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Gu H, Sun X, Zhao Q, Wang H, Cheng X, Yang C, Qiu D. Near-IR Electrochromic Film with High Optical Contrast and Stability Prepared by Oxidative Electropolymerization of Triphenylamine Modified Terpyridine Platinum(II) Chloride. Molecules 2023; 28:8027. [PMID: 38138516 PMCID: PMC10745481 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpyridine (TPY) platinum(II) chloride with a triphenylamine (TPA) group was successfully synthesized. The strong intramolecular Donor(TPA)-Acceptor(TPY) interaction induced the low-energy absorption band, mixing the spin-allowed singlet dπ(Pt)→π*(TPY) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) with the chloride ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) and chloride ligand-to-ligand (TPY) charge transfer (LLCT) transitions, to bathochromically shift to λmax = 449 nm with significant enhancement and broadening effects. Using the cyclic voltammetry method, its oxidative electropolymerization (EP) films on working Pt disk and ITO electrodes were produced with tunable thickness and diffusion controlled redox behavior, which were characterized by the SEM, EDS, FT-IR, and AC impedance methods. Upon applying +1.4 V voltage, the sandwich-type electrochromic device (ECD) with ca. 290 nm thickness of the EP film exhibits a distinct color transformation from red (CIE coordinates: L = 50.75, a = 18.58, b = 5.69) to dark blue (CIE coordinates: L = 45.65, a = -1.35, b = -12.49). Good electrochromic (EC) parameters, such as a large optical contrast (ΔT%) of 78%, quick coloration and bleaching response times of 2.9 s and 1.1 s, high coloration and bleaching efficiencies of 278.0 and 390.5 C-1·cm2, and good cycling stability (maintains 70% of the initial ΔT% value after 3200 voltage switching cycles), were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Gu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 of Kexue Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaomeng Sun
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Xinfeng Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Chunxia Yang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Dongfang Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
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2
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Johannes C, Macher S, Niklaus L, Schott M, Hillmer H, Hartung M, Heim HP. Flexible Electrochromic Device on Polycarbonate Substrate with PEDOT:PSS and Color-Neutral TiO 2 as Ion Storage Layer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15091982. [PMID: 37177132 PMCID: PMC10181473 DOI: 10.3390/polym15091982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochromic (EC) windows on glass for thermal and glare protection in buildings, often referred to as smart (dimmable) windows, are commercially available, along with rearview mirrors or windows in aircraft cabins. Plastic-based applications, such as ski goggles, visors and car windows, that require lightweight, three-dimensional (3D) geometry and high-throughput manufacturing are still under development. To produce such EC devices (ECDs), a flexible EC film could be integrated into a back injection molding process, where the films are processed into compact 3D geometries in a single automized step at a low processing time. Polycarbonate (PC) as a substrate is a lightweight and robust alternative to glass due to its outstanding optical and mechanical properties. In this study, an EC film on a PC substrate was fabricated and characterized for the first time. To achieve a highly transmissive and colorless bright state, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) was used as the working electrode, while titanium dioxide (TiO2) was used as the counter electrode material. They were deposited onto ITO-coated PC films using dip- and slot-die coating, respectively. The electrodes were optically and electrochemically characterized. An ECD with a polyurethane containing gel electrolyte was investigated with regard to optical properties, switching speed and cycling behavior. The ECD exhibits a color-neutral and highly transmissive bright state with a visible light transmittance of 74% and a bluish-colored state of 64%, a fast switching speed (7 s/4 s for bleaching/coloring) and a moderately stable cycling behavior over 500 cycles with a decrease in transmittance change from 10%to 7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Johannes
- Plastics Engineering, Institute of Material Engineering, University of Kassel, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - Sven Macher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Niklaus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Schott
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hillmer
- Technological Electronics, Institute of Nanostructure Technologies and Analytics, University of Kassel, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - Michael Hartung
- Plastics Engineering, Institute of Material Engineering, University of Kassel, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Heim
- Plastics Engineering, Institute of Material Engineering, University of Kassel, 34125 Kassel, Germany
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3
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Malik N, Singh V, Shimon LJW, Houben L, Lahav M, van der Boom ME. Pathway-Dependent Coordination Networks: Crystals versus Films. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16913-16918. [PMID: 34617735 PMCID: PMC8532112 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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We demonstrate the
formation of both metallo-organic crystals and nanoscale
films that have entirely different compositions
and structures despite using the same set of starting materials. This
difference is the result of an unexpected cation exchange process.
The reaction of an iron polypyridyl complex with a copper salt by
diffusion of one solution into another resulted in iron-to-copper
exchange, concurrent ligand rearrangement, and the formation of metal–organic
frameworks (MOFs). This observation shows that polypyridyl complexes
can be used as expendable precursors for the growth of MOFs. In contrast,
alternative depositions of the iron polypyridyl complex with a copper
salt by automated spin coating on conductive metal oxides resulted
in the formation of electrochromic coatings, and the structure and
redox properties of the iron complex were retained. The possibility
to form such different networks from the same set of molecular building
blocks by “in solution” versus “on surface”
coordination chemistry broadens the synthetic space to design functional
materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Malik
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vivek Singh
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Linda J W Shimon
- Department of Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lothar Houben
- Department of Chemical Research Support, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Lahav
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Milko E van der Boom
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
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4
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Growth on Metallo-Supramolecular Coordination Polyelectrolyte (MEPE) Stimulates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Osteosarcoma Cells (MG63) and Human Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071090. [PMID: 31252601 PMCID: PMC6680855 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culturing of cells is typically performed on standard tissue culture plates generating growth conditions, which in general do not reflect the native three-dimensional cellular environment. Recent investigations provide insights in parameters, which strongly affect the general cellular behavior triggering essential processes such as cell differentiation. The physical properties of the used material, such as stiffness, roughness, or topology, as well as the chemical composition of the cell-surface interface are shown to play a key role in the initiation of particular cellular responses. METHODS We extended our previous research, which identified thin films of metallo-supramolecular coordination polyelectrolytes (MEPEs) as substrate to trigger the differentiation of muscular precursor cells. RESULTS Here, we show that the same MEPEs similarly stimulate the osteogenic differentiation of pre-osteoblasts. Remarkably, MEPE modified surfaces also trigger the differentiation of primary bone derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) towards the osteogenic lineage. CONCLUSION This result leads to the conclusion that these surfaces individually support the specification of cell differentiation toward lineages that correspond to the natural commitment of the particular cell types. We, therefore, propose that Fe-MEPEs may be used as scaffold for the treatment of defects at least in muscular or bone tissue.
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Malik N, Elool Dov N, de Ruiter G, Lahav M, van der Boom ME. On-Surface Self-Assembly of Stimuli-Responsive Metallo-Organic Films: Automated Ultrasonic Spray-Coating and Electrochromic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:22858-22868. [PMID: 31117463 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the on-surface formation of homogeneous and uniform electrochromic films via ultrasonic spray coating. This fully automated process is capable of fabricating metallo-organic films on transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) on glass or flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with surface areas of up to 36 cm2 and film thicknesses of half a micron. The assembly process involves alternatingly spray-coating dilute solutions of structurally well-defined iron polypyridyl ([Fe(mbpy-py)3]2+) complexes and bis(benzonitrile)palladium dichloride (Pd(PhCN)2Cl2) onto conductive substrates, where the latter palladium salt was used as the inorganic cross-linker. The on-surface self-assembled three-dimensional networks are intensely colored and were subsequently integrated into laminated electrochromic devices (ECDs) containing a lithium-based gel electrolyte. The ECDs retain their intense color in the ground state, having a Δ Tmax of 40-49% at λmax ≈ 600 nm, and can be operated for up to 1500 redox cycles. The fluorine-doped tin oxide counter electrode coated with poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene)polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as a charge-storage layer resulted in these stable devices. A significant decrease in the potential window of Δ E ≈ 2.5 V was achieved by using a metal grid on PET as the counter electrode. The operation of the electrochromic films is diffusion-controlled, and the diffusion coefficients ( Df) reflect their molecular densities. During these studies, we found that ClO4- is a suitable counterion of the lithium-based electrolytes for optimal ECD performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Malik
- Department of Organic Chemistry , The Weizmann Institute of Science , 7610001 Rehovot , Israel
| | - Neta Elool Dov
- Department of Organic Chemistry , The Weizmann Institute of Science , 7610001 Rehovot , Israel
| | - Graham de Ruiter
- Department of Organic Chemistry , The Weizmann Institute of Science , 7610001 Rehovot , Israel
| | - Michal Lahav
- Department of Organic Chemistry , The Weizmann Institute of Science , 7610001 Rehovot , Israel
| | - Milko E van der Boom
- Department of Organic Chemistry , The Weizmann Institute of Science , 7610001 Rehovot , Israel
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6
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Wang Y, Astruc D, Abd-El-Aziz AS. Metallopolymers for advanced sustainable applications. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:558-636. [PMID: 30506080 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00656j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Since the development of metallopolymers, there has been tremendous interest in the applications of this type of materials. The interest in these materials stems from their potential use in industry as catalysts, biomedical agents in healthcare, energy storage and production as well as climate change mitigation. The past two decades have clearly shown exponential growth in the development of many new classes of metallopolymers that address these issues. Today, metallopolymers are considered to be at the forefront for discovering new and sustainable heterogeneous catalysts, therapeutics for drug-resistant diseases, energy storage and photovoltaics, molecular barometers and thermometers, as well as carbon dioxide sequesters. The focus of this review is to highlight the advances in design of metallopolymers with specific sustainable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Wang
- Liaocheng University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 252059, Liaocheng, China.
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7
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Chen H, Cao J, Zhou P, Li X, Xie Y, Liu W, Tang Y. Multiplex recognition and logic devices for molecular robot prototype based on an europium(iii)–cyclen system. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 122:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ghasemi E, Alimardani E, Shams E, Koohmareh GA. Modification of glassy carbon electrode with iron-terpyridine complex and iron-terpyridine complex covalently bonded to ordered mesoporous carbon substrate: Preparation, electrochemistry and application to H 2 O 2 determination. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pai S, Moos M, Schreck MH, Lambert C, Kurth DG. Green-to-Red Electrochromic Fe(II) Metallo-Supramolecular Polyelectrolytes Self-Assembled from Fluorescent 2,6-Bis(2-pyridyl)pyrimidine Bithiophene. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:1418-1432. [PMID: 28106394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structure and properties of metallo-supramolecular polyelectrolytes (MEPEs) self-assembled from rigid 2,6-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrimidine and the metal ions FeII and CoII are presented. While FeL1-MEPE (L1 = 1,4-bis[2,6-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrimidin-4-yl]benzene) is deep blue, FeL2- and CoL2-MEPE (L2 = 5,5'-bis[2,6-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrimidin-4-yl]-2,2'-bithiophene) are intense green and red in color, respectively. These novel MEPEs display a high extinction coefficient and solvatochromism. Ligand L2 shows a high absolute fluorescence quantum yield (Φf = 82%). Viscosity and static light-scattering measurements reveal that the molar masses of these MEPEs are in the range of 1 × 108 g/mol under the current experimental conditions. In water, FeL1-MEPE forms a viscous gel at 20 °C (c = 8 mM). Thin films of high optical quality are fabricated by dip coating on transparent conducting indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrate. Optical, electrochemical, and electrochromic properties of the obtained MEPEs are presented. Green to red and blue to colorless electrochromism is observed for FeL2-MEPE and FeL1-MEPE, respectively. The results show that the electrochromic properties are affected by the ligand topology. The Fe-MEPEs show a reversible redox behavior of the FeII/FeIII couple at 0.86 and 0.82 V versus Fc+/Fc and display an excellent redox cycle stability under switching conditions. FeL2-MEPE in its oxidized state exhibits a broad absorption band covering the near-IR region (ca. 1500 nm) due to the ligand-to-metal charge transfer transition originating due to charge delocalization in the bithiophene spacer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandesh Pai
- Chemische Technologie der Materialsynthese, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Röntgenring 11, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Moos
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian H Schreck
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk G Kurth
- Chemische Technologie der Materialsynthese, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Röntgenring 11, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
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10
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Liang Y, Strohecker D, Lynch V, Holliday BJ, Jones RA. A Thiophene-Containing Conductive Metallopolymer Using an Fe(II) Bis(terpyridine) Core for Electrochromic Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:34568-34580. [PMID: 27936553 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Three Fe(II) bis(terpyridine)-based complexes with thiophene (Fe(L1)2), bithiophene (Fe(L2)2), and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (Fe(L3)2) side chains were designed and synthesized for the purpose of providing two terminal active sites for electrochemical polymerization. The corresponding metallopolymers (poly-Fe(Ln)2, n = 2 or 3) were synthesized on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates via oxidative electropolymerization of the thiophene-substituted monomers and characterized using electrochemistry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The film poly-Fe(L2)2 was further studied for electrochromic (EC) color-switching properties and fabricated into a solid-state EC device. Poly-Fe(L2)2 films exhibit an intense MLCT absorption band at 596 nm (ε = 4.7 × 104 M-1 cm-1) in the UV-vis spectra without any applied voltage. Upon application of low potentials (between 1.1 and 0.4 V vs Fc+/Fc), the obtained electropolymerized film exhibited great contrast with a change of transmittance percentage (ΔT%) of 40% and a high coloration efficiency of 3823 cm2 C-1 with a switching time of 1 s. The film demonstrates commonplace stability and reversibility with a 10% loss in peak current intensity after 200 cyclic voltammetry cycles and almost no loss in change of transmittance (ΔT%) after 900 potential switches between 1.1 and 0.4 V (vs Fc+/Fc) with a time interval of 0.75 s. The electropolymerization of Fe(L2)2 provides convenient and controllable film fabrication. Electrochromic behavior was also achieved in a solid-state device composed of a poly-Fe(L2)2 film and a polymer-supported electrolyte sandwiched between two ITO-coated glass electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Liang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 E. 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Daniel Strohecker
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 E. 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Vincent Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 E. 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | | | - Richard A Jones
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 E. 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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Morozov M, Bendikov T, Evmenenko G, Dutta P, Lahav M, van der Boom ME. Anion-induced palladium nanoparticle formation during the on-surface growth of molecular assemblies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2683-6. [PMID: 26700115 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08630b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a process that results in the formation of palladium nanoparticles during the assembly of molecular thin films. These nanoparticles are embedded in the films and are generated by a chemical reaction of the counter anions of the molecular components with the metal salt that is used for cross-linking these components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Morozov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Tatyana Bendikov
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Guennadi Evmenenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Pulak Dutta
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Michal Lahav
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Milko E van der Boom
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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12
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Dong L, Sun Y, Zhang C, Han D, Bai Y, Chen M. Efficient CO2 capture by metallo-supramolecular polymers as fillers to fabricate a polymeric blend membrane. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12913c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel fillers based on metallo-supramolecular polymers were incorporated into PEBA2533 to obtain blend membranes, showing excellent CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Yuping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Dan Han
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Yunxiang Bai
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Mingqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
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