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Sakaya A, Bacellar IOL, Fonseca JL, Durantini AM, McCain J, Xu L, Vignoni M, Thomas AH, Baptista MS, Cosa G. Singlet Oxygen Flux, Associated Lipid Photooxidation, and Membrane Expansion Dynamics Visualized on Giant Unilamellar Vesicles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:442-452. [PMID: 36576408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The physical properties of lipid membranes depend on their lipid composition. Photosensitized singlet oxygen (1O2) provides a handle to spatiotemporally control the generation of lipid hydroperoxides via the ene reaction, enabling fundamental studies on membrane dynamics in response to chemical composition changes. Critical to relating the physical properties of the lipid membrane to hydroperoxide formation is the availability of a sensitive reporter to quantify the arrival of 1O2. Here, we show that a fluorogenic α-tocopherol analogue, H4BPMHC, undergoes a >360-fold emission intensity enhancement in liposomes following a reaction with 1O2. Rapid quenching of 1O2 by the probe (kq = 4.9 × 108 M-1 s-1) ensures zero-order kinetics of probe consumption. The remarkable intensity enhancement of H4BPMHC upon 1O2 trapping, its linear temporal behavior, and its protective role in outcompeting membrane damage provide a sensitive and reliable method to quantify the 1O2 flux on lipid membranes. Armed with this probe, fluorescence microscopy studies were devised to enable (i) monitoring the flux of photosensitized 1O2 into giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), (ii) establishing the onset of the ene reaction with the double bonds of monounsaturated lipids, and (iii) visualizing the ensuing collective membrane expansion dynamics associated with molecular changes in the lipid structure upon hydroperoxide formation. A correlation was observed between the time for antioxidant H4BPMHC consumption by 1O2 and the onset of membrane fluctuations and surface expansion. Together, our imaging studies with H4BPMHC in GUVs provide a methodology to explore the intimate relationship between photosensitizer activity, chemical insult, membrane morphology, and its collective dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Sakaya
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrook Street West, Montreal, QuebecH3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Isabel O L Bacellar
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrook Street West, Montreal, QuebecH3A 0B8, Canada
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, São PauloCEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - José Luis Fonseca
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrook Street West, Montreal, QuebecH3A 0B8, Canada
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, Casilla de Correo 16, Sucursal 4, La Plata1900, Argentina
| | - Andrés M Durantini
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrook Street West, Montreal, QuebecH3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Julia McCain
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrook Street West, Montreal, QuebecH3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Laiyi Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrook Street West, Montreal, QuebecH3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Mariana Vignoni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, Casilla de Correo 16, Sucursal 4, La Plata1900, Argentina
| | - Andrés H Thomas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, Casilla de Correo 16, Sucursal 4, La Plata1900, Argentina
| | - Mauricio S Baptista
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, São PauloCEP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrook Street West, Montreal, QuebecH3A 0B8, Canada
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2
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Sakaya A, Durantini AM, Gidi Y, Šverko T, Wieczny V, McCain J, Cosa G. Fluorescence-Amplified Detection of Redox Turnovers in Supported Lipid Bilayers Illuminates Redox Processes of α-Tocopherol. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:13872-13882. [PMID: 35266688 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electron-transfer processes in lipid membranes are key to biological functions, yet challenging to study because of the intrinsic heterogeneity of the systems. Here, we report spectro-electrochemical measurements on indium tin oxide-supported lipid bilayers toward the selective induction and sensing of redox processes in membranes. Working at neutral pH with a fluorogenic α-tocopherol analogue, the dynamics of the two-electron oxidation of the chromanol to a chromanone and the rapid thermal decay of the latter to a chromoquinone are recorded as a rapid surge and drop in intensity, respectively. Continuous voltage cycling reveals rapid chromoquinone two-electron, two-proton reduction to dihydrochromoquinone at negative bias, followed by slow regeneration of the former at positive bias. The kinetic parameters of these different transitions are readily obtained as a function of applied potentials. The sensitivity and selectivity afforded by the reported method enables monitoring signals equivalent to femtoampere currents with a high signal-to-background ratio. The study provides a new method to monitor membrane redox processes with high sensitivity and minimal concentrations and unravels key dynamic aspects of α-tocopherol redox chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Sakaya
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Andrés M Durantini
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Yasser Gidi
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Tara Šverko
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Vincent Wieczny
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Julia McCain
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
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3
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Martínez SR, Durantini AM, Becerra MC, Cosa G. Real-Time Single-Cell Imaging Reveals Accelerating Lipid Peroxyl Radical Formation in Escherichia coli Triggered by a Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2468-2477. [PMID: 32786297 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by bactericidal antibiotics has been associated with a common, nonspecific mechanism of cellular death. Herein, we report real-time single-cell fluorescence studies on Escherichia coli stained with a fluorogenic probe for lipid peroxyl radicals showing the generation of this form of ROS when exposed to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and 10× MIC of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin (3 and 30 μM, respectively). Single-cell intensity-time trajectories show an induction period followed by an accelerating phase for cells treated with antibiotic, where initial and maximum intensity achieved following 3.5 h of incubation with antibiotic showed dose-dependent average values. A large fraction of bacteria remains viable after the studies, indicating ROS formation is occurring a priori of cell death. Punctate structures are observed, consistent with membrane blebbing. The addition of a membrane embedding lipid peroxyl radical scavenger, an α-tocopherol analogue, to the media increased the MIC of ciprofloxacin. Lipid peroxyl radical formation precedes E. coli cell death and may be invoked in a cascade event including membrane disruption and consequent cell wall permeabilization. Altogether, our work illustrates that lipid peroxidation is caused by ciprofloxacin in E. coli and suppressed by α-tocopherol analogues. Lipid peroxidation may be invoked in a cascade event including membrane disruption and consequent cell wall permeabilization. Our work provides a methodology to assess antibiotic-induced membrane peroxidation at the single-cell level; this methodology provides opportunities to explore the scope and nature of lipid peroxidation in antibiotic-induced cell lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol R. Martínez
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- IMBIV-CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre S/N, Córdoba X5000, Argentina
| | - Andrés M. Durantini
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - María C. Becerra
- IMBIV-CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Quı́micas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre S/N, Córdoba X5000, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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4
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Quantitative accounting of dye leakage and photobleaching in single lipid vesicle measurements: Implications for biomacromolecular interaction analysis. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 182:110338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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5
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Greene LE, Lincoln R, Cosa G. Spatio-temporal monitoring of lipid peroxyl radicals in live cell studies combining fluorogenic antioxidants and fluorescence microscopy methods. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 128:124-136. [PMID: 29649566 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cells may occur via their catalytic autoxidation through peroxyl radicals under oxidative stress conditions. Lipid peroxidation is related to a number of pathologies, and may be invoked in new forms of regulated cell death, yet it may also have beneficial roles in cell signaling cascades. Antioxidants are a natural line of defense against lipid peroxidation, and may accordingly impact the biological outcome associated with the redox chemistry of lipid peroxidation. Critical to unraveling the physiological and pathological role of lipid peroxidation is the development of novel probes with the partition, chemical sensitivity and more importantly, molecular specificity, enabling the spatial and temporal imaging of peroxyl radicals in the lipid membranes of live cells, reporting on the redox status of the cell membrane. This review describes our recent progress to visualize lipid peroxidation in model membrane systems and in live cell studies. Our work portrays the mechanistic insight leading to the development of a highly sensitive probe to monitor lipid peroxyl radicals (LOO•). It also describes technical aspects including reagents and fluorescence microscopy methodologies to consider in order to achieve the much sought after monitoring of rates of lipid peroxyl radical production in live cell studies, be it under oxidative stress but also under cell homeostasis. This review seeks to bring attention to the study of lipid redox reactions and to lay the groundwork for the adoption of fluorogenic antioxidant probeshancement and maximum intensity recorded in turn provide a benchmark to estimate, when compared to the control BODIPY dye lacking the intramolecular PeT based switch, the overall exte and related fluorescence microscopy methods toward gaining rich spatiotemporal information on lipid peroxidation in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana E Greene
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM/CQMF), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0B8
| | - Richard Lincoln
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM/CQMF), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0B8
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM/CQMF), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0B8.
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6
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Glembockyte V, Wieneke R, Gatterdam K, Gidi Y, Tampé R, Cosa G. Tris-N-Nitrilotriacetic Acid Fluorophore as a Self-Healing Dye for Single-Molecule Fluorescence Imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11006-11012. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Glembockyte
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Centre for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., H3A 0B8 Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ralph Wieneke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, and Cluster of Excellence − Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/M., Germany
| | - Karl Gatterdam
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, and Cluster of Excellence − Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/M., Germany
| | - Yasser Gidi
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Centre for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., H3A 0B8 Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert Tampé
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, and Cluster of Excellence − Macromolecular Complexes, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/M., Germany
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry and Quebec Centre for Applied Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., H3A 0B8 Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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7
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Lincoln R, Greene LE, Zhang W, Louisia S, Cosa G. Mitochondria Alkylation and Cellular Trafficking Mapped with a Lipophilic BODIPY-Acrolein Fluorogenic Probe. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16273-16281. [PMID: 28976196 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein and DNA alkylation by endogenously produced electrophiles is associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, to epigenetic alterations and to cell signaling and redox regulation. With the goal of visualizing, in real-time, the spatiotemporal response of the cell milieu to electrophiles, we have designed a fluorogenic BODIPY-acrolein probe, AcroB, that undergoes a >350-fold fluorescence intensity enhancement concomitant with protein adduct formation. AcroB enables a direct quantification of single post-translational modifications occurring on cellular proteins via recording fluorescence bursts in live-cell imaging studies. In combination with super-resolution imaging, protein alkylation events may be registered and individually counted, yielding a map of protein-electrophile reactions within the cell lipid milieu. Alkylation is predominantly observed within mitochondria, a source, yet not a sink, of AcroB adducts, illustrating that a mitochondrial constitutive excretion mechanism ensures rapid disposal of compromised proteins. Sorting within the Golgi apparatus and trafficking along microtubules and through the cell endo- and exocytic pathways can be next visualized via live-cell imaging. Our results offer a direct visualization of cellular response to a noncanonical acrolein warhead. We envision AcroB will enable new approaches for diagnosis of pathologies associated with defective cellular trafficking. AcroB may help elucidate key aspects of mitochondria electrophile adduct excretion and cell endocytic and exocytic pathways. Conceptually, AcroB provides a new paradigm on fluorescence microscopy studies where chemical perturbation is achieved and simultaneously reported by the probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lincoln
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS-CRMAA), McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Lana E Greene
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS-CRMAA), McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Wenzhou Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS-CRMAA), McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Sheena Louisia
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS-CRMAA), McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS-CRMAA), McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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8
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Scaiano JC, Lanterna AE. Is Single-Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy Ready To Join the Organic Chemistry Toolkit? A Test Case Involving Click Chemistry. J Org Chem 2017; 82:5011-5019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b03010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Scaiano
- Department of Chemistry and
Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation
(CCRI), University of Ottawa. 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Anabel E. Lanterna
- Department of Chemistry and
Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation
(CCRI), University of Ottawa. 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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9
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Belzile MN, Godin R, Durantini AM, Cosa G. Monitoring Chemical and Biological Electron Transfer Reactions with a Fluorogenic Vitamin K Analogue Probe. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16388-16397. [PMID: 27998090 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ni Belzile
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Robert Godin
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Andrés M. Durantini
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
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10
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Glembockyte V, Lin J, Cosa G. Improving the Photostability of Red- and Green-Emissive Single-Molecule Fluorophores via Ni2+ Mediated Excited Triplet-State Quenching. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:11923-11929. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b10725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Glembockyte
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS/CRMAA), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Junan Lin
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS/CRMAA), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS/CRMAA), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
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11
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Greene LE, Godin R, Cosa G. Fluorogenic Ubiquinone Analogue for Monitoring Chemical and Biological Redox Processes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11327-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lana E. Greene
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Self Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS/CRMAA), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B8, Canada
| | - Robert Godin
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Self Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS/CRMAA), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B8, Canada
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Self Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS/CRMAA), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3G 0B8, Canada
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12
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Durantini AM, Greene LE, Lincoln R, Martínez SR, Cosa G. Reactive Oxygen Species Mediated Activation of a Dormant Singlet Oxygen Photosensitizer: From Autocatalytic Singlet Oxygen Amplification to Chemicontrolled Photodynamic Therapy. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1215-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés M. Durantini
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS-CRMAA), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Lana E. Greene
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS-CRMAA), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Richard Lincoln
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS-CRMAA), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Sol R. Martínez
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS-CRMAA), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- Instituto
Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET, and
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS-CRMAA), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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