germany
| | - Silke H Christiansen
- Physics Department, Max-Planck-Institute of the Science of Light , Günther-Scharowsky-Str. 1, Erlangen D-91058, Germany
- Institute of Nanoarchitecture for Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Center Berlin (HZB) , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, Berlin D-14109, Germany
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20
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Greenwood J, Phan TH, Fujita Y, Li Z, Ivasenko O, Vanderlinden W, Van Gorp H, Frederickx W, Lu G, Tahara K, Tobe Y, Uji-I H, Mertens SFL, De Feyter S. Covalent modification of graphene and graphite using diazonium chemistry: tunable grafting and nanomanipulation. ACS NANO 2015; 9:5520-35. [PMID: 25894469 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We shine light on the covalent modification of graphite and graphene substrates using diazonium chemistry under ambient conditions. We report on the nature of the chemical modification of these graphitic substrates, the relation between molecular structure and film morphology, and the impact of the covalent modification on the properties of the substrates, as revealed by local microscopy and spectroscopy techniques and electrochemistry. By careful selection of the reagents and optimizing reaction conditions, a high density of covalently grafted molecules is obtained, a result that is demonstrated in an unprecedented way by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under ambient conditions. With nanomanipulation, i.e., nanoshaving using STM, surface structuring and functionalization at the nanoscale is achieved. This manipulation leads to the removal of the covalently anchored molecules, regenerating pristine sp(2) hybridized graphene or graphite patches, as proven by space-resolved Raman microscopy and molecular self-assembly studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Greenwood
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thanh Hai Phan
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yasuhiko Fujita
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zhi Li
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oleksandr Ivasenko
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Willem Vanderlinden
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Gorp
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wout Frederickx
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gang Lu
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- §Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- §Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn F L Mertens
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- ‡Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/E134, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Steven De Feyter
- †Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Sheridan MV, Lam K, Geiger WE. Spontaneous attachment of lithium-activated ferrocenylalkynes to carbon and gold. Electrochem commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Menanteau T, Levillain E, Downard AJ, Breton T. Evidence of monolayer formation via diazonium grafting with a radical scavenger: electrochemical, AFM and XPS monitoring. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:13137-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01401h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AFM monitoring of controlled surface modification with a radical scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Menanteau
- MOLTECH-Anjou
- Université d'Angers
- UMR CNRS 6200
- 49045 Angers
- France
| | - E. Levillain
- MOLTECH-Anjou
- Université d'Angers
- UMR CNRS 6200
- 49045 Angers
- France
| | - A. J. Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
| | - T. Breton
- MOLTECH-Anjou
- Université d'Angers
- UMR CNRS 6200
- 49045 Angers
- France
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